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1. Which of the following is the most common cause of airway obstruction?  
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2. A high-pitched inspiratory noise caused by a partial upper airway obstruction is called:
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3. When swallowing occurs, the structure that occludes the tracheal opening to prevent aspiration of food and liquids is the:
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4. Which of the following terms can be defined as the activities of the body that allow the maintenance of physiologic stability?
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5. Applying posteriorly directed pressure on the cricoid cartilage to facilitate endotracheal intubation is also referred to as:  
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6. Which of the following is the generic name of a drug
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7. Shock can best be described as:  
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8. Using microdrip IV tubing, how many drops of fluid equal 1 mL?
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9. Which of the following devices is known as a dual lumen airway?
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10. Insertion of an endotracheal tube too far is likely to result in ventilation of:
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11. Which of the following is a loop diuretic?             
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12. Which of the following basic airway adjuncts prevents the tongue from falling back to occlude the airway?
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13. You are to give Mr. Jenkins 50 mg of Toradol (ketorolac) IM for musculoskeletal pain. Ketorolac is supplied 60 mg/2 ml. What volume of drug (in mL) is to be drawn up for administration?

Explanation

Master Formula: DD x Wt x SS / CC x T
Desired Dose= 50mg.
Concentration = 60mg/2ml (this can be reduced to 30mg/1ml).
50mg divided by 30mg. gives you 1.7ml

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14. The general term for creating, storing, and using energy in the body is:
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15. Which of the following factors may contribute to the development of disease in geriatric patients? 
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16. While caring for a 60-year-old male with a suspected femur fracture, your partner accidentally administers the full vial of morphine sulfate (15 mg) when only 4 mg was ordered. What adverse effects are likely to occur in this patient?   
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17. Having a patient swallow a tablet of medication with a drink of water is an example of which route of medication administration?
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18. Which of the following is NOT one of the main sources of drugs?  
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19. A beta2 specific agonist causes which of the following physiologic responses?"
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20. The respiratory rate may be greater than normal because of:
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21. Normal saline solution contains ________ percent sodium chloride.
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22. A drop in blood pressure of greater than 10 torr during inspiration is called:
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23. In a patient experiencing a myocardial infarction, a medication that reduces afterload is beneficial because it:"
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24. According to Frank-Starling's Law, the administration of nitroglycerin will result in ________ preload, ________ stroke volume, and ________ myocardial oxygen demand.
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25. Substances that separate into electrically charged particles in water are known as:
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26. When using a colorimetric end-tidal carbon dioxide detector, the absence of carbon dioxide in exhaled air after six breaths indicates the endotracheal tube has been placed:

Explanation

The lungs exhale co2. if your device isnt detecting co2, your not in the trachea. your most likely in the esophagus.

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27. The maximum flow rate to be used with a nasal cannula is ______ liters per minute
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28. When a bag-valve ventilation device is used without supplemental oxygen, it delivers an oxygen concentration of ________ percent.
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29. The type of blood that may be administered to all people in an emergency, regardless of their blood type, is:
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30. A drug that serves as a sodium channel blocker will have the greatest effect on which phase of ion exchange in the normal, fast-potential cardiac cell?
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31. An adult patient with a pulse who has been intubated due to respiratory arrest should be ventilated ________ times per minute.
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32. A fine, bubbling sound heard on inspiration and associated with fluid in the alveoli and terminal bronchioles is called:

Explanation

Bubbly sound, Snap,crackle and pop.

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33. When preparing for venipuncture, a constricting band should be applied tight enough to restrict ________ flow.
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34. A solid disk of compressed medicated powder intended to be chewed and swallowed or swallowed whole, and which may be scored to permit breaking, is known as a:
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35. Naloxone is an ________ to opioid receptors.
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36. End-tidal colorimetric capnography measures:
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37. In an adult, the narrowest part of the airway is the:  
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38. Progressively deeper, faster breathing alternating gradually with shallow, slower breathing is called:
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39. Which of the following medications has the shortest half-life?

