Structural January 2000 Board Exam

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1. a design so proportioned that the maximum stress in concrete (with strain of 0.003) and steel (with strain of Fy/Es) are reached simultaneously once the ultimate load is reached, causing them to fall simultaneously

Explanation

A balanced design refers to a design where the maximum stress in concrete and steel are reached simultaneously once the ultimate load is reached. This means that both materials will fail or reach their maximum capacity at the same time, resulting in a balanced distribution of forces. In contrast, an underreinforced design would mean that the concrete reaches its maximum stress before the steel, while an overreinforced design would mean that the steel reaches its maximum stress before the concrete. Therefore, the correct answer is balanced design.

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About This Quiz
Structural Engineering Quizzes & Trivia

Structural January 2000 Board Exam quiz helps mathematics, other students and other related parties to revise on geometry. The use of geometrical tools is tested in the quiz. Find out how you are fairing. All the best.

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2. A coefficient of elasticity of a material expressing the ratio between a unit stress aSd the   corresponding unit strain caused by the stress, as derived from Hooke’s law and represented by the slope of he straight line portion of the stress- strain line diagram.

Explanation

The explanation for the correct answer, "MODULUS OF ELASTICITY," is that it refers to the coefficient of elasticity of a material. This coefficient expresses the ratio between a unit stress and the corresponding unit strain caused by the stress, as derived from Hooke's law. It is represented by the slope of the straight line portion of the stress-strain line diagram. Therefore, the correct answer is "MODULUS OF ELASTICITY."

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3. WEIGHT OF CONCRETE

Explanation

The given answer, 2400 kg/m3, represents the weight of concrete. Concrete is a composite material made up of cement, water, and aggregates such as sand and gravel. The weight of concrete can vary depending on the specific composition and density of the aggregates used. In this case, the density of the concrete is given as 2400 kg/m3, indicating that for every cubic meter of concrete, it weighs 2400 kilograms.

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4. What is not included  in the computation of reinforced concrete load

Explanation

Floor finish is not included in the computation of reinforced concrete load. The load calculation for reinforced concrete takes into account the weight of the structural elements such as the slab, beam, and column. However, the floor finish, which refers to the materials used to cover the surface of the floor, such as tiles or carpet, is not considered in the load calculation as it is not a structural element and does not contribute significantly to the overall load on the structure.

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5. a design in which the steel reinforcement is more than what is required for balanced condition

Explanation

An overreinforced design refers to a design in which the steel reinforcement used is more than what is required for a balanced condition. This means that the amount of steel reinforcement exceeds the amount needed to resist the maximum load that the structure will experience. This design approach is often used to provide additional strength and durability to the structure, but it can also result in higher construction costs.

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6. A design in which the steel reinforcement is lesser than what is required for balanced conditioned. Failure under this condition is ductile and will give warning to the user of  thee structure to decrease the load

Explanation

An underreinforced design refers to a design in which the steel reinforcement is less than what is required for balanced conditions. In this design, failure under excessive load is ductile and will give warning signs to the user of the structure. This means that the structure will show visible signs of distress, such as cracking or deformation, before ultimately failing.

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7. The stress induced as a result of restrained deformation due to changes in temperature

Explanation

Thermal stress refers to the stress induced in a material due to changes in temperature. When a material is restrained from expanding or contracting freely as it heats up or cools down, it experiences thermal stress. This stress can lead to deformation or even fracture of the material. Therefore, the correct answer is thermal stress.

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8. 1.  A horizontal or nearly horizontal system, including horizontal bracing systems, that act to transmit lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements. (NSCP Sec. 2.2.2)

Explanation

A diaphragm is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system that transmits lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements. It can include horizontal bracing systems. This is stated in the NSCP Sec. 2.2.2.

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9. the property of material that causes it to rupture suddenly under stress with little evident       deformation. Since this property of materials lack the plastic behavior of ductile materials, they can give no warning of impending material

Explanation

Brittleness is the correct answer because it refers to the property of a material that causes it to rupture suddenly under stress with little deformation. Unlike ductile materials, brittle materials do not exhibit plastic behavior and cannot give any warning of impending material failure.

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10. The moment of a force system that causes or tends to cause rotation or torsion

Explanation

Torque is the correct answer because it refers to the moment of a force system that causes or tends to cause rotation or torsion. It is a measure of the force's effectiveness in causing an object to rotate around an axis. Bending, compression, and tension are not directly related to rotation or torsion, making them incorrect answers.

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11. It is the middle part of a wide flange

Explanation

The correct answer is "web". The web refers to the middle part of a wide flange, which is a structural component typically used in construction and engineering. The web connects the two flanges of the wide flange and helps to distribute the load evenly across the structure. It provides strength and stability to the wide flange, allowing it to support heavy loads without bending or breaking.

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12. In reinforced concrete beams, which portion is under tension

Explanation

In reinforced concrete beams, the bottom portion is under tension. This is because when a load is applied to the beam, the top portion is compressed while the bottom portion is stretched. The reinforcement bars, typically made of steel, are placed in the bottom portion of the beam to resist this tension and prevent it from causing cracks or failure in the concrete. By placing the reinforcement in the bottom, it helps to distribute and balance the forces acting on the beam, ensuring its structural integrity.

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13. For a force system to be  static equilibrium, the algebraic summation of forces is:

Explanation

In order for a force system to be in static equilibrium, the algebraic summation of forces must be zero. This means that the sum of all the forces acting on an object in different directions should cancel each other out, resulting in a net force of zero. This condition ensures that the object remains at rest or in a state of constant velocity, with no acceleration.

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14. 1.  What is the temporary force exerted by a device that introduces tension into pre-stressing tendons? (NSCP Sec. 5.2.1)

Explanation

The correct answer is A. Jacking force. According to NSCP Sec. 5.2.1, the temporary force exerted by a device that introduces tension into pre-stressing tendons is referred to as the jacking force. This force is applied to the tendons to create the desired level of pre-stress in the structural element.

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15. A paste of cement, sand and water laid between bricks, blocks, or stones

Explanation

Mortar is a paste made of cement, sand, and water that is used to bind bricks, blocks, or stones together. It is commonly used in construction to create strong and durable structures. Unlike concrete, which is a mixture of cement, sand, gravel, and water, mortar does not contain gravel. Plaster is a different material used for coating walls and ceilings, while grout is a mixture used for filling the gaps between tiles. Therefore, the correct answer is mortar.

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16. WEIGHT OF STEEL

Explanation

The correct answer is 7850 kg/m3. This is the weight of steel per unit volume. Steel is a dense material and has a high density compared to other materials such as water or wood. The density of steel is commonly measured in kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3). A density of 7850 kg/m3 means that for every cubic meter of steel, it weighs 7850 kilograms.

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17. the twisting of an elastic body about its longitudinal axis caused by two equal and opposite torques, producing shearing stresses in the body

Explanation

Torsion refers to the twisting of an elastic body around its longitudinal axis due to two equal and opposite torques. This twisting action generates shearing stresses within the body. Torsion is different from bending, which involves the application of a bending moment to a body, and shear, which refers to the parallel sliding of one layer of a material relative to another.

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18. A slight curve built intentionally into a beam, girder, or truss to compensate for anticipated deflection

Explanation

Camber refers to a slight curve intentionally built into a beam, girder, or truss to compensate for anticipated deflection. This curve helps to counteract the natural tendency of the structure to bend or sag under load, ensuring that it remains level and straight when subjected to external forces.

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19. 1.  It is a storey in which its lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the storey above it. (NSCP 2.2.2)

Explanation

A soft storey is a storey in a building where its lateral stiffness is significantly less than the storey above it. This means that the soft storey is more flexible and less resistant to lateral forces such as earthquakes. This can pose a serious structural risk as the soft storey may experience excessive deformation or collapse during seismic events. Therefore, it is important to design and strengthen soft storeys to ensure the overall stability and safety of the building.

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20. 1.  Inert material that is mixed with hydraulic cement and water to produce concrete. (ACI 2.1 Definitions)

Explanation

Aggregate is the correct answer because it refers to inert material that is mixed with hydraulic cement and water to produce concrete. This material helps to strengthen and provide stability to the concrete mixture. Admixture refers to a substance that is added to concrete to enhance its properties, escombro means debris or rubble, and compacted fill refers to a material used to fill voids or improve soil stability.

