Pain Part 1

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  • 1/89 Questions

    Neuropathic pain is?

    • Abdomen or organ pain that is crampy, dull or even burning pain and is diffuse
    • Nerve cell damage associated with phantom pain, trigeminal nueroalgia, diabetes.
    • Localized pain regarding bones, joints, tendons presenting with achey or sharp pain.
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Pain Management Quizzes & Trivia
About This Quiz

This is the test 4 prep part 1.   This is all of Moira's content on Sleep, Pain, and some on Cranial Nerves.   The additional Cranial Nerve quiz is suggested.   The rest of the quiz should be posted tomorrow as part 2.   There were too many questions on this quiz and more space is needed for the rest.

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  • 2. 

    Pain is something that is responded to universally the same?

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    Each person is unique in their response to pain.

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  • 3. 

    Pain, although unpleasant, does not impact the functionality or the ADL's. 

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    False. Pain can significantly impact functionality and activities of daily living (ADLs). Pain can limit mobility, decrease strength and endurance, affect concentration and sleep, and overall reduce a person's ability to perform daily tasks. Therefore, it is incorrect to say that pain does not impact functionality or ADLs.

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  • 4. 

    Visceral pain is:

    • Localized pain regarding bones, joints, tendons presenting with achey or sharp pain.

    • Abdomen or organ pain that is crampy, dull or even burning pain and is diffuse.

    • Nerve cell damage associated with phantom pain, trigeminal nueroalgia, diabetes.

    Correct Answer
    A. Abdomen or organ pain that is crampy, dull or even burning pain and is diffuse.
    Explanation
    Visceral pain refers to pain that originates from the organs in the abdomen. It is characterized by crampy, dull, or burning pain that is diffuse, meaning it is not localized to a specific area. This type of pain can be caused by various conditions affecting the organs, such as gastrointestinal disorders, urinary tract infections, or reproductive system issues. It is important to differentiate visceral pain from other types of pain, as the treatment and management strategies may vary.

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  • 5. 

    Pain assessment and reassessment is the same for every situation.

    • True

    • False.

    Correct Answer
    A. False.
    Explanation
    Different patients will need different frequencies of reassessment.

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  • 6. 

    Conscious experience of pain is?

    • Transduction

    • Transmission

    • Perception

    • Modulation

    Correct Answer
    A. Perception
    Explanation
    Perception refers to the conscious experience of pain. It involves the interpretation and understanding of sensory information by the brain. When we perceive pain, our brain processes the signals received from the nervous system and creates a subjective experience of pain. This experience includes the emotional and cognitive aspects associated with pain, such as the intensity, location, and unpleasantness. Therefore, perception is the correct answer as it accurately describes the conscious awareness and interpretation of pain.

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  • 7. 

    Jock is a 67 year old male with dementia.  He is none responsive to his environment.  His wife says that she is happy that Jock's arthritis pain does not seem to stop him and is glad that at least his dementia keeps him from feeling pain.  What could the nurse say to Jock's wife?

    • When Jock is at home, it is important to let him do everything he can even if it was something he couldn't do early because of pain.

    • Jock still feels pain. His dementia may mask that he is in pain. It's important that his pain still be treated so he doesn't injure himself.

    • People with dementia are blessed because they don't feel pain.

    Correct Answer
    A. Jock still feels pain. His dementia may mask that he is in pain. It's important that his pain still be treated so he doesn't injure himself.
    Explanation
    The nurse could say to Jock's wife that Jock still feels pain, even though his dementia may mask it. It is important to treat his pain so that he doesn't injure himself.

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  • 8. 

    Carrie has pain.  Her SNS is not manifesting.  She does not have cancer.  She can use NSAIDS to manage her pain.  She rates her pain at 2/10.  Her pain started on her birthday a year ago.  Her pain is not serving a biologic function.  What kind of pain does Carrie have?

    • Acute

    • Chronic

    • Intractable

    Correct Answer
    A. Chronic
    Explanation
    The SNS not manifesting is a key component. She has had pain for a year. Pain not serving as a biologic function is Chronic. Her level of pain is not an indicator of either Acute or Chronic pain. It's her length of time with pain.

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  • 9. 

    Somatic pain is:

    • Localized pain regarding bones, joints, tendons presenting with achey or sharp pain.

    • Abdomen or organ pain that is crampy, dull or even burning pain and is diffuse.

    • Nerve cell damage associated with phantom pain, trigeminal nueroalgia, diabetes.