Explanation

Adenosine has a half life of 6-10 seconds

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40. ________ are the most common type of cell in the blood.
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41. Adequate perfusion depends upon:  
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42. Septic shock is precipitated by:
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43. Which of the following is a disadvantage of pulmonary drug administration via nebulizer or metered dose inhaler?
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44. Which of the following is appropriate for a subcutaneous injection of medication?
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45. In which of the following conditions is insertion of a nasogastric tube contraindicated?
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46. Aspirin is beneficial to patients with a history of cardiac disease because it: 
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47. The amount of blood that returns to the heart during diastole is called:
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48. The process that produces an increase in cell size as a result of increasing workload is known as:

Explanation

Hyper - Excessive
Trophy- Growth
Hypertrophy- Excessive Growth

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49. When you are suctioning an adult patient, the onset of bradycardia is most likely due to:

Explanation

The vagus nerve is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system(rest and digest). Stimulating it will dec. HR, causing bradycardia.

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50. Immediate intubation should be considered for trauma patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of ________ or lower.  

Explanation

Less than 8, intubate. Less than 8, intubate. Less than 8, intubate. Less than 8, intubate. Less than 8, intubate. Less than 8, intubate. Less than 8, intubate. Less than 8, intubate. Less than 8, intubate. Less than 8, intubate. Less than 8, intubate. Less than 8, intubate.

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51. Moderate hypoxia is indicated with a pulse oximeter reading of ________ percent.

Explanation

95-100 = Normal
91-94= Mild
86-91= Moderate
81-85 = Severe

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52. Phase 0 of cardiac cell depolarization in the fast potentials is characterized by rapid:  
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53. Which of the following would NOT be appropriate for intradermal drug administration?

Explanation

The appropriate needle size for intradermal administration(such as a PPD test) are gauges 25-27. a 20 gauge is much too big.

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54. You are managing a 29-year-old male patient who was shot in the head. There is a gurgling noise in the airway. The patient is breathing spontaneously at 42 breaths per minute, has a heart rate of 110, and a systolic pressure of 102/82. What airway intervention should be performed first on this patient?
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55. Which of the following is NOT one of the body's three chief lines of defense against infection and injury? 
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56. The tip of a curved laryngoscope blade is placed correctly:          
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57. The time from when a drug is administered until it reaches the minimum effective concentration is known as the
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58. A patient was shot in the abdomen and has a resultant massive hemorrhage and hypoperfusion. Intravenous therapy would help treat the hypoperfusion by:
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59. When you are intubating a stoma site, how far beyond the distal cuff (in cm) should you insert the endotracheal tube?
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60. When correctly placed, the tip of a straight laryngoscope blade should be:
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61. Which of the following is NOT a structure of the upper airway?
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62. The bifurcation of the trachea is called the:
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63. How a drug interacts with the body to cause its effects is called:"
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64. An attempt at endotracheal intubation must not interrupt ventilations for more than ________ seconds.   
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65. A musical, squeaking, or whistling sound that may be heard on inspiration or expiration while auscultating lung fields is known as:

Explanation

Wheezing can be heard on both inspiration and expiration. opposed to stridor which is heard as a high pitched noise on inspiration. Wheezing is associated with a more "musical" sound.

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66. What is the preferred access site for intraosseous infusion in both pediatric and adult patients?
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67. Which of the following may complicate airway management procedures in the pediatric patient?   
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68. Which of the following is a disadvantage to intravascular volume replacement with isotonic crystalloid solutions?

Explanation

Pumping a person with fluids will immediately raise the volume in their circulatory system. However, normal diffusion will take place and most of the fluid will move out of the space within an hour. This is opposed to a hypertonic colloid solution which will keep the volume high for a greater period of time by now only keeping fluid in the space, but pulling fluid from outside the intravascular space through osmosis.

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69. Sympathetic nervous system stimulation that results in vasoconstriction and some bronchoconstriction is most likely affecting:"
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70. In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which element is most responsible for widespread vasoconstriction?"