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21. The maximum stress that can be attained immediately before actual failure or rupture

Explanation

The ultimate strength refers to the maximum stress that a material can withstand just before it fails or ruptures. It is the point at which the material reaches its breaking point and can no longer bear any additional stress. This is different from other points such as the proportional limit, yield point, and elastic limit, which represent the points at which the material begins to deform or exhibit plastic behavior. The ultimate strength is the highest stress point that a material can handle before complete failure occurs.

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22. The vertical or horizontal face in a concrete structure where concreting has been stopped and continued later

Explanation

A construction joint is a vertical or horizontal face in a concrete structure where concreting has been stopped and continued later. This joint is created intentionally to allow for the construction process to be carried out in stages or phases. It is used to separate different parts of the concrete structure that are poured at different times, ensuring that the overall structure is cohesive and structurally sound. The construction joint provides a point of connection between the two sections of concrete, allowing for the continuity of the construction process.

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23. 1.  The required strength (U) to resist dead load D and live load L shall be at least equal to (NSCP Sec. 5.9.2)

Explanation

The required strength to resist dead load D and live load L should be at least equal to 1.4 times the dead load plus 1.7 times the live load. This is based on the NSCP (National Structural Code of the Philippines) Section 5.9.2. This formula ensures that the structure can adequately support both the permanent and variable loads placed upon it.

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24. 1.  Method of prestressing in which the tendons are tensioned before concrete is placed. (NSCP 5.2.1)

Explanation

Pretensioning is a method of prestressing in which the tendons are tensioned before the concrete is placed. This means that the tendons are first tensioned and anchored to the formwork, and then the concrete is poured around them. This method allows for greater control over the prestressing forces and ensures that the tendons are fully bonded to the concrete. This is in contrast to post-tensioning, where the tendons are tensioned after the concrete has hardened. Midtensioning and paratensioning are not recognized methods of prestressing.

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25. 1.  It is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces to the vertical resisting system including the horizontal bracing system. (NSCP 2.2.2)

Explanation

A diaphragm is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system that transmits lateral forces to the vertical resisting system, including the horizontal bracing system. This means that it helps distribute and transfer lateral forces, such as wind or seismic forces, to the vertical elements of a structure, such as columns or walls. This helps to stabilize and resist the lateral loads acting on the building.

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26. 1.  Intensity of force per unit area. (NSCP 5.2.1)

Explanation

The correct answer is B. stress. Stress refers to the intensity of force per unit area. This means that stress measures the amount of force applied to a given area, which can cause deformation or change in shape. It is an important concept in engineering and materials science as it helps determine the strength and stability of structures and materials.

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27. 1.  A structural system without a complete vertical load carrying space frame. This bracing system provides support for gravity loads. Resistance to lateral loads are provided by shear walls or braced frames. (NSCP Sec. 2.2.2 and NSCP Sec. 2.2.4.6.1)

Explanation

The correct answer is A. Bearing wall system. According to the given information, this structural system does not have a complete vertical load carrying space frame. Instead, support for gravity loads is provided by bearing walls. Lateral loads are resisted by shear walls or braced frames. This explanation aligns with the definition and characteristics of a bearing wall system.

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28. the act of stretching or state of being pulled apart, resulting in the elongation of an elastic body

Explanation

Tension refers to the act of stretching or being pulled apart, causing the elongation of an elastic body. This can occur when a force is applied in opposite directions, causing the material to stretch and become elongated. Tension is different from compression, which involves the act of being squeezed or pressed together. Axial refers to forces applied along the axis of an object, while bending refers to the act of curving or flexing under a force.

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29. WEIGHT OF WATER IS

Explanation

The weight of water is 1000 kg/m3 because this is the density of pure water at standard temperature and pressure. Density is defined as mass per unit volume, so a density of 1000 kg/m3 means that 1 cubic meter of water has a mass of 1000 kg.

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30. Members that are generally vertically, subjected to compressive loads, sometimes with bending moments are called

Explanation

Columns are members that are generally vertically subjected to compressive loads, sometimes with bending moments. They are designed to support the weight of the structure above and transfer it to the foundation. Columns are typically used in building structures to provide vertical support and stability. Trusses are used to support roof and floor structures, beams are horizontal members that carry loads, and footings are used to distribute the load of a structure to the soil. Therefore, the correct answer is columns.

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31. 1.  Plain or reinforced concrete element cast elsewhere than its final position in the structure. (NSCP 5.2.1)

Explanation

Precast concrete refers to concrete elements that are cast in a location other than their final position in the structure. This means that the concrete elements are manufactured in a controlled environment, such as a factory, and then transported to the construction site for installation. This method allows for better quality control and efficiency in construction.

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32. the weakening or failure of a material at a stress below the elastic limit when subjected   to a repeated series of stresses

Explanation

Fatigue refers to the weakening or failure of a material when it is subjected to repeated stresses below its elastic limit. This occurs over time as the material is unable to withstand the repeated stress, leading to cracks, fractures, or deformation. Fatigue is different from creep, which is the gradual deformation of a material under a constant load over an extended period. Deflection refers to the bending or displacement of a material under load, while stress is the force applied to an object per unit area.

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33. the radial distance from any axis to a point at which the mass of a body could be concentrated without altering the moment of inertia of the body about that axis. For a   structural section, this  is equal to the square root of the quotient of the moment of inertia and the area

Explanation

The correct answer is "Radius of Gyration". The radius of gyration is the radial distance from any axis to a point at which the mass of a body could be concentrated without altering the moment of inertia of the body about that axis. It is a measure of how the mass is distributed around an axis and is calculated as the square root of the quotient of the moment of inertia and the area. In the context of a structural section, the radius of gyration provides information about the section's resistance to bending and torsional forces.

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34. The minimum reinforcing steel for spiral columns allowed by the aci code

Explanation

The ACI code allows for a minimum reinforcing steel of 4-16mm diameter bars for spiral columns. This means that the smallest size of reinforcing steel bars that can be used in spiral columns according to the ACI code is 16mm in diameter.

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35. a tensile or compressive force acting along the longitudinal axis of a structural member and at the centroid of the cross section, producing axial stress without bending, torsion         

Explanation

An axial force refers to a tensile or compressive force that acts along the longitudinal axis of a structural member. It is applied at the centroid of the cross section, resulting in axial stress without any bending or torsion. This means that the force is directly in line with the member and does not cause any bending or twisting motion. Therefore, the correct answer is AXIAL FORCE.

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36. 1.  Level at which earthquake motions is considered to be imparted to the structure. (NSCP 2.2.2)

Explanation

The correct answer is A. base. According to NSCP 2.2.2, the level at which earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the structure is at the base. This means that the ground motion caused by an earthquake is transmitted to the structure through its foundation or base. The base is the lowest part of the structure and is in direct contact with the ground, making it the most vulnerable to seismic forces. Therefore, it is important to design and reinforce the base of a structure to withstand earthquake motions.

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37. The ratio of the effective length of a column to its least ratio of gyration  The higher of this ratio, the lower is the critical stress that will cause buckling A primary objective  in the design of a column is to reduce this ratio by minimizing its effective length or maximizing its effective length or maximizing the radius of gyration of its cross section

Explanation

The slenderness ratio refers to the ratio of the effective length of a column to its least radius of gyration. A higher slenderness ratio indicates a longer column or a smaller radius of gyration, which in turn means that the column is more susceptible to buckling. Therefore, the primary objective in column design is to reduce the slenderness ratio by either minimizing the effective length of the column or maximizing the radius of gyration of its cross section.

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38. 1.  It is a mat-formed panel consisting of particles of wood or combinations of wood particles and wood fibers bonded together with synthetic resins or other suitable bonding system by a bonding process. (NSCP 3.2.1)

Explanation

The correct answer is A. particle board. This is because particle board is a mat-formed panel made of wood particles or a combination of wood particles and wood fibers, bonded together with synthetic resins or other suitable bonding systems. The description provided in the question matches the definition of particle board.