    Correct Answer
    A. Localized pain regarding bones, joints, tendons presenting with achey or sharp pain.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is localized pain regarding bones, joints, tendons presenting with achey or sharp pain. This is because somatic pain refers to pain that originates from the bones, joints, tendons, or muscles. It is usually described as a dull, aching, or sharp pain and is localized to a specific area of the body. This type of pain can be caused by injuries, fractures, sprains, or other musculoskeletal conditions.

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  • 10. 

    The four dimensions of pain are?

    • Transmission, Transduction, Perception, Modality

    • Transduction, Transmission, Perception, Modulation

    • Transportation, Transmission, Perception, Modulation

    • Transduction, Transmission, Production, Modulation

    Correct Answer
    A. Transduction, Transmission, Perception, Modulation
    Explanation
    The four dimensions of pain are transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation. Transduction refers to the conversion of a painful stimulus into an electrical signal. Transmission involves the relay of this signal from the site of injury to the brain. Perception is the conscious awareness and interpretation of the pain signal. Modulation refers to the regulation and control of pain signals by various mechanisms in the brain and spinal cord.

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  • 11. 

    Protective impulse is activated before pain perception has been achieved?

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    The statement implies that the protective impulse, which is the instinctive reaction to protect oneself from harm, is activated before the person actually feels or perceives pain. This suggests that the body's defense mechanism is triggered preemptively to prevent potential harm or injury, even before the brain registers the sensation of pain.

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  • 12. 

    Pain tolerance is:

    • The lowest of intensity of stimulation that can cause pain recognition.

    • The duration or intensity of pain a person is willing to endure.

    • The amount of pain that dictates nonopioid use.

    • The amount of pain that dictates opioid use.

    Correct Answer
    A. The duration or intensity of pain a person is willing to endure.
    Explanation
    Pain tolerance refers to the level of pain that an individual is willing to endure, either in terms of duration or intensity. It is a subjective measure that varies from person to person. Some individuals may have a high pain tolerance and can tolerate pain for longer periods or at higher intensities, while others may have a lower pain tolerance and may experience pain more intensely or for shorter durations. This measure is important in understanding an individual's ability to cope with pain and can influence their treatment options and pain management strategies.

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  • 13. 

    "The pain is someone else's fault," would be a statement pertaining to:

    • Infant

    • Toddler

    • Adult

    • Elderly

    Correct Answer
    A. Toddler
    Explanation
    This statement would be more likely to pertain to a toddler. Toddlers often have difficulty taking responsibility for their actions and tend to blame others for any negative experiences or discomfort they may be feeling. This is a common behavior in early childhood development as they are still learning to navigate their emotions and understand the consequences of their actions.

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  • 14. 

    What is NOT a part of insomnia? *check all that apply*

    • Difficulty falling asleep.

    • Difficulty staying asleep.

    • Waking up too early

    • Difficulty in hearing the alarm clock.

    Correct Answer
    A. Difficulty in hearing the alarm clock.
    Explanation
    Insomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, and waking up too early. These symptoms often result in insufficient sleep and can lead to daytime drowsiness, fatigue, and impaired functioning. Difficulty in hearing the alarm clock is not a part of insomnia as it is not directly related to the ability to fall asleep or stay asleep.

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  • 15. 

    At night, Tyler can't get to sleep because he has this "feeling" in his leg.  It feels like the top part of his body needs to sleep, but the bottom part of his body wants to go for a run.  What could Tyler's problem be.

    • PLMD

    • Insomnia

    • Restless Leg Syndrome

    • Narcolepsy

    Correct Answer
    A. Restless Leg Syndrome
    Explanation
    Tyler's problem is Restless Leg Syndrome. Restless Leg Syndrome is a neurological disorder that causes an uncontrollable urge to move the legs, usually due to uncomfortable sensations such as tingling or crawling. This can make it difficult for individuals to fall asleep or stay asleep, leading to insomnia. In Tyler's case, the "feeling" in his leg is likely the uncomfortable sensation caused by Restless Leg Syndrome, making it difficult for him to sleep.

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  • 16. 

    The nurse walks into the room and see's the patient is asleep.  The nurse quietly says the patient's name and the patient wakes up right away.  Which stage of sleep was the patient most likely in?

    • 1

    • 2

    • 3

    • 4

    Correct Answer
    A. 1
    Explanation
    The patient was most likely in stage 1 of sleep. Stage 1 is the lightest stage of sleep, where the person is just drifting off and can easily be awakened. The fact that the patient woke up right away when the nurse said their name suggests that they were in this initial stage of sleep.

