Water System, Drainage Basins & Flooding - Open

Insolation refers to the incoming solar radiation that reaches the Earth's surface. While it plays a crucial role in driving the hydrological cycle by providing the energy needed for evaporation, it is not considered a direct component of the cycle itself. The global hydrological cycle primarily involves the processes of precipitation, evaporation, and condensation, where water moves between the atmosphere, land, and oceans.

The correct answer is C because it represents the highest point on the flood hydrograph, indicating the peak discharge of the river during the flood event. This is the point where the river reaches its maximum flow rate and water level, and it is an important parameter for understanding the severity and duration of the flood.

The correct answer is B because lag time refers to the time difference between the peak rainfall and the peak discharge in a hydrograph. In this case, point B on the hydrograph represents the peak discharge, while point A represents the peak rainfall. Therefore, the time difference between these two points is the lag time.

Eustatic refers to changes in sea level. It is a term used to describe the global variations in the level of the Earth's oceans. These changes can be caused by factors such as melting glaciers, thermal expansion of seawater, or tectonic movements. Eustatic sea level changes affect all coastlines uniformly, regardless of local factors such as tides or land elevation. Therefore, the correct answer is "Changes in sea level".

Infiltration refers to the process in which water seeps into the ground from the surface. Looking at the options provided, option C is labelled as infiltration. Therefore, option C is the correct answer.

The fluvial landform in the picture appears to have multiple channels that are interconnected and braided, indicating a braided stream. This type of stream typically occurs in areas with high sediment load and variable flow conditions. The presence of multiple channels suggests that the stream frequently changes its course, resulting in a complex network of interwoven channels. This is different from a delta, which is a landform formed at the mouth of a river where it meets a body of water, and a meander, which refers to a winding curve or bend in a river. A flood plain is a flat area adjacent to a river that is prone to flooding.

The correct answer is Meander because the landform in the picture shows a winding, curved shape, which is characteristic of a meander. Meanders are formed by the erosive and depositional processes of a river, causing it to curve and create loops in its course. The image does not show a raised bank like a levee, a crescent-shaped lake like an oxbow lake, or a flat, elevated platform like a terrace.

Based on the given options and the information provided, the component labelled E on the flow chart would be surface runoff. Surface runoff refers to the movement of water over the surface of the land, usually occurring after precipitation or irrigation. It occurs when the ground is saturated or unable to absorb any more water, causing excess water to flow over the surface and eventually into bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, or oceans.

The components listed in the answer - interception, soil moisture, and groundwater - are all classified as stores in a drainage basin. Interception refers to the process of water being intercepted by vegetation before it reaches the ground. Soil moisture refers to the water stored in the soil. Groundwater refers to the water stored underground in rock layers or aquifers. These components act as reservoirs or stores of water within the drainage basin, contributing to the overall water balance and hydrological cycle.

Corrosion is not a type of transportation. Traction and saltation are both types of transportation, referring to the movement of particles or objects through a medium, such as wind or water. Corrosion, on the other hand, is a chemical process that causes the deterioration of materials, typically metals, due to environmental factors such as moisture and oxidation. It does not involve the movement of objects or particles from one place to another.

The correct answer is Oceans 97.4%, Ice & Glaciers 2.0%, Underground 0.59%, remainder in fresh surface water. This answer accurately describes the distribution of the Earth's water by stating that the oceans contain 97.4% of the water, ice and glaciers contain 2.0%, underground sources contain 0.59%, and the remaining water is found in fresh surface water sources.

Traction is not a type of erosion. Traction refers to the movement of large, heavy particles such as rocks and boulders along the bed of a river or stream, caused by the force of the flowing water. While traction is a process that can contribute to erosion by transporting sediment, it is not a type of erosion itself. Erosion refers to the wearing away and removal of rock, soil, or other materials by natural agents such as water, wind, or ice.

Soil moisture surplus occurs when there has been a period of higher precipitation than evaporation, leading to the accumulation of excess moisture in the soil. This means that the soil has received more water than it can retain, resulting in a surplus of moisture.

Suspension is the likely process happening if the stream is flowing at 10cm/sec. Suspension occurs when the water flow is strong enough to keep small particles, like sand, suspended and carried along with the flow. In this case, the particle of sand that is 0.5mm across is small enough to be carried in suspension by the stream.

The listed components of a drainage basin are all classified as flows/transfers because they involve the movement of water within the system. Infiltration refers to the process of water seeping into the ground, percolation is the downward movement of water through soil and rock layers, stemflow is the flow of water down plant stems and trunks, and surface runoff is the movement of water across the land surface. All of these processes involve the transfer of water from one location to another within the drainage basin.

In the soil moisture budget graph, the months of July and August show an increase in soil moisture, indicating soil moisture recharge. This is supported by the upward trend in the graph during these months. Therefore, July and August are the months in which soil moisture recharge can be seen.

not-available-via-ai

The correct answer is Oxbow Lake. This is because the picture shows a curved body of water that appears to have been cut off from the main river. Oxbow lakes form when a meandering river erodes through its own neck, creating a new, shorter path. Over time, the abandoned meander becomes isolated and fills with water, forming an oxbow lake. This landform is characterized by its curved shape and the presence of a narrow, curved strip of land connecting it to the main river.

Soil moisture deficit occurs when the rates of evaporation are higher than the rates of precipitation, causing the excess moisture in the soil to be drawn off. This means that the surplus soil moisture that was accumulated during a period of higher precipitation has been completely used up.

The fluvial landform shown in the picture is best described as interlocking spurs. Interlocking spurs are ridges that extend into a valley and are formed when a river erodes the surrounding landscape. The river follows a winding path around these ridges, creating a series of interlocking spurs. This landform is commonly found in mountainous areas where rivers have to navigate around obstacles. The picture likely shows a river flowing through a hilly or mountainous region with distinct ridges extending into the valley, indicating the presence of interlocking spurs.

The fluvial landform in the picture is best described as an arcuate delta. This type of delta is characterized by a curved or semi-circular shape, which is formed when a river deposits sediment in a fan-like pattern. The sediment is carried by the river and then deposited at its mouth, creating a triangular or fan-shaped landform. The arcuate delta is typically found in areas with moderate to high wave energy and tidal currents.

Competence in a stream refers to its ability to transport sediment or load. It is a measure of the size of particles or debris that a stream can carry. A stream with high competence can transport larger and heavier particles, while a stream with low competence can only transport smaller particles. Therefore, the correct answer is that competence in a stream is a measure of the size of load it is able to transport.

not-available-via-ai

The correct answer is June, July, August, September. This can be determined by analyzing the soil moisture budget graph. In these months, the graph shows a decrease in soil moisture, indicating a soil moisture deficit.

Soil moisture utilization refers to the situation where evaporation rates start to exceed precipitation, causing excess moisture in the soil to be drawn off. This excess moisture had accumulated when precipitation was higher. This explanation aligns with the given correct answer.