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39. 1.  Element, usually vertical, used to enclose or separate spaces and also at times, serve as structural member. (NSCP 5.2.1)

Explanation

A wall is an element that is commonly used to enclose or separate spaces in a building. It can also serve as a structural member, providing support and stability to the structure. Walls are usually vertical and can be made of various materials such as concrete, brick, or wood. They play a crucial role in defining the layout and function of a building, as well as providing privacy and security.

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40. 1.  It is the secondary effect on shears and moments of frame members induced by the vertical loads acting on the laterally displaced building frame during earthquake. (NSCP 2.2.2)

Explanation

The correct answer is D. P-delta effect. The P-delta effect refers to the secondary effects on shears and moments of frame members induced by the vertical loads acting on the laterally displaced building frame during an earthquake. This effect takes into account the deformation of the structure caused by the lateral displacements and the resulting change in the distribution of internal forces. It is an important consideration in the design of earthquake-resistant structures to ensure their stability and safety.

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41. 1.  It is defined as the displacement of one level relative to the level above or below it. (NSCP 2.2.2)

Explanation

Storey drift is the correct answer because it is defined as the displacement of one level relative to the level above or below it. This means that storey drift refers to the horizontal movement or displacement of a building's storey in relation to the adjacent storey. It is an important consideration in structural engineering as it helps determine the building's stability and ability to withstand lateral loads such as wind or seismic forces.

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42. 1.  In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, the critical distance between longitudinal bars shall not be less than 40mm or… (NSCP 5.7.6.3)

Explanation

In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, the critical distance between longitudinal bars should be at least 1.5 times the diameter of the bars (1.5 db). This requirement is specified in the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP 5.7.6.3). The critical distance is important to ensure proper confinement and prevent buckling of the longitudinal bars under compression loads. Increasing the distance between bars beyond 1.5 db could compromise the structural integrity of the member. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

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43. 1.  Concrete flexural members of precast and/or cast-in-place concrete elements constructed in separate placements but so interconnected that all elements respond to loads as a unit. (NSCP Sec. 5.2.1)

Explanation

The correct answer is A. composite concrete flexural member. This is because the definition provided states that the elements are constructed separately but interconnected so that they respond to loads as a unit. This aligns with the concept of composite construction, where different materials are combined to create a single structural element with enhanced properties. Therefore, a composite concrete flexural member would accurately describe the given scenario.

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44. What is the weight of 1 cu. m. of concrete?

Explanation

The weight of 1 cubic meter of concrete is 2400 kg. This is because the density of concrete is typically around 2400 kg/m³. Density is a measure of how much mass is contained in a given volume, so in this case, 1 cubic meter of concrete would weigh 2400 kg.

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45. The minimum bend diameters for 10mm through 25mm diameter bars

Explanation

The correct answer is 6db. The term "db" in this context refers to the minimum bend diameter for bars of different diameters. The question is asking for the minimum bend diameter for bars ranging from 10mm to 25mm in diameter. Out of the given options, 6db is the correct answer. This means that the minimum bend diameter for these bars is 6 times their diameter.

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46. Stress at which material specimen breaks

Explanation

Rupture strength refers to the maximum stress a material can withstand before breaking. It is the point at which the material specimen fails or fractures. This term is used to describe the ability of a material to resist external forces and is an important characteristic in determining the durability and reliability of a material.

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47.  Concrete cover of pipes, conduits, and fittings shall not be less than ___ for concrete exposed to earth or weather, nor 20mm for concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground. (NSCP Sec. 6.3.10)

Explanation

According to NSCP Sec. 6.3.10, the concrete cover for pipes, conduits, and fittings should not be less than 40 mm for concrete exposed to earth or weather. This means that the minimum thickness of concrete covering these elements should be 40 mm to protect them from the effects of the environment.

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48. The top of a cantilever beam is in

Explanation

A cantilever beam is a structural element that is fixed at one end and free at the other end. In this configuration, the top of the beam is subjected to bending forces, causing it to experience tension. This tension is a result of the beam's resistance to bending and is necessary to maintain the stability and equilibrium of the structure. Therefore, the correct answer is tension.

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49. The minimum thickness, based on span L, of horizontal members (beams) or ribbed one-way slabs if it is simply-supported is:

Explanation

The correct answer is A. L/16. This means that the minimum thickness of horizontal members or ribbed one-way slabs, if they are simply-supported, should be L/16, where L is the span length. This is a standard rule in structural engineering to ensure the stability and strength of the beams or slabs. By following this guideline, the structure will be able to withstand the load and prevent any potential failure or collapse.

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50. A steel rolled section driven into the ground to carry the force from horizontal sheeted earth bank

Explanation

A soldier beam is a steel rolled section that is driven into the ground to carry the force from a horizontal sheeted earth bank. It acts as a support or retaining wall, preventing the earth from collapsing. Soldier beams are commonly used in construction projects to provide stability and reinforcement to structures.

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51. What do you call the act/process of enlarging an existing foundation

Explanation

Underpinning refers to the act or process of strengthening or enlarging an existing foundation. It involves adding support or reinforcement to an existing structure to prevent settling or collapse. This can be done by excavating and extending the foundation, adding new footings or piers, or using other methods to stabilize the structure.

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52. As the depth of a beam increases, its ability to resist bending?

Explanation

As the depth of a beam increases, its ability to resist bending increases. This is because a deeper beam has a larger moment of inertia, which is a measure of its resistance to bending. The moment of inertia is directly proportional to the depth of the beam, so as the depth increases, the moment of inertia and bending resistance also increase. Therefore, a deeper beam is more capable of withstanding bending forces and is stronger in resisting bending.

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53. Where you will see the details for the foundation anchor bolts

Explanation

The base plate plan is where you will see the details for the foundation anchor bolts. This plan provides specific information on the placement and design of the base plates that will be used to secure the foundation anchor bolts. It includes details such as the size, shape, and spacing of the anchor bolts, as well as any additional reinforcement that may be required. The base plate plan is an important document for ensuring the stability and integrity of the foundation.

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54. What is the best location of support for a one way slab?

Explanation

The best location of support for a one-way slab is at the end of the slab. This is because the end support provides the maximum amount of stability and prevents the slab from sagging or deflecting excessively. Placing the support at the end also helps distribute the load evenly and ensures that the slab remains structurally sound. Supporting the slab at the middle third or the top of the slab may lead to increased deflection and potential structural issues.

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55. The commercial size designation of width and depth, in standard sawn lumber glued lumber grades, somewhat larger than the standard net size of dressed lumber

Explanation

The correct answer is "nominal size." In the context of standard sawn lumber glued lumber grades, the nominal size refers to the commercial size designation of width and depth. It is slightly larger than the standard net size of dressed lumber. The nominal size is used to categorize and label lumber products, but it may not accurately represent the actual dimensions of the lumber due to factors like shrinkage and planing.

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56. In reinforced concrete beams, which portion is under compression

Explanation

In reinforced concrete beams, the top portion is under compression. This is because when a load is applied to the beam, the top fibers experience compressive forces, while the bottom fibers experience tensile forces. The reinforcement bars, usually made of steel, are placed in the bottom portion of the beam to counteract the tensile forces and prevent cracks or failure. The compression in the top portion helps to resist the bending moment and provide stability to the beam structure.

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57. 1.  Accounted for in concrete design using reduced modulus of elasticity is

Explanation

The correct answer is A. The reduced modulus of elasticity is used in concrete design to account for the effect of creep on deflections due to sustained loadings. Creep is the gradual deformation of concrete under a sustained load over time. By using a reduced modulus of elasticity, the design can accommodate for the long-term effects of creep, ensuring that the deflections of the structure remain within acceptable limits. This is important for maintaining the structural integrity and stability of the concrete elements.

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58. 1.  Also known as tie or collector, it is the element of a diaphragm parallel to the applied loads which collects and transfers diaphragm shear to the vertical resisting elements or distributes loads within the diaphragm and may also take axial tension or compression. (NSCP 2.2.2)

Explanation

A diaphragm strut, also known as a tie or collector, is the element of a diaphragm that collects and transfers diaphragm shear to the vertical resisting elements or distributes loads within the diaphragm. It may also take axial tension or compression. This explanation aligns with the definition provided in NSCP 2.2.2.