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  • 17. 

    Todd has been taking a non opioid for pain.  His pain is 7/10.  He has taken two doses at the prn of 2 tabs q hour of pain.  After three hours, what should the nurse do?

    • Document hat the non opiod is not making progress on the pain and communicate this to the doctor.

    • The nurse only has one hour left and will give the findings to the next nurse during reports.

    • The pain is constant, but not getting worse, so no action is needed.

    • The nurse suspects that Todd is a drug seeker and takes away his prn med.

    Correct Answer
    A. Document hat the non opiod is not making progress on the pain and communicate this to the doctor.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is to document that the non-opioid is not making progress on the pain and communicate this to the doctor. This is the appropriate action for the nurse to take in this situation because Todd's pain is not improving despite taking the prescribed non-opioid medication. By documenting this information and communicating it to the doctor, the nurse can ensure that Todd's pain management plan is reassessed and potentially adjusted to provide him with more effective pain relief.

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  • 18. 

    Tina has decreased BP, irregular RR, and decreased HR.  The nurse is worried about vomiting and that Tina may faint.  The nurse knows that this system is at work in Tina:

    • Sympathetic Response

    • Parasympathetic Response

    • Pain Reduction Response

    • Transduction Decreasing Response.

    Correct Answer
    A. Parasympathetic Response
    Explanation
    The parasympathetic response is responsible for conserving energy and promoting rest and digestion. It opposes the sympathetic response, which is associated with the "fight or flight" response. In this scenario, Tina's decreased blood pressure, irregular respiratory rate, and decreased heart rate are indicative of a parasympathetic response. The nurse's concern about vomiting and fainting aligns with the parasympathetic response's role in promoting rest and digestion, as well as regulating bodily functions.

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  • 19. 

    Elizabeth notices that other children are overstimulated.  She has planned her nursery for her new baby to be clear of sensory devices like mobiles, teddy bears, colorful objects.  She states that she wants her baby to be restful and not overstimulated.  What education can be done with Sarah about her new baby.

    • A baby needs stimulation in order to grow properly.

    • Suggesting that she get some heavy drapes to keep out the extra light would be good.

    • Ensure Sarah knows that a sleeping baby should not be disturbed by things like vacuuming or watching TV.

    • Babies that get over stimulation ended up with ADHD.

    Correct Answer
    A. A baby needs stimulation in order to grow properly.
    Explanation
    The given answer is correct because it contradicts the statement made by Elizabeth in the question. Elizabeth believes that her baby should not be overstimulated and wants a nursery free of sensory devices. However, the answer states that a baby needs stimulation in order to grow properly, suggesting that Elizabeth may need to be educated about the importance of providing appropriate stimulation for her baby's development.

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  • 20. 

    Action potential continues from site of injury to spinal cord, spinal cord to brainstem and thalamus, thalamus to cortex for processing.

    • Transduction

    • Transmission

    • Perception

    • Modulation

    Correct Answer
    A. Transmission
    Explanation
    This explanation describes the process of transmitting the action potential from the site of injury to various parts of the central nervous system. It states that the action potential travels from the site of injury to the spinal cord, then from the spinal cord to the brainstem and thalamus, and finally from the thalamus to the cortex for processing. This process of transmitting the action potential through different regions of the central nervous system is known as transmission.

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  • 21. 

    A baby has an increased HR and decreased O2 sat.  What could this indicate?

    • The baby is throwing a tantrum.

    • The baby is in pain.

    • The baby needs O2.

    • The baby is cold.

    Correct Answer
    A. The baby is in pain.
    Explanation
    The increased heart rate and decreased oxygen saturation in a baby can indicate that the baby is in pain. Pain can cause physiological changes in the body, including an increased heart rate and decreased oxygen saturation. These changes may be a response to the baby's discomfort or distress.

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  • 22. 

    The period of highest brain function happens in which part of sleep?

    • 1

    • 2

    • 3

    • 4

    • REM

    Correct Answer
    A. REM
    Explanation
    During REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, the brain is highly active and the most intense brain activity occurs. This is the stage of sleep where dreaming occurs and the brain processes and consolidates memories. REM sleep is also associated with increased brain activity in areas responsible for learning, creativity, and problem-solving. Therefore, REM sleep is considered the period of highest brain function during sleep.

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  • 23. 

    Barry has an increase in HR, increase BP, increased RR, and has an increased Glu.  He has just had car accident.  What system is working in Barry to elevate this response?