Explanation

Angiotensin I -> Angiotensin Converting Enzyme(ACE) -> Angiotensin II(Potent Vasodilator)

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71. Which of the following best describes the body's reaction to exposure to or invasion by antigens?
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72. Mr. Hinkley is a 46-year-old with a history of pancreatitis. He has had abdominal pain and vomiting for 24 hours. The ED physician requests that you initiate an IV for rehydration. You will be using a 15 gtt/ml infusion set to administer 250 ml of 5% dextrose in NS per hour. What drip rate (at gtt/minute) is needed to deliver the fluids at this rate?
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73. During spontaneous breathing, which of the following reflexes prevents overinflation of the lungs?
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74. If a patient were exhibiting pupillary constriction, hypersalivation, bronchial wheezing, and bradycardia, you should suspect ________ of the ________ nervous system.
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75. Which of the following is NOT typically associated with Type I diabetes mellitus?
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76. At the end of exhalation, the intrathoracic pressure is:  
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77. All of the following statements about insulin are true EXCEPT:

Explanation

it can be given IV too..

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78. Blood pressure is represented by:  
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79. When administering glucagon to a patient, it is important to remember that:   

Explanation

glucagon breaks down glycogen(glycogen then further breaks down into glucose,thereby raising blood sugar) stores in the liver and muscle. If a person has no storage available to break down. the medication wont do shit.

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80. The study of the basic processes that determine the duration and intensity of a drug's effect and how those drugs are absorbed, distributed, biotransformed, and eliminated is called:"
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81. A drug that blocks the muscarinic receptors in the peripheral nervous system would be classified as:

Explanation

The two subdivisions of acetylcholine are muscarinic and nicotonic. acetylcholine is synonymous with parasympathetic nervous system, as is mucarinic receptors. So if you replaced muscarinic with "parasympathetic" , the question would read " a drug that blocks the PARASYMPATHETIC receptors" would be classified as:"

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82. If you were to administer an antidysrhythmic drug that was a complete sodium channel blocker, which of the following would you expect?

Explanation

Depolarization is caused by the rapid influx of sodium. a complete sodium channel blocker which blocks the influx of sdoium, will inhibit(prevent) depolarization.

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83. The maximum volume of medication to be delivered into the deltoid muscle is ________ mL.
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84. As the thoracic cavity begins to expand, the intrathoracic pressure:

Explanation

When you inhale, your chest expands and, like diffusion, air moves from an area of higher concentration (the outside) to lower concentration(inside). So. chest cavity has an intrathoracic pressure less than atmospheric pressure.

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85. in which fluid compartment is the largest percentage of the body's water located?

Explanation

Intracellular contains 75% of the body's water,

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86. The hypoxic drive is stimulated by:

Explanation

The problem with giving oxygen to a person who has a hypoxic drive is that breathing is stimulated by low levels of O2, and on the opposite end of the spectrum, breathing is inhibited by high levels of O2. Putting a non-rebreathing on them and pumping them with high oxygen levels will inhibit their breathing.
Hypoxic Drive:
Stimulated by Low O2 (in this question Pa02, the Pa just meaning the measurement of arterial gas)
Inhibited by High O2

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87. Which of the following is NOT a percutaneous route of medication administration?
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88. Which classification of drugs affecting the autonomic nervous system would be best suited to treat a patient with spinal shock?
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89. Which of the following is the correct order of events after an endotracheal tube has been properly inserted?
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90. Poisons released from bacterial cells when they die are known as:  
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91. All of the following result from insulin EXCEPT:          
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92. With which of the following conditions should you NOT attempt endotracheal intubation of the patient unless airway failure is imminent?
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93. a significant characteristic of digitalis preparations is that they:
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94. At the cellular level, the treatment of seizures is generally accomplished by _______ the influx of _______ ions into the neural cells

Explanation

by inhibiting sodium and calcium, depolarization is slowed. thereby preventing seizures from occuring.

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95. B-Lymphocytes are primarily responsible for:
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96. Your patient is presenting with rapid onset hypotension, tachycardia, and absent radial pulses. Which type of shock is LEAST likely to be the cause? 
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97. Which of the following is NOT a potential side effect of oral contraceptives?  
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98. Which of the following medications would most likely be considered for emergent treatment in the prehospital management of hypertensive crisis?   
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99. The tip of the endotracheal tube for the pediatric patient should be inserted ________ cm below the vocal cords.  
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100. Mrs. Bertrand is having a cholecystectomy this evening. To prevent dehydration, she is to receive 5% dextrose in 0.45% saline solution at a rate of 150 mL/hour. Using 20 gtt/ml tubing, what is the drip rate in gtt/minute?