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59. This wall will be used to protect different levels

Explanation

A retaining wall is a structure that is specifically designed to hold back soil or other materials and prevent erosion or movement. It is commonly used in areas where there are different levels of elevation, such as hills or slopes. The purpose of a retaining wall is to provide stability and support to the surrounding land, preventing it from collapsing or sliding. Therefore, in the given context, a retaining wall would be the most suitable option for protecting different levels of elevation.

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60. The maximum unit stress permitted for a material in the design of a structural member, usually a fraction of the material’s elastic limit, yield strength, or ultimate strength.  Also called ALLOWABLE UNIT STRESS, WORKING STRESS.

Explanation

The correct answer is ALLOWABLE STRESS. This term refers to the maximum unit stress that is allowed for a material in the design of a structural member. It is typically a fraction of the material's elastic limit, yield strength, or ultimate strength. This concept is important in ensuring that the structural member does not exceed its capacity and fail under the applied loads. It helps to ensure the safety and reliability of the structure.

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61. Distance measured from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement in a reinforced concrete element. 

Explanation

The term "effective depth" refers to the distance measured from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the tension reinforcement in a reinforced concrete element. This distance is important in structural design as it helps determine the capacity and behavior of the element under load. It is a key parameter in calculating the moment of resistance and ensuring the element can withstand the applied forces.

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62. 1.  Stress remaining in concrete due to prestressing after all calculated losses have been deducted, excluding effects of superimposed loads and weight of member. (NSCP 5.2.1)

Explanation

The given correct answer is A. effective prestress. This refers to the stress that remains in the concrete after accounting for all calculated losses, such as creep and shrinkage, in a prestressed member. It excludes the effects of superimposed loads and the weight of the member. This term is defined in the NSCP (National Structural Code of the Philippines) 5.2.1.

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63. 1.  A continuous type of spread footing that supports vertical load the weight of the wall itself, and the weight of the footing.

Explanation

A wall footing is a continuous type of spread footing that supports the weight of the wall itself, as well as the weight of the footing. This type of footing is commonly used for supporting vertical loads in construction projects.

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64. a beam extending over more than 2 supports in order to develop greater rigidity and  smaller moments than a series of simple beams having similar spans and loading. Both  fixed end and continuous beams are indeterminate structures for which the values of all  reactions, shears and moments are dependent not only on span and loading but also on  cross sectional shape and material

Explanation

A continuous beam is a beam that extends over more than 2 supports, allowing it to develop greater rigidity and smaller moments compared to a series of simple beams with similar spans and loading. The values of all reactions, shears, and moments in a continuous beam are dependent not only on the span and loading but also on the cross-sectional shape and material. Therefore, a continuous beam is the correct answer because it satisfies the given conditions and characteristics.

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65. 1.  It is an element at edges of openings or at perimeters of shear walls or diaphragms. (NSCP 2.2.2)

Explanation

The correct answer is B. boundary element. This is because the statement describes an element that is located at the edges of openings or at the perimeters of shear walls or diaphragms. The term "boundary" implies that it is located at the boundary or edge of a certain area or structure. Therefore, the most appropriate term to describe this element is a boundary element.

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66. 1.  In computing for the slenderness ratio of steel compression members, what takes into account the effect of the degree of restraint at the top and bottom supports?

Explanation

The correct answer is A. K-factors. The slenderness ratio of steel compression members takes into account the effect of the degree of restraint at the top and bottom supports through K-factors. K-factors are used to adjust the effective length of the member based on the end conditions or restraints. Different K-factors are assigned depending on whether the ends are pinned, fixed, or partially restrained. These factors consider the level of support provided and affect the buckling behavior of the member.

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67. When a beam is in its proportional limit, which among the situation below would most likely happen

Explanation

When a beam is in its proportional limit, it means that it is being loaded within the range where the stress and strain are directly proportional to each other. This indicates that the beam is still within its elastic deformation range. In this situation, when the load is removed, the beam will be able to return to its original state without any permanent deformation. This is because the material is able to recover its original shape and dimensions due to the elastic properties of the material.

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68. In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear distance between longitudinal bars shall not be less than 1.5 db or less than

Explanation

In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, the clear distance between longitudinal bars should not be less than 1.5 times the diameter of the bar, or 40mm. This is important to ensure proper spacing and alignment of the bars, allowing for the necessary strength and stability in the compression member. A clear distance less than this requirement may compromise the structural integrity of the member and result in failure under load.

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69. a beam having both ends restrained against translation and rotation. The fixed ends transfer bending stresses, increase the rigidity of the beam and reduces its maximum deflection

Explanation

A fixed end beam is a type of beam that has both ends restrained against translation and rotation. This means that the ends of the beam are fixed in place, which allows them to transfer bending stresses. The fixed ends also increase the rigidity of the beam, making it more resistant to deflection. Therefore, a fixed end beam is able to support heavier loads and has a reduced maximum deflection compared to other types of beams.

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70. 1.  The strength reduction factor for the design strength of a member with axial tension and axial tension with flexure is as follows: (NSCP Sec. 5.9.3.2.2)

Explanation

The strength reduction factor for the design strength of a member with axial tension and axial tension with flexure is 0.90. This means that the actual strength of the member is reduced by a factor of 0.90 in the design calculations. This reduction factor accounts for the uncertainties and variations in material properties, loadings, and other factors that may affect the actual strength of the member. By using this reduction factor, the design strength is conservative and ensures that the member can safely resist the applied loads.

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71. 1.  A structural member of a horizontal bracing system that takes axial tension or compression. It is parallel to the applied load that collects and transfers shear to the vertical resisting elements or distributes loads within the horizontal bracing system. (NSCP Sec. 2.2.2)

Explanation

A diaphragm strut is a structural member that takes axial tension or compression in a horizontal bracing system. It is parallel to the applied load and is responsible for collecting and transferring shear to the vertical resisting elements or distributing loads within the horizontal bracing system. This helps to provide stability and resistance against lateral forces.

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72.  force applied parallel to the longitudinal axis of a structural member but not to the centroid of he cross section, producing bending and uneven distribution of stresses in the section. 

Explanation

An eccentric force refers to a force that is applied parallel to the longitudinal axis of a structural member but not to the centroid of the cross-section. This results in bending and uneven distribution of stresses in the section. In other words, the force is not applied at the center of the member, causing it to experience both tension and compression on different parts of the cross-section. This can lead to structural instability and failure if not properly accounted for in the design and construction of the member.

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73. 1.  The commercial size designation of width and depth, in standard sawn lumber and glued laminated lumber grades; somewhat larger than the standard net size of dressed lumber in accordance with PNS 194 for sawn lumber: (NSCP 3.2.1)

Explanation

The correct answer is C. nominal size. The explanation for this is that the question is asking for the commercial size designation of width and depth in standard sawn lumber and glued laminated lumber grades. The nominal size refers to the size designation used for marketing and identification purposes, which is often larger than the actual net size of dressed lumber. This is in accordance with the Philippine National Standard for sawn lumber.

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74. 1.  In connection with splices of deformed bars, these splices shall be staggered at least_______ and in such a manner as to develop at every section at least twice the calculated tensile force at that section but not less than 140 MPa for total area of reinforcement provided. (NSCP 5.12.15.4)

Explanation

The correct answer is B. 600mm. According to NSCP 5.12.15.4, in connection with splices of deformed bars, the splices should be staggered at least 600mm apart. This is to ensure that the splices can develop at least twice the calculated tensile force at every section, but not less than 140 MPa for the total area of reinforcement provided.

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75. Closely set piles of timber, reinforced or pretressed concrete or steel driven vertically in to the ground to keep earth or water out of an excavation

Explanation

Sheet piles are closely set piles of timber, reinforced or pretressed concrete, or steel that are driven vertically into the ground to prevent earth or water from entering an excavation. Sheet piles are commonly used in construction projects to create a barrier that retains soil or water. They are typically made of steel and are interlocked together to form a continuous wall. Sheet piles are an effective solution for temporary or permanent earth retention, as they provide stability and prevent soil erosion.

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76. The maximum spacing of vertical reinforcement (flexural reinforcement) of a wall is: (NSCP Sec. 5.7.6.5 and NSCP Sec

Explanation

The maximum spacing of vertical reinforcement (flexural reinforcement) of a wall is determined by the NSCP (National Structural Code of the Philippines). According to NSCP Sec. 5.7.6.5, the maximum spacing should be 3 times the wall thickness, but it should not exceed 18 inches. This means that the reinforcement bars should be placed at intervals that are no greater than 3 times the wall thickness, and the spacing should not exceed 18 inches. This ensures that the wall has sufficient reinforcement to withstand flexural forces and maintain its structural integrity.