    • Sympathetic Response

    • Parasympathetic Response

    • Pain Reduction Response

    • Modulation decrease response.

    Correct Answer
    A. Sympathetic Response
    Explanation
    Barry's increased heart rate (HR), increased blood pressure (BP), increased respiratory rate (RR), and increased glucose (Glu) levels are all indicative of a sympathetic response. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response, which is activated in stressful situations such as a car accident. This response increases heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate to prepare the body for action. Additionally, the release of glucose provides immediate energy for the body to deal with the stressful situation.

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  • 24. 

    Karen's father was an alcoholic until he died at age 51.  Karen has stayed away from alcohol and drugs because of her father's addiction.  He was not abusive, but she knows his addiction added to his early death.  What might Karen's fears cause when dealing with pain?

    • Karen is less likely to become dependent on the drugs.

    • Karen should be monitored for addictive traits on her drugs.

    • Karen's fear of addiction could cause he to refuse her meds.

    • Karen's fear of dependence will keep her positive and likely to move quickly through her recovery of pain.

    Correct Answer
    A. Karen's fear of addiction could cause he to refuse her meds.
    Explanation
    Fear of addiction could cause Karen a problem in that she may not take her medications. Educating Karen that dependence is not about pain, but about the need for a substance beyond pain. Her unwillingness to participate in her recovery with the use of pain meds may cause her stress, sleeplessness, and therefore making her recovery time longer.

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  • 25. 

    <5 sec of apnea during sleep is serious and needs further study!

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    Brief periods of apnea equaling 5 seconds or less is normal.

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  • 26. 

    Sommer has GERD and drinks too much water before bed.  She is complaining that she feels tired all the time.  What stage of sleep is Sommer most likely loosing?

    • 1

    • 2

    • 3

    • 4

    • REM

    Correct Answer
    A. REM
    Explanation
    Sommer is most likely losing the REM (Rapid Eye Movement) stage of sleep. This stage is characterized by vivid dreaming and increased brain activity. Drinking too much water before bed can cause GERD symptoms to worsen, leading to disrupted sleep. The frequent awakenings and discomfort caused by GERD can disrupt the normal sleep cycle, resulting in a reduction of REM sleep. This can lead to feelings of tiredness and fatigue throughout the day.

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  • 27. 

    Pain threshold is:

    • The lowest of intensity of stimulation that can cause pain recognition.

    • The duration or intensity of pain a person is willing to endure.

    • The amount of pain that dictates opioids use.

    • The amount of pain that dictates nonopioid use.

    Correct Answer
    A. The lowest of intensity of stimulation that can cause pain recognition.
    Explanation
    The pain threshold refers to the lowest intensity of stimulation that can cause pain recognition. This means that it is the minimum level of stimulation required for a person to perceive and recognize it as pain. It is important because it helps determine an individual's sensitivity to pain and can vary from person to person.

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  • 28. 

    Nueropathic pain is best treated by:

    • Opioids

    • Nonopiods

    • Tricyclic antidepressants

    Correct Answer
    A. Tricyclic antidepressants
    Explanation
    Tricyclic antidepressants are the best treatment for neuropathic pain. This is because these medications work by altering the levels of certain chemicals in the brain, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, which can help to reduce pain signals. Tricyclic antidepressants have been found to be effective in managing neuropathic pain conditions such as diabetic neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, and fibromyalgia. They can help to improve sleep, reduce pain intensity, and improve overall quality of life for individuals suffering from neuropathic pain. Opioids may be used for severe pain that is not responsive to other treatments, while nonopioids may be used for mild to moderate pain.

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  • 29. 

    Vagus

    • VII

    • VIII

    • IX

    • X

    Correct Answer
    A. X
  • 30. 

    Marcus is a new father.  He takes his son to the doctor because he thinks his son sleeps too much.  He says that his son is sleeping about 17 hours a day and is hard to wake up to feed him.  What would the nurse say to this new father?

    • His newborn needs a sleep study.

    • His newborn needs bloodwork to see is he is anemic.

    • His newborn is within parameters.

    • Be glad your newborn is sleeping this much. He will need the extra sleep!

    Correct Answer
    A. His newborn is within parameters.
    Explanation
    The nurse would say that his newborn is within parameters. This means that the amount of sleep the baby is getting is considered normal and healthy for a newborn. The nurse is reassuring the father that there is no cause for concern regarding his son's sleep patterns.

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  • 31. 