Explanation

DD= 150mL/hour
SS= 20gtts/ml
T=60(minutes)
150mL x 20 divided by 60 equals 50 drops per min.

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101. Which of the following antihypertensive medications is an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor? 
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102. In which of the following situations would you expect end tidal carbon dioxide levels to be very low, despite a patent airway?   
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103. The use of tobacco, because of its nicotine content, may cause subtle symptoms due to stimulation of the:
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104. Your patient weighs 22 lbs. and is to receive 0.02 mg/kg of atropine IVP. You have a multidose vial of atropine containing 20 ml at a concentration of 0.04 mg/ml. What volume (in mL) of medication is to be injected?

Explanation

0.02(mg/kg) x 10(kg) divided by 0.04.(mg/ml) = 5ml

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105. You are caring for a 48-year-old patient with acute onset pulmonary edema secondary to an acute myocardial infarction. He has rales (crackles) in both lung fields and wheezes in the bronchial regions. His blood pressure is 160/90, his pulse is 112, and his respirations are 32. Which of the following medications is indicated FIRST, and why?
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106. Which of the following is NOT associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
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107.  A larger-than-expected dose of adenosine may be necessary in patients regularly taking:

Explanation

Certain bronchodilators, such as theophyline, compete for the same receptor site as adenosine. therefore, you need a larger dose of adenosine in order to "knock off" the theophyline that is already occupying the the receptor site.