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77. The lateral deformation produced in a body by an external force that causes one part of the body to slide relative to an adjacent part in a direction parallel to their plane contact.

Explanation

Shear is the correct answer because it refers to the lateral deformation that occurs in a body when an external force causes one part of the body to slide relative to an adjacent part. This deformation happens in a direction parallel to the plane of contact between the two parts. Shear strain, load, and force are related to the concept of shear, but they do not specifically describe the lateral deformation caused by the external force.

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78. A brick wall is weak in

Explanation

A brick wall is weak in tension because bricks are not designed to withstand pulling or stretching forces. They are more prone to cracking or breaking when subjected to tension. However, in compression, where forces push against the wall, bricks are much stronger and can withstand the pressure. Therefore, tension is the correct answer as it accurately describes the weakness of a brick wall.

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79. Description of an open girder, beam , column, etc, built from members joined by intersecting diagonal moment in the member at a joint by intersecting diagonal bars of wood, steel, or light alloy

Explanation

The correct answer is "lattice" because a lattice is a structure made up of intersecting diagonal bars or beams. In this context, the description of an open girder, beam, column, etc, built from members joined by intersecting diagonal moment in the member at a joint aligns with the concept of a lattice structure. The term "grillage" refers to a framework of beams or bars, but it does not specifically mention intersecting diagonal members. "Looping" and "hoop" do not accurately describe the given description.

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80.  1.  A portion of the wall which projects on one or both sides and acts as a vertical beam, a column or both. (NSCP 6.2)

Explanation

A pilaster is a portion of the wall that projects on one or both sides and acts as a vertical beam, a column, or both. It is a decorative architectural element that resembles a flattened column and is often used to give the appearance of support or to add visual interest to a wall.

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81. The general relationships between stress and strain is frequently reffered to as

Explanation

The correct answer is Hooke's Law. Hooke's Law states that the strain in a material is directly proportional to the stress applied to it, as long as the material remains within its elastic limit. This means that when stress is applied to a material, it will deform or stretch in proportion to the amount of stress applied. Hooke's Law is commonly used to describe the behavior of linear elastic materials.

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82. The bottom of a cantilever beam is in

Explanation

A cantilever beam is a structure that is supported at one end and extends freely in space. When a load is applied to the free end of the beam, it causes bending. In this case, the bottom of the cantilever beam is in compression. Compression occurs when a force is applied to an object, causing it to be pushed or squeezed together. In the case of the cantilever beam, the load applied at the free end creates a compressive force on the bottom of the beam, causing it to be compressed.

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83. produce bending moments which vary linearly between loads

Explanation

Uniformly distributed loads produce bending moments which vary linearly between loads. This means that the bending moment at any point along the beam will be directly proportional to its distance from the nearest load. In other words, as you move along the beam, the bending moment will increase or decrease at a constant rate. This is in contrast to concentrated loads, which produce bending moments that are concentrated at specific points, and concentric loads, which produce bending moments that are evenly distributed around a central axis.

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84. 1.  What type of concrete when air-dried weighs 1900 kg/m3? (NSCP Sec. 5.2.1)

Explanation

The correct answer is C. Lightweight concrete. This type of concrete is specifically designed to have a lower density than traditional concrete, making it lighter in weight. The air-drying process does not significantly affect the weight of lightweight concrete, allowing it to maintain its lower density of 1900 kg/m3.

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85. 1.  The type of incidental friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified prestressing tendon profile. (NSCP 5.2.1)

Explanation

The correct answer is D. curvature friction. This type of friction occurs due to the bends or curves in the prestressing tendon profile. As the tendon is curved, it experiences resistance, which is known as curvature friction. This friction can affect the transfer of force along the tendon and needs to be considered in prestressed concrete design.

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86. 1.  Individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members shall terminate at different points staggered at a distance of at least (NSCP 5.7.6.6)

Explanation

Individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members should terminate at different points staggered at a distance of at least 40 db. This means that the termination points of the bars should be spaced at least 40 times the diameter of the bar. This is important to ensure proper distribution of reinforcement and to prevent concentration of stress at a single point. Staggering the termination points also helps to improve the overall performance and strength of the flexural members.

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87. The actual stress in a material under a given loading

Explanation

Working stress refers to the maximum stress that a material can withstand under a given loading condition without causing failure. It takes into account factors such as safety margins, material properties, and design considerations. Unlike axial stress, bending stress, and allowable stress, which focus on specific types of stress or limits, working stress provides an overall assessment of the material's capacity to handle the applied load. It is commonly used in engineering and design to ensure that structures and components operate within safe limits and have an acceptable level of reliability.

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88. A simply supported beam , l meters long , carrying a uniformly distributed load of w in n/m produces a maximum shear force of

Explanation

The maximum shear force in a simply supported beam occurs at the supports. In this case, the beam is l meters long and carries a uniformly distributed load of w in n/m. The load is evenly distributed along the entire length of the beam, so the maximum shear force will occur at the center of the beam. The maximum shear force can be calculated using the formula wl/2, where w is the load and l is the length of the beam. This formula represents the maximum shear force at the center of the beam due to the distributed load.

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89. 1.  The strength reduction for shear and torsion is:

Explanation

The strength reduction for shear and torsion is 0.85. This means that the actual strength of a structural element under shear or torsion is reduced to 85% of its nominal strength. This reduction factor accounts for uncertainties in material properties, construction quality, and other factors that could affect the structural performance. By applying this reduction factor, engineers ensure that the structure is designed with an appropriate level of safety and reliability.

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90. When a beam is in its elastic limit, which among the situation below would most likely happen

Explanation

When a beam is in its elastic limit, it means that it is being subjected to a load that is within its elastic range. In this situation, the beam will continue to deform with a slight load. This means that the beam will experience some level of deformation or bending, but it will still retain its ability to return to its original shape once the load is removed. It will not break or permanently deform under this slight load, as it is still within its elastic limit.

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91. The bottom of the footing is in

Explanation

The bottom of the footing is in tension because tension refers to a pulling or stretching force. In the context of a footing, tension would occur if there is a force pulling the bottom of the footing away from the surface it is resting on. This could happen if there is a load or force acting on the footing that is causing it to be pulled upwards.

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92. A number 8 (#8) steel reinforcing bar has a diameter of

Explanation

22mm = #7
16mm = #5
28mm = #9

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93. 1.  It is an upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported height to average least lateral dimension of less than 3. (NSCP Sec. 5.2.1)

Explanation

A column is an upright compression member that supports the load above it. It is characterized by having a ratio of unsupported height to average least lateral dimension of less than 3. This means that the height of the column is less than three times its average width or diameter. Therefore, the correct answer is A. column.

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94. 1.  In a spirally reinforced concrete column, the clear spacing between spirals shall not be less than 25mm but shall not exceed (NSCP 5.7.10.4)

Explanation

In a spirally reinforced concrete column, the clear spacing between spirals is specified to ensure proper reinforcement and structural integrity. The clear spacing should not be less than 25mm to allow for adequate concrete cover and prevent corrosion of the reinforcement. However, it should also not exceed 75mm to maintain the effectiveness of the spirals in confining the concrete and providing lateral support. Therefore, the correct answer is D. 75mm.

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95. 1.  A built-up panel of laminated veneers conforming to PNS 196 of 1988. (NSCP 3.2.1)

Explanation

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96. The stress wherein the deformation increases without any increase in the load. The material at some portion shows a decrease in its cross section

Explanation

The yield point is the stress at which a material begins to show permanent deformation, even without an increase in the load. This occurs when the material reaches its maximum ability to withstand stress and starts to undergo plastic deformation. At the yield point, the material may also experience a decrease in its cross section, indicating that it has reached its limit of elastic behavior and is transitioning into a plastic state.