    Nicole has had her leg amputated.  She had chronic pain in her leg before the amputation.  Would you expect Nicole to have a higher , same as, or less than normal phantom pain in her amputated leg?

    • Higher

    • Same as

    • Less than

    Correct Answer
    A. Higher
    Explanation
    A person with chronic pain is more likely to experience higher pain levels than someone who has not had chronic pain.

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  • 32. 

    Dave doesn't want anyone know he is hurt because he is afraid he will loose respect.  Which group is Dave likely to be associated with?

    • Toddler

    • School Age

    • Adolescent

    • Adult

    Correct Answer
    A. Adolescent
    Explanation
    Dave is likely to be associated with the group of adolescents because this age group is commonly characterized by a strong desire for independence and a fear of losing respect from their peers. Adolescents often strive to maintain a certain image and may be hesitant to show vulnerability or weakness, which is consistent with Dave's reluctance to let anyone know he is hurt.

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  • 33. 

    A family comes in and are very concerned.  They say there school age child is sleeping alot and complaining of arm and leg pain every once in awhile.  What should the nurse say?

    • A blood test to check for leukemia may be needed.

    • Children go through growth spurts that can sometimes be painful, but it shouldn't be interfering with sleep.

    • Children go through growth spurts that can sometimes be painful and this is also a time when a child needs lots of sleep.

    Correct Answer
    A. Children go through growth spurts that can sometimes be painful and this is also a time when a child needs lots of sleep.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is that children go through growth spurts that can sometimes be painful and this is also a time when a child needs lots of sleep. This explanation suggests that the child's symptoms of sleeping a lot and complaining of arm and leg pain are likely due to a growth spurt rather than a serious medical condition like leukemia. It reassures the family that these symptoms are normal and should not be a cause for concern.

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  • 34. 

    Nancy is in her hospital room.  She has been yawning and getting increasingly agitated.  She is on bed rest.  What could be a problem for Nancy?

    • Nancy may be overmedicated.

    • Nancy may be suffering from Sensory Deprivation.

    • Nancy may be suffering from Sensory Deficits.

    • Nancy is a difficult patient to keep happy.

    Correct Answer
    A. Nancy may be suffering from Sensory Deprivation.
    Explanation
    Based on the given information, Nancy is in her hospital room and she is on bed rest. She has been yawning and getting increasingly agitated. These symptoms suggest that Nancy may be experiencing sensory deprivation, which occurs when an individual is deprived of normal sensory stimulation. Being confined to a hospital room and limited mobility can lead to a lack of sensory input, which can cause restlessness, agitation, and yawning. Therefore, sensory deprivation is a possible problem for Nancy in this situation.

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  • 35. 

    Marty doesn't understand why he can't loose weight.  He eats healthy foods and only has one weakness, ice cream.  He usually has a bowl of ice cream before bed to help him relax.  Sometimes he covers his ice cream with chocolate sauce and whipcream.  And sometimes he puts on nuts and a cherry.  What could be causing his weight loss dilema?

    • When a person goes to sleep, their metabolic rate increases.

    • His body holds onto the fat in sleep to help counter his healthy eating with no fats during the day.

    • If he's eating ice cream that way every night, he's probably lying about the healthy eating too.

    • When a person goes to sleep their metabolic rate decreases.

    Correct Answer
    A. When a person goes to sleep their metabolic rate decreases.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is that when a person goes to sleep, their metabolic rate decreases. This means that their body is burning fewer calories during sleep compared to when they are awake and active. Despite eating healthy foods, Marty's habit of having a bowl of ice cream before bed could be contributing to his weight loss dilemma because the extra calories from the ice cream are not being burned off as efficiently during sleep. Additionally, the toppings he adds to his ice cream, such as chocolate sauce, whip cream, nuts, and a cherry, could further contribute to the calorie intake and hinder weight loss.

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  • 36. 

    RR and HR may become irregular in which sleeping phase?

    • 1

    • 2

    • 3

    • 4

    • REM

    Correct Answer
    A. REM
    Explanation
    During REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, the brain is highly active and dreaming occurs. This is the phase of sleep where most of our vivid and memorable dreams take place. During REM sleep, the body's muscles are relaxed and inactive, except for the eye muscles. It is during this phase that both the respiratory rate (RR) and heart rate (HR) may become irregular. This is because the brain is sending signals to various parts of the body, including the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, which can lead to fluctuations in RR and HR.

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  • 37. 

    Michael has cut himself badly on his hand.  It has taken Michael about 5 months to stop feeling pain in his hand.  To Michael, he felt like he would never stop hurting.  What type of pain does Michael have?

