Targeted Therapy In Cancer Management

Lenalidomide is the oral immuno-modulator among the given options. It is a medication used to treat certain types of cancer and autoimmune diseases. It works by enhancing the immune system's response to cancer cells and reducing inflammation. Lenalidomide is known to modulate the immune system, making it an effective oral immuno-modulator. Imatinib, Lapatinib, and Osimertinib are not oral immuno-modulators; they belong to different drug classes and have different mechanisms of action.

Tagrix is the correct answer because it is a targeted therapy brand specifically indicated for T790M NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer). This means that Tagrix is designed to target and treat this specific type of lung cancer, making it the appropriate choice for patients with T790M NSCLC.

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The correct answer is "All of them" because targeted anticancer drugs can be designed to target specific genes, enzymes, or receptors that are involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells. By targeting these specific molecular targets, the drugs can inhibit their activity and prevent the progression of cancer. This approach allows for more precise and effective treatment options, as it focuses on the specific molecular abnormalities that are driving the cancer cells' growth and survival.

Osimertinib is the preferred choice for NSCLC with EGFR mutation because it is a third-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) that has shown superior efficacy and improved progression-free survival compared to other EGFR TKIs such as gefitinib, erlotinib, and afatinib. Osimertinib specifically targets the T790M mutation, which is the most common resistance mutation in EGFR-mutated NSCLC. Additionally, osimertinib has demonstrated better central nervous system penetration and a favorable safety profile. Therefore, it is considered the standard of care for NSCLC patients with EGFR mutation.

Apalutamide and bicalutamide are both targeted therapies used for the treatment of prostate cancer. Apalutamide is an androgen receptor inhibitor that works by blocking the effects of androgens, which can fuel the growth of prostate cancer cells. Bicalutamide is also an androgen receptor inhibitor that works in a similar way. These targeted therapies are used in combination with other treatments, such as hormone therapy, to slow down the progression of prostate cancer and improve survival rates. Docetaxel and ibrutinib are not typically used as targeted therapies for prostate cancer.

Axitinib is the targeted therapy that does not have multiple indications. This means that it is specifically used to treat a single condition or disease, unlike the other options (Regorafenib, Cabozantinib, and Sunitinib) which have multiple indications, meaning they can be used to treat various conditions or diseases.

Olaparib and Niraparib are both PARP inhibitors. PARP inhibitors are a type of targeted therapy that work by blocking the enzyme poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), which helps repair damaged DNA in cells. By inhibiting PARP, these drugs prevent cancer cells from repairing their DNA, leading to their death. Olaparib is approved for the treatment of ovarian, breast, and pancreatic cancers, while Niraparib is approved for the treatment of ovarian cancer. Palbociclib and Cabozantinib are not PARP inhibitors and have different mechanisms of action.

Lenvatinib and Sorafenib are the first-line targeted therapies for hepatocellular cancer. These drugs have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of this specific type of cancer. They work by targeting specific molecules or pathways involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells. By inhibiting these targets, Lenvatinib and Sorafenib can help slow down the progression of hepatocellular cancer and improve patient outcomes. Regorafenib and Cabozantinib are also targeted therapies used in the treatment of hepatocellular cancer, but they are typically reserved for patients who have already received prior treatment with Sorafenib.

Checkpoint inhibitors are a type of medication that block proteins that hide the T-cells from attacking cancer cells. T-cells are a crucial part of the immune system and play a role in recognizing and destroying abnormal cells, including cancer cells. However, cancer cells can sometimes evade detection by the immune system by expressing certain proteins that act as "checkpoints" and prevent T-cells from attacking them. Checkpoint inhibitors work by blocking these proteins, allowing the T-cells to recognize and attack the cancer cells effectively.