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97. the perpendicular distance a spanning member deviates from a true course under   transverse loading, increasing with load and span, and decreasing with an increase in the moment of inertia of the section of the modulus of elasticity of the material 

Explanation

Deflection refers to the perpendicular distance that a spanning member deviates from its true course under transverse loading. It increases with the load and span of the member and decreases with an increase in the moment of inertia of the section or the modulus of elasticity of the material. This means that as the load and span increase, the member will deflect more, but if the moment of inertia or modulus of elasticity increases, the deflection will be reduced. Therefore, deflection is the correct answer in this context.

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98. The modulus elasticity of structural steel is 

Explanation

The correct answer is 200 GPa. The modulus of elasticity refers to a material's ability to deform under stress and return to its original shape when the stress is removed. It is a measure of how stiff or rigid a material is. Structural steel is known for its high modulus of elasticity, which allows it to withstand large amounts of stress without permanent deformation. A modulus of elasticity of 200 GPa indicates that structural steel has a high stiffness and can handle significant loads without breaking or bending.

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99. 2 forces equal in magnitude but oppositely directed and produce moment is called

Explanation

A couple refers to two forces that are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction, and they produce a moment. This means that the forces act on the same object but at different points, causing a rotational effect. The term "couple" is commonly used in physics and engineering to describe this specific type of force arrangement.

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100. The stress developed when the applied load causes adjacent sections within a body to slide past each other

Explanation

Shearing stress refers to the stress that occurs when adjacent sections within a body slide past each other due to an applied load. This type of stress is specifically related to the deformation caused by shear forces. It is different from axial stress, which occurs along the longitudinal axis of a body, bearing stress, which occurs when a load is applied perpendicular to the surface of contact, and flexural stress, which occurs when a body is subjected to bending.

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101. maximum stress which the material springs back to the original length when the load is released

Explanation

The proportional limit refers to the maximum stress at which a material exhibits linear elastic behavior, meaning it will return to its original length when the load is released. This limit defines the range of stress within which the material will behave elastically, without undergoing permanent deformation. Once the stress exceeds the proportional limit, the material will start to exhibit plastic deformation and will not fully return to its original length when the load is released.

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102. IT IS A MAXIMUM SAFE STRESS THAT A MATERIAL CAN WIDSTAND

Explanation

Allowable stress refers to the maximum stress that a material can withstand without causing permanent deformation or failure. It is determined by considering factors such as the material's strength, properties, and safety margins. This stress limit ensures that the material remains within its design limits and can perform its intended function without compromising its integrity or safety.

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103. 1.  TheA.  Maximum allowable stress (Fv) in shear is 14.5 ksi. B.   Maximum allowable stress (Fb) for bending is 24 ksi. C.   Yield point (Fy) us 56 ksi. D.  Modulus of elasticity (E) is 29,000 ksi Which of the above statements are true structural properties of an A36 steel are as follows:

Explanation

The correct answer is B. A, B, D. This means that statements A, B, and D are true structural properties of A36 steel. Statement A states that the maximum allowable stress in shear is 14.5 ksi, statement B states that the maximum allowable stress for bending is 24 ksi, and statement D states that the modulus of elasticity is 29,000 ksi.

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104.   It is the effect on the structure due to extreme lateral (earthquake) motions acting in directions other than parallel to the direction of resistance under consideration. (NSCP Sec. 2.2.2)

Explanation

The correct answer is A. Orthogonal effect. The explanation provided states that the effect being referred to is the impact on the structure caused by extreme lateral (earthquake) motions acting in directions other than parallel to the direction of resistance. This aligns with the definition of the orthogonal effect, which refers to the impact of lateral forces acting perpendicular to the direction of resistance.

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105. Structures that are subjected to transverse loads arecalled

Explanation

Beams are structures that are designed to withstand transverse loads, which are loads that act perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the beam. These loads can include forces, such as weight or pressure, that are applied horizontally or diagonally to the beam. Beams are commonly used in construction to support floors, roofs, and bridges, as they are able to distribute the applied load over a larger area, preventing excessive deflection or failure. Therefore, beams are the correct answer for structures that are subjected to transverse loads.

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106. The minimum size of fillet weld

Explanation

The minimum size of a fillet weld refers to the minimum thickness or width of the weld. In this case, the correct answer is 3mm, which means that the minimum size for the fillet weld is 3mm. This implies that any fillet weld must have a thickness or width of at least 3mm to meet the required standards or specifications.

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107. Loads that change position within the span of a beam in short amount of time. these loads are often exemplified by wheel loads

Explanation

Moving loads refer to loads that change position within the span of a beam in a short amount of time. These loads are often exemplified by wheel loads. Unlike dead loads, which are static and do not change position, moving loads can cause dynamic effects on the beam, such as vibrations and oscillations. Therefore, when designing a beam or structure, it is important to consider the potential impact of moving loads to ensure its stability and safety.

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108. 1.  Concerning the development of positive moment reinforcement, at least one third the positive moment reinforcement in simple members and one-fourth the positive moment reinforcement in continuous members shall extend along the same face of the member into the support. In beams, such reinforcement shall extend into the support at least a distance of…(NSCP 5.12.11.1)

Explanation

According to the NSCP 5.12.11.1, for the development of positive moment reinforcement, at least one-fourth of the positive moment reinforcement in continuous members should extend along the same face of the member into the support. In beams, such reinforcement should extend into the support for a distance of 150mm.

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109. the property of a material that enables it to undergo plastic deformation after being stressed beyond the elastic limit and before rupturing. this is a desirable property of a structural material since plastic behavior is an indicator of reserve strength  and can serve as a visual warning of impending failure.

Explanation

The given explanation describes the property of a material that allows it to undergo plastic deformation after being stressed beyond the elastic limit and before rupturing. This property is desirable in structural materials because it indicates reserve strength and can visually warn of impending failure. Ductility is the correct answer as it refers to the ability of a material to be stretched or drawn into a wire without breaking, which aligns with the described property.

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110. the property of a material that enables it to deform in response to an applied force and to recover its original size and shape upon removal of the force 

Explanation

Elasticity is the property of a material that allows it to deform when a force is applied and then return to its original shape and size when the force is removed. This means that the material can stretch or compress under the force, but it does not permanently deform or break. Brittle materials, on the other hand, do not have this ability and will break or fracture when a force is applied. Malleability and ductility refer to the ability of a material to be shaped or stretched without breaking, but they do not specifically address the material's ability to return to its original shape.

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111. the property of a material that enables it to absorb energy before rupturing, represented  by the area under the stress- strain curve derived from a tensile test of the material. this materials are tougher than brittle materials.

Explanation

Toughness is the correct answer because it refers to the property of a material that allows it to absorb energy before rupturing. This is represented by the area under the stress-strain curve derived from a tensile test. Tough materials are able to withstand greater forces and are less likely to break or fracture, making them tougher than brittle materials.

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112. The steel ratio for spiral columns ranges from

Explanation

The correct answer is 0.01-0.08. The steel ratio for spiral columns refers to the ratio of the cross-sectional area of steel reinforcement to the cross-sectional area of the column. This range of 0.01-0.08 indicates that the amount of steel reinforcement in the column should be between 1% and 8% of the total cross-sectional area. This range is commonly used in structural design to provide adequate strength and stability to the column while also allowing for ease of construction and cost-effectiveness.

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113. It is  one  in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 % of the stiffness of the storey above or less than 80% of the average stiffness of the 3 stories above

Explanation

A soft storey refers to a building storey that has significantly lower lateral stiffness compared to the storey above or the average stiffness of the three storeys above it. This means that the soft storey is more flexible and less resistant to lateral forces, such as earthquakes or wind loads. This can lead to structural instability and potential collapse during seismic events. Therefore, a soft storey is considered a weak point in the building's structural integrity.

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114. 1.  Loop of reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement in compression members. (NSCP 5.2.1)

Explanation

A tie is a loop of reinforcing bar or wire that encloses the longitudinal reinforcement in compression members. It helps to hold the longitudinal bars in place and provide additional support and stability to the structure. This reinforcement technique is commonly used in construction to ensure the strength and integrity of compression members such as columns and beams.