    • Acute

    • Chronic

    • Intractable

    Correct Answer
    A. Acute
    Explanation
    Even though Michael has had 5 months of pain, his pain would be acute. It lasted 5 months. Pain over 6 months is considered to be Chronic.

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  • 38. 

    This starts in the peripheral, causes cell damage with the releasing of sensitizing chemicals and leads to action potential.

    • Transduction

    • Transmission

    • Perception

    • Modulation

    Correct Answer
    A. Transduction
    Explanation
    Transduction is the process by which sensory receptors convert physical or chemical stimuli into electrical signals that can be transmitted to the brain. In this case, the statement suggests that the process starts in the peripheral (where sensory receptors are located), causes cell damage (which may trigger the release of sensitizing chemicals), and ultimately leads to the generation of action potentials (electrical signals) that can be transmitted to the brain. Therefore, transduction is the most appropriate term to describe this sequence of events.

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  • 39. 

    Linda has just moved to a care facility.  They wake her up for breakfast at 6 am every morning and encourage her for "lights out" at 7 pm.  What is the mistake the facility is making?

    • They are not respecting Linda's own routine.

    • Linda wasn't asked what time she wanted to get up.

    • Linda didn't fill out the "hours" of operation and failed to inform her.

    • No one sat Linda down and told her when the hours were.

    Correct Answer
    A. They are not respecting Linda's own routine.
    Explanation
    The mistake the facility is making is not respecting Linda's own routine. This means that the facility is not considering Linda's personal preferences and habits when it comes to waking up and going to bed. Instead, they have set a fixed schedule without consulting her or taking her individual needs into account. This lack of respect for Linda's routine can potentially disrupt her sleep patterns and overall well-being.

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  • 40. 

    Phantom pain is imaginary because there is no limb present.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    Phantom pain is real pain that must be treated.

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  • 41. 

    Optic

    • I

    • II

    • III

    • IV

    Correct Answer
    A. II
  • 42. 

    Trochlear

    • II

    • III

    • IV

    • V

    Correct Answer
    A. IV
  • 43. 

    If a person is really tired, they will see an increase in their REM.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    REM is shorter while the sleeper is tired, then it lengthens.

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  • 44. 

    Neurons originating in the brainstem descend to the spinal cord and release substances (e.g., endogenous opioids) that inhibit nociceptive impusles?

    • Transduction

    • Transmission

    • Perception

    • Modulation

    Correct Answer
    A. Modulation
    Explanation
    The correct answer is Modulation. Modulation refers to the process of modifying or altering the transmission of signals. In this context, neurons originating in the brainstem release substances that inhibit nociceptive impulses, which can be seen as a modulation of pain signals. This modulation helps to regulate and control the perception of pain in the spinal cord.

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  • 45. 

    With low activity, clinging, loss of appetite and uneasy to console, this group would be most likely to be:

    • Infant

    • Toddler

    • Preschooler

    Correct Answer
    A. Infant
    Explanation
    Based on the symptoms of low activity, clinging, loss of appetite, and being uneasy to console, it can be inferred that this group is most likely infants. Infants are generally less active compared to toddlers and preschoolers, and they often exhibit clinginess and difficulty in being consoled. Loss of appetite can also be common in infants due to various reasons such as teething or illness. Therefore, the given symptoms align more closely with the behavior and characteristics of infants rather than toddlers or preschoolers.

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  • 46. 

    Trigeminal

    • IV

    • V

    • VI

    • VII

    Correct Answer
    A. V
  • 47. 

    Nonopioids, NSAIDS, and corticosteroids all help block:

    • Histamine

    • Prostoglandins

    • Substance P

    • Bradykinins

    Correct Answer
    A. Prostoglandins
    Explanation
    Nonopioids, NSAIDs, and corticosteroids all help block prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are hormone-like substances that play a key role in inflammation and pain. By inhibiting the production or activity of prostaglandins, these medications can reduce inflammation, relieve pain, and decrease fever. Prostaglandins are involved in various physiological processes, including the regulation of blood flow, the immune response, and the formation of blood clots. Blocking prostaglandins can have a wide range of therapeutic effects and is a common approach in the treatment of various conditions, such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, and headaches.

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  • 48. 

    Acoustics

    • VI

    • VII

    • VIII

    • IX

    Correct Answer
    A. VIII
  • 49. 

    Glossopharayngeal

    • VII

    • VIII

    • IX

    • X

    Correct Answer
    A. IX

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