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108. Ms. Krinklebine is experiencing right lower quadrant pain following a syncopal episode. She reports her last menstrual period (LMP) was about 6 weeks ago. While she is awaiting an abdominal CT, the surgery resident asks that you initiate an IV of lactated Ringer's solution using a blood set (10 gtt/mL) and infuse 1,000 ml over 1 hour. What drip rate (in gtt/minute) will you use to attain this rate of administration?
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109. Beta adrenergic antagonists reduce hypertension through all of the following effects EXCEPT:  
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Which of the following is the most common cause of airway obstruction?...
A high-pitched inspiratory noise caused by a partial upper airway...
When swallowing occurs, the structure that occludes the tracheal...
Which of the following terms can be defined as the activities of the...
Applying posteriorly directed pressure on the cricoid cartilage to...
Which of the following is the generic name of a drug
Shock can best be described as:  
Using microdrip IV tubing, how many drops of fluid equal 1 mL?
Which of the following devices is known as a dual lumen airway?
Insertion of an endotracheal tube too far is likely to result in...
Which of the following is a loop diuretic?        ...
Which of the following basic airway adjuncts prevents the tongue from...
You are to give Mr. Jenkins 50 mg of Toradol (ketorolac) IM for...
The general term for creating, storing, and using energy in the body...
Which of the following factors may contribute to the development of...
While caring for a 60-year-old male with a suspected femur fracture,...
Having a patient swallow a tablet of medication with a drink of water...
Which of the following is NOT one of the main sources of drugs?  
A beta2 specific agonist causes which of the following...
The respiratory rate may be greater than normal because of:
Normal saline solution contains ________ percent sodium chloride.
A drop in blood pressure of greater than 10 torr during inspiration is...
In a patient experiencing a myocardial infarction, a medication that...
According to Frank-Starling's Law, the administration of...
Substances that separate into electrically charged particles in water...
When using a colorimetric end-tidal carbon dioxide detector, the...
The maximum flow rate to be used with a nasal cannula is ______...
When a bag-valve ventilation device is used without supplemental...
The type of blood that may be administered to all people in an...
A drug that serves as a sodium channel blocker will have the greatest...
An adult patient with a pulse who has been intubated due to...
A fine, bubbling sound heard on inspiration and associated with fluid...
When preparing for venipuncture, a constricting band should be applied...
A solid disk of compressed medicated powder intended to be chewed and...
Naloxone is an ________ to opioid receptors.
End-tidal colorimetric capnography measures:
In an adult, the narrowest part of the airway is the:  
Progressively deeper, faster breathing alternating gradually with...
Which of the following medications has the shortest half-life?
________ are the most common type of cell in the blood.
Adequate perfusion depends upon:  
Septic shock is precipitated by:
Which of the following is a disadvantage of pulmonary drug...
Which of the following is appropriate for a subcutaneous injection of...
In which of the following conditions is insertion of a nasogastric...
Aspirin is beneficial to patients with a history of cardiac disease...
The amount of blood that returns to the heart during diastole is...
The process that produces an increase in cell size as a result of...
When you are suctioning an adult patient, the onset of bradycardia is...
Immediate intubation should be considered for trauma patients with a...
Moderate hypoxia is indicated with a pulse oximeter reading of...
Phase 0 of cardiac cell depolarization in the fast potentials is...
Which of the following would NOT be appropriate for intradermal drug...
You are managing a 29-year-old male patient who was shot in the head....
Which of the following is NOT one of the body's three chief lines...
The tip of a curved laryngoscope blade is placed correctly:  ...
The time from when a drug is administered until it reaches the minimum...
A patient was shot in the abdomen and has a resultant massive...
When you are intubating a stoma site, how far beyond the distal cuff...
When correctly placed, the tip of a straight laryngoscope blade should...
Which of the following is NOT a structure of the upper airway?
The bifurcation of the trachea is called the:
How a drug interacts with the body to cause its effects is...
An attempt at endotracheal intubation must not interrupt ventilations...
A musical, squeaking, or whistling sound that may be heard on...
What is the preferred access site for intraosseous infusion in both...
Which of the following may complicate airway management procedures in...
Which of the following is a disadvantage to intravascular volume...
Sympathetic nervous system stimulation that results in...
In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which element is...
Which of the following best describes the body's reaction to...
Mr. Hinkley is a 46-year-old with a history of pancreatitis. He has...
During spontaneous breathing, which of the following reflexes prevents...
If a patient were exhibiting pupillary constriction, hypersalivation,...
Which of the following is NOT typically associated with Type I...
At the end of exhalation, the intrathoracic pressure is:  
All of the following statements about insulin are true EXCEPT:
Blood pressure is represented by:  
When administering glucagon to a patient, it is important to remember...
The study of the basic processes that determine the duration and...
A drug that blocks the muscarinic receptors in the peripheral nervous...
If you were to administer an antidysrhythmic drug that was a complete...
The maximum volume of medication to be delivered into the deltoid...
As the thoracic cavity begins to expand, the intrathoracic pressure:
In which fluid compartment is the largest percentage of the body's...
The hypoxic drive is stimulated by:
Which of the following is NOT a percutaneous route of medication...
Which classification of drugs affecting the autonomic nervous system...
Which of the following is the correct order of events after an...
Poisons released from bacterial cells when they die are known as:...
All of the following result from insulin EXCEPT:      ...
With which of the following conditions should you NOT attempt...
A significant characteristic of digitalis preparations is that they:
At the cellular level, the treatment of seizures is generally...
B-Lymphocytes are primarily responsible for:
Your patient is presenting with rapid onset hypotension, tachycardia,...
Which of the following is NOT a potential side effect of oral...
Which of the following medications would most likely be considered for...
The tip of the endotracheal tube for the pediatric patient should be...
Mrs. Bertrand is having a cholecystectomy this evening. To prevent...
Which of the following antihypertensive medications is an angiotensin...
In which of the following situations would you expect end tidal carbon...
The use of tobacco, because of its nicotine content, may cause subtle...
Your patient weighs 22 lbs. and is to receive 0.02 mg/kg of atropine...
You are caring for a 48-year-old patient with acute onset pulmonary...
Which of the following is NOT associated with the parasympathetic...
 A larger-than-expected dose of adenosine may be necessary in...
Ms. Krinklebine is experiencing right lower quadrant pain following a...
Beta adrenergic antagonists reduce hypertension through all of the...
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