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115. 1.  Concrete members permanently loaded to cause internal stresses that are opposite in direction to those caused by both live and dead loads. The concrete is held in compression. Tension is placed on the reinforcing prior to the placing of concrete. (NSCP Sec. 5.2.1)

Explanation

Post-tensioned concrete is the correct answer because it involves applying tension to the reinforcing prior to the placing of concrete. This process allows the concrete members to be permanently loaded in a way that causes internal stresses that are opposite in direction to those caused by live and dead loads. The tensioning of the reinforcing helps to hold the concrete in compression, making it a suitable choice for structures that require high strength and durability.

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116. The normal force exerted by a smooth horizontal surface towards a 100-lb block acting on it is

Explanation

The correct answer is 100 lb because the normal force exerted by a smooth horizontal surface is equal to the weight of the object resting on it. In this case, the block weighs 100 lb, so the normal force exerted by the surface is also 100 lb.

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117. For safety purposes for concrete aci code allows designers to use

Explanation

The ACI code allows designers to use a minimum reinforcement ratio of 0.002 for safety purposes in concrete structures. This means that for every unit of concrete, there should be a minimum of 0.002 units of reinforcement. This ensures that the structure has enough strength and ductility to resist the applied loads and potential failure modes, such as cracking or excessive deflection. By specifying this minimum reinforcement ratio, the ACI code aims to provide a margin of safety and prevent catastrophic failures in concrete structures.

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118. 1.  It is the term used for the fastest kilometer wind speed associated with an annual probability of 0.02 measured at a point of 10 meters above the ground for an area which is flat and generally open. (NSCP 2.32.)

Explanation

The correct answer is A. basic wind speed. This term refers to the fastest kilometer wind speed that is associated with a 0.02 annual probability. It is measured at a point 10 meters above the ground in a flat and generally open area. This measurement is used to determine the design wind loads for structures.

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119. is a member or an element provided to transfer lateral forces from a portion of a   structure to the vertical elements of the lateral force resisting system

Explanation

A collector is a member or element that is used to transfer lateral forces from a portion of a structure to the vertical elements of the lateral force resisting system. It helps distribute and consolidate the forces, ensuring that they are properly transferred and absorbed by the vertical elements, such as columns or shear walls. Collectors are typically designed to be strong and rigid, capable of withstanding the lateral forces and preventing structural failure or damage.

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120. 1.  The filling of mortar into a joint after the masonry units are laid. (NSCP 6.2)

Explanation

Pointing refers to the process of filling mortar into a joint after the masonry units are laid. This is done to strengthen the structure and improve its appearance. It involves carefully filling the gaps between the bricks or stones with mortar, ensuring that the joints are fully filled and sealed. Pointing is an important step in the construction process as it helps to prevent water penetration and maintain the structural integrity of the masonry work.

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121. 1.  Solid-sawn rectangular lumber beams, rafters and joists shall be supported laterally to prevent rotation or lateral displacement. The ends shall be held in position, as by full-depth sold blocking, bridging, nailing or bolting to other framing members, if the ratio of the depth to thickness (based on nominal dimensions) is…  (NSCP 3.6.8)

Explanation

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122. These are used to connect shafts

Explanation

Flanged bolt couplings are used to connect shafts. They consist of two flanges that are bolted together, creating a secure connection between the shafts. This type of coupling is commonly used in various applications, such as in machinery and vehicles, where a strong and reliable connection is required. The flanged bolt couplings provide stability and allow for the transmission of torque and rotational movement between the shafts.

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123. 1.  The tendency of most materials to move or deform over time under a constant load. The amount of movement varies enormously depending upon the material. The area that is highly stressed will move the most. The movement causes stresses to be redistributed.

Explanation

Creep refers to the tendency of materials to slowly deform or move over time under a constant load. This movement is more pronounced in areas that are highly stressed. As a result of this movement, stresses within the material are redistributed. This phenomenon is observed in various materials and can vary in magnitude depending on the material.

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124. 1.  It is a continuous bar having a hook not less than 133 degrees with at least a six diameter (but not less than 75mm) extension at one end and a hook not less than 90 degrees with at least a six diameter extension at the other end in such a way that these hooks shall engage peripheral longitudinal bars. (NSCP 5.21.1)

Explanation

The given correct answer is B. crosstie. According to the provided information, a crosstie is described as a continuous bar with hooks at both ends that engage peripheral longitudinal bars. This description matches the given criteria of a continuous bar with hooks at both ends and extensions. Therefore, a crosstie is the most appropriate answer.

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125. It is defines as the unit strength of a material

Explanation

Stress is defined as the unit strength of a material. It measures the internal force experienced by a material per unit area when subjected to external forces. Stress is an important property as it determines how a material will respond to applied forces and can indicate its ability to withstand deformation or failure. Therefore, stress is the correct answer that relates to the definition provided.

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126. It is a contact pressure developed between 2 bodies

Explanation

Bearing stress refers to the pressure or force developed between two bodies in contact with each other. This type of stress occurs when one body, such as a load or weight, is supported by another body or surface. The bearing stress is the force per unit area that is transmitted through the contact area between the two bodies. It is important to consider the bearing stress in engineering and construction applications to ensure that the materials and structures can withstand the applied forces without failure or deformation.

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127. is the boundary element of a diaphragm or a shear wall which is assumed to take axial stresses analogous to the flanges of the beam

Explanation

A diaphragm chord is the correct answer because it is the boundary element of a diaphragm or shear wall that takes axial stresses, similar to the flanges of a beam. It acts as a structural member that helps distribute the forces and loads within the diaphragm or shear wall system.

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128. 1.  For precast concrete (manufactured under plant control conditions), the minimum concrete cover or protection provided for primary reinforcement for beams and columns shall be db and not exceed 40mm but not less than (NSCP 5.7.7.2)

Explanation

The correct answer is B. 15mm. According to NSCP 5.7.7.2, for precast concrete manufactured under plant control conditions, the minimum concrete cover or protection provided for primary reinforcement for beams and columns should be db and should not exceed 40mm but not be less than 15mm.

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129. The maximum axial load that can theoretically be applied to a column without causing it to buckle

Explanation

The critical buckling load refers to the maximum axial load that a column can withstand before it buckles. When a column is subjected to compressive forces, it may buckle or deform laterally. The critical buckling load represents the point at which this buckling occurs. It is an important factor to consider in structural engineering as it helps determine the maximum load that a column can safely bear without failing.

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130. It is an isolated column masonry or a bearing wall not bonded at the sides into associacted masonry, when its horizontal dimension measures at the right angles to the thickness does not exceed for times its thickness

Explanation

A pier refers to an isolated column or vertical support structure that is not bonded to the surrounding masonry. It is typically used to support a load or transfer weight from a structure above. In this context, the given statement suggests that the structure being described has a horizontal dimension that is no more than four times its thickness, indicating that it is a pier rather than a wall or slender column.

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131. In ultimate strength design the ultimate reduction factor for bending is

Explanation

In ultimate strength design, the ultimate reduction factor for bending is 0.90. This means that when designing a structure, the maximum bending capacity is reduced by 10% to ensure a factor of safety. By applying this reduction factor, the structure is designed to withstand higher loads and is less likely to fail under extreme conditions.

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132. When a beam is in its yield point, which among the situation below would most likely happen

Explanation

When a beam is in its yield point, it means that it has reached its maximum stress limit and has started to deform permanently. In this state, even without any additional load, the beam will continue to deform due to the stress it has already undergone. This deformation will not revert back to its original state because the beam has exceeded its elastic limit. Therefore, the correct answer is that the beam will continue to deform without load.

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133. the ability of a material to regain and rebound to original shape when the load is released

Explanation

Malleability refers to the ability of a material to be easily hammered or rolled into thin sheets without breaking or cracking. It is the property of a material to undergo deformation under compression without rupturing or breaking. In other words, malleability allows a material to be easily shaped or formed into different shapes without losing its original properties. This is different from ductility, which refers to the ability of a material to be stretched or drawn into a wire. Elasticity, on the other hand, refers to the ability of a material to regain its original shape after being deformed. Brittleness is the opposite of malleability, as it refers to the tendency of a material to break or shatter when subjected to stress.

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134. Maximum stress below which the material does not return to its original length but has incurred a permanent deformation we call permanent set

Explanation

The elastic limit refers to the maximum stress that a material can withstand without undergoing permanent deformation. Once the stress exceeds the elastic limit, the material will experience permanent set, meaning it will not return to its original length and shape even after the stress is removed. The yield point, proportional limit, and ultimate strength are all related to the material's ability to withstand stress, but they do not specifically refer to the point at which permanent deformation occurs.

