U3 GYN - Et 37 Pelvic Organ Prolapse & Urinary Incontinence

Explanation
The correct answer is Uterosacral + cardinal. The uterosacral and cardinal ligaments play a crucial role in supporting the uterus and upper 1/3 of the vagina. These ligaments connect the uterus to the sacrum and lateral pelvis, providing stability and preventing prolapse. The other options mentioned, such as the levator ani muscles fascia, arcus tendineus fascia pelvis, and perineal body, are not directly involved in supporting the uterus and upper vagina in the same way as the uterosacral and cardinal ligaments.

Explanation
A cystocele is a condition in which the bladder descends into the anterior vaginal wall. This occurs when the supportive tissues between the bladder and the vaginal wall weaken or stretch, causing the bladder to bulge into the vagina. As a result, individuals may experience symptoms such as urinary incontinence, frequent urination, and a sensation of pelvic pressure or discomfort. Treatment options for cystocele may include pelvic floor exercises, pessary placement, or surgical repair.

Explanation
The given options are potential causes of pelvic organ prolapse (POP). POP is a condition where the pelvic organs, such as the bladder, uterus, or rectum, descend into or protrude out of the vaginal canal. While abdominal pressure, hysterectomy, and multiparity (having multiple pregnancies) are known risk factors for POP, being African American is not a cause or risk factor for this condition. Hence, the correct answer is African American.

Explanation
The risk of POP (pelvic organ prolapse) increases 8 times with the 2nd vaginal delivery compared to the first. This means that women who have had a previous vaginal delivery are at a significantly higher risk of developing POP with each subsequent delivery. The increased strain and pressure on the pelvic floor during childbirth can weaken the muscles and connective tissues that support the pelvic organs, leading to prolapse.

Explanation
The correct answer is S2-S4. The pudendal nerve is responsible for innervating the pelvic organs. The nerve roots S2-S4 contribute to the formation of the pudendal nerve, which supplies sensation to the perineum, external genitalia, and sphincters in the pelvic region.

Explanation
The statement "POP leads to decreased sexual drive and dyspareunia" is false. POP, also known as pelvic organ prolapse, is a condition where the pelvic organs, such as the bladder, uterus, or rectum, descend into or outside the vaginal canal. While POP can cause discomfort and other symptoms, such as urinary incontinence or a sensation of pressure in the pelvic area, it does not directly lead to decreased sexual drive or dyspareunia (painful intercourse). These symptoms may be caused by other factors, such as hormonal imbalances or psychological factors, but not specifically by POP.

Explanation
Stage 2 of POP staging is defined as distal prolapse between 1 cm above and 1 cm below the hymen. This means that the prolapse extends beyond the vaginal opening but does not reach the introitus. It is important to note that the other options mentioned in the question, such as distal prolapse greater than 1 cm, eversion of the vagina, and no prolapse, do not meet the criteria for stage 2.

Explanation
The patient's chronic constipation and the need to manually push her vagina in before having a bowel movement suggest that she may have a posterior vaginal wall prolapse. Posterior colporrhaphy is a surgical procedure that repairs a posterior vaginal wall prolapse by strengthening and tightening the tissues in that area. This procedure can help improve the patient's bowel movements and alleviate her constipation. Therefore, posterior colporrhaphy is the most effective treatment option for her condition.

Explanation
Estrogen therapy does not decrease the incidence of POP (pelvic organ prolapse). This is because estrogen therapy is not a recommended treatment for POP. POP is a condition where the pelvic organs, such as the uterus, bladder, or rectum, descend or bulge into the vaginal wall. Estrogen therapy is typically used to relieve symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness, but it does not have a direct effect on preventing or treating POP. Other treatment options, such as pelvic floor exercises, pessaries, or surgery, may be recommended for managing POP.

Explanation
The most common complaint among POP (Pelvic Organ Prolapse) patients is something falling out of the vagina. Pelvic organ prolapse occurs when the pelvic organs, such as the bladder, uterus, or rectum, descend and protrude into the vagina. This can cause a sensation of something falling out of the vagina, which is often accompanied by discomfort or pain. Other symptoms of POP may include urinary urgency, incontinence, and constipation, but the most frequently reported complaint is the sensation of something falling out of the vagina.