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135. According to ACI code, for symmetrical T-beam, the effective width b shall not exceed_____ of the span length of the beam

Explanation

According to the ACI code, for a symmetrical T-beam, the effective width "b" should not exceed 1/4 of the span length of the beam. This means that the width of the T-beam should not be more than 1/4th of the distance between the supports. This limitation is imposed to ensure the structural integrity and stability of the beam, as exceeding this limit may lead to excessive deflection and failure of the beam.

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136. The actual strain by which a concrete fails is

Explanation

The correct answer is 0.004. This suggests that the actual strain at which concrete fails is 0.004.

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137. a force applied perpendicular to the length of a structural member, producing bending and shear

Explanation

A transverse force is a force that is applied perpendicular to the length of a structural member. This force can cause bending and shear in the member. Tensile force refers to a force that pulls or stretches a member, shear force refers to a force that causes one part of the member to slide past another, and compressive force refers to a force that squeezes or shortens a member. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is transverse force.

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138. 1.  What is a design analysis requirement, considered as basis for the structural design of buildings and structures where the total lateral forces are distributed to the various vertical elements of the lateral force resisting system in proportion to their rigidities considering the rigidity of the horizontal bracing system or diaphragm? (NSCP Sec. 2.2.5.5)

Explanation

The correct answer, B. Distribution of horizontal shear, refers to the requirement for the structural design of buildings and structures where the total lateral forces are distributed to the various vertical elements of the lateral force resisting system in proportion to their rigidities. This includes considering the rigidity of the horizontal bracing system or diaphragm. In other words, this requirement ensures that the horizontal shear forces are properly distributed throughout the structure to ensure stability and structural integrity.

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139. 1.  This refers to the length of reinforcement or mechanical anchor or hook or combination therof beyond point of zero stress in reinforcement. (ACI 2.1 Definitions)

Explanation

The correct answer is C. end anchorage. End anchorage refers to the length of reinforcement or mechanical anchor or hook or combination thereof beyond the point of zero stress in reinforcement. This means that it is the length of reinforcement that extends beyond the point where it is no longer under stress, providing additional support and stability to the structure.

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140. The water cement ratio in concrete is

Explanation

The correct answer is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of cement. This is because the water cement ratio is a measure of the amount of water used in relation to the amount of cement in a concrete mixture. It is an important factor in determining the strength and durability of the concrete.

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141. The bottom of the footing is in

Explanation

The correct answer is compression because when the bottom of the footing is in compression, it means that the force acting on it is pushing it together, causing it to compress or shorten in length. This is a desirable condition for the footing as it helps to provide stability and support to the structure above. Compression is generally preferred over tension, which is when the force is pulling the footing apart, as tension can lead to structural failure.

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142. It is a web found in the structural member

Explanation

A batten is a narrow strip of material that is used to cover joints or gaps between larger structural members. It is commonly found in roofing systems, where it is used to secure and support the roof covering material. The batten is typically placed horizontally across the rafters or roof trusses, providing additional strength and stability to the roof structure.

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143. It is also known as elastic limit

Explanation

Deformation refers to the change in shape or size of a material under the application of external forces. It is also known as the elastic limit, which is the point at which the material can no longer return to its original shape after the forces are removed. This term is used to describe the permanent change in shape that occurs beyond the elastic limit.

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144. 1.  What is the load factor (strength reduction factor) of a structural member that is subjected to axial compression, and axial compression with flexural stess and with lateral ties as reinforcement? (NSCP Sec. 5.9.3.2)

Explanation

The load factor (strength reduction factor) of a structural member subjected to axial compression, axial compression with flexural stress, and lateral ties as reinforcement is 0.70.

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145. The maximum moment of a simply supported beam whose span length is L, in meter carrying uniformly distributed load of w in N/m is

Explanation

The maximum moment of a simply supported beam can be calculated using the formula Mmax = wl^2/8. This formula takes into account the span length (L) of the beam and the uniformly distributed load (w) it is carrying. By plugging in these values into the formula, we can determine the maximum moment of the beam.

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146. 1.  It is a member or an element provided to transfer lateral forces from a portion of the structure to vertical elements of the lateral force resisting system. (NSCP 2.2.2)

Explanation

A distributor is a member or element that is used to transfer lateral forces from a portion of the structure to the vertical elements of the lateral force resisting system. This helps to distribute the forces evenly and prevent concentrated loads on specific elements of the structure.

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A design so proportioned that the maximum stress ...
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WEIGHT OF CONCRETE
What is not included  in the computation of reinforced concrete...
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A design in which the steel reinforcement is ...
The stress induced as a result of restrained deformation due to...
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The property of material that causes it to ...
The ...
It is the middle part of a wide flange
In reinforced concrete beams, which portion is under tension
For a force system to be  static equilibrium, the algebraic...
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A paste of cement, sand and water laid between bricks, blocks, or...
WEIGHT OF STEEL
The twisting of an elastic body about its ...
A slight curve built intentionally into a beam, girder, or truss to...
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The maximum stress that can be attained immediately ...
The vertical or horizontal face in a concrete ...
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1.  Intensity of force per unit area. (NSCP 5.2.1)
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The act of stretching or state of being pulled ...
WEIGHT OF WATER IS
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The weakening or failure of a material at a ...
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The minimum reinforcing steel for spiral columns allowed by...
A tensile or compressive force acting along the ...
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What is the weight of 1 cu. m. of concrete?
The minimum bend diameters for 10mm through 25mm diameter bars
Stress at which material specimen breaks
 Concrete cover of ...
The top of a cantilever beam is in
The minimum ...
A steel rolled section driven into the ground to carry the force from...
What do you call the act/process of enlarging an existing foundation
As the depth of a beam increases, its ability to resist bending?
Where you will see the details for the foundation anchor bolts
What is the best location of support for a one way slab?
The commercial size designation of width and depth, in standard sawn...
In reinforced concrete beams, which portion is under compression
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This wall will be used to protect different levels
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Distance measured from extreme compression fiber to ...
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When a beam is in its proportional limit, which among the situation...
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 force ...
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Closely set piles of timber, reinforced or pretressed concrete or...
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The lateral deformation produced in a body by an ...
A brick wall is weak in
Description of an open girder, beam , column, etc, built from members...
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The general relationships between stress and strain is frequently...
The bottom of a cantilever beam is in
Produce bending moments which vary linearly between loads
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The actual stress in a material under a given loading
A simply supported beam , l meters long , carrying a uniformly...
1.  The strength reduction for shear and torsion is:
When a beam is in its elastic limit, which among the situation below...
The bottom of the footing is in
A number 8 (#8) steel reinforcing bar has a diameter of
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The perpendicular distance a spanning member ...
The modulus elasticity of structural steel is 
2 forces equal in magnitude but oppositely directed and produce moment...
The stress developed when the applied load causes adjacent sections...
Maximum stress which the material springs back ...
IT IS A MAXIMUM SAFE STRESS THAT A MATERIAL CAN WIDSTAND
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Structures that are subjected to transverse loads arecalled
The minimum size of fillet weld
Loads that change position within the span of a beam in short amount...
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The property of a material that enables it to ...
The property of a material that enables it to ...
The steel ratio for spiral columns ranges from
It is  one  in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 %...
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The normal force exerted by a smooth horizontal surface towards a...
For safety purposes for concrete aci code allows designers to use
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Is a member or an element provided to transfer ...
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These are used to connect shafts
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It is defines as the unit strength of a material
It is a contact pressure developed between 2 bodies
Is the boundary element of a diaphragm or a ...
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The maximum axial load that can theoretically be applied to a column...
It is an isolated column masonry or a bearing wall not bonded at the...
In ultimate strength design the ultimate reduction factor for bending...
When a beam is in its yield point, which among the situation below...
The ability of a material to regain and rebound ...
Maximum stress below which the material does not ...
According to ACI code, for symmetrical T-beam, the effective width b...
The actual strain by which a concrete fails is
A ...
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1.  ...
The water cement ratio in concrete is
The bottom of the footing is in
It is a web found in the structural member
It is also known as elastic limit
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The maximum moment of a simply supported beam whose span length is L,...
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