Socw410 Midterm Review Chp 3

Rewarding a child after they have completed a household chore is an example of positive reinforcement. Positive reinforcement involves providing a reward or positive consequence to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated in the future. In this case, the reward serves as a positive consequence for completing the chore, which encourages the child to continue doing chores in the future.

The disease model is most often used in medical clinics, mental health clinics, and hospitals. This model views addiction as a chronic illness that requires medical treatment. It emphasizes that addiction is a complex disease that affects the brain and body, and should be treated with medical interventions and therapies. Therefore, all of the above settings utilize the disease model to address and treat addiction.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) is a commonly used assessment tool based on the medical model. It provides a standardized classification and diagnostic criteria for mental disorders. It is widely used by healthcare professionals to diagnose and classify mental disorders, and to guide treatment decisions. The DSM-IV helps to ensure consistency and accuracy in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders, and is an important resource in the field of psychiatry and psychology.

Self-efficacy is the term used in social learning theory to express individuals' expectations that they can successfully perform a variety of tasks. It refers to a person's belief in their own ability to accomplish goals and overcome challenges. This concept is important in understanding how individuals approach and engage in different tasks, as those with high self-efficacy are more likely to persevere and succeed compared to those with low self-efficacy. Self-efficacy can influence motivation, resilience, and empowerment, but it specifically refers to the belief in one's own capabilities.

The disease model is concerned with individual illness and dysfunction. This means that it focuses on understanding and explaining the factors that contribute to an individual's illness or dysfunction. It does not consider the overall development or well-being of the individual, but rather focuses on the negative aspects of their health. This model assumes that individuals play an active role in their own development, meaning that they have some control over their health outcomes. It also emphasizes the interactions between individuals and their environments, recognizing that external factors can influence an individual's health. Finally, the disease model explains development across the lifespan, suggesting that illness and dysfunction can occur at any stage of life.

The correct answer is Oedipus complex. According to Freud, the Oedipus complex refers to the psychological conflict that occurs during the phallic stage of psychosexual development, where boys develop feelings of love and attraction towards their mothers and jealousy towards their fathers. This complex is considered a normal part of a boy's psychosexual development and is resolved through identification with the same-sex parent.

Existentialism is a philosophical belief that emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and the search for meaning in life. It focuses on the questions of human existence, purpose, and the individual's responsibility for their own actions and choices. Existentialists believe that individuals have the freedom to create their own meaning in life, rather than relying on external factors or predetermined purposes. This aligns with the given question's focus on the meaning of life and people's views on existence, making Existentialism the correct answer.

In Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the stage of identity vs. identity confusion occurs during adolescence. This is a period where individuals explore and develop their own sense of self and personal identity. They may question their values, beliefs, and goals, and try to establish a sense of who they are as individuals. This stage is crucial for the formation of a stable and coherent identity, and if not successfully resolved, it can lead to confusion and a lack of direction in adulthood.

Bandura's social learning theory suggests that people are active agents in their learning. This means that individuals are not passive recipients of information, but rather actively engage in the learning process. They observe and imitate others, and through this observational learning, they acquire new behaviors and skills. Additionally, people are also motivated by the consequences of their actions, as they observe the rewards and punishments experienced by others. Therefore, Bandura emphasizes the role of individuals in shaping their own learning experiences and outcomes.

Piaget's theory of cognitive development focuses primarily on the individual child's cognitive processes and does not take into account the influence of sociocultural factors. This limitation means that the theory fails to recognize the impact of cultural norms, social interactions, and environmental factors on a child's cognitive development. It overlooks the importance of social context and cultural differences in shaping cognitive abilities and fails to provide a comprehensive understanding of how these factors contribute to a child's cognitive development.

Sublimation is a common defense mechanism where individuals channel their unacceptable needs and desires into socially acceptable activities. Instead of directly expressing or acting on these unacceptable impulses, individuals redirect them towards activities that are considered more socially appropriate. This allows them to find a healthy outlet for their emotions and desires, reducing the potential negative consequences that may arise from directly expressing them.

Axis IV in the DSM-IV covers psychosocial and environmental problems. This axis is used to assess the various stressors and factors that may be affecting an individual's mental health. These problems can include life events such as divorce, financial difficulties, or job loss, as well as social or environmental factors like living in a high-crime neighborhood or experiencing discrimination. Understanding and addressing these psychosocial and environmental issues is important in developing a comprehensive treatment plan for individuals with mental health disorders.

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is a psychodynamic theory because it focuses on the influence of unconscious drives and conflicts on human behavior and development. It emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences and the role of the unconscious mind in shaping personality. This theory suggests that individuals go through a series of psychosocial stages, each characterized by a unique developmental task or crisis that must be resolved for healthy development to occur.

Projection is a common defense mechanism in which individuals attribute their own undesirable thoughts, feelings, or behaviors to others. By projecting their own shortcomings and mistakes onto others, individuals can avoid taking responsibility and maintain a sense of self-worth. This defense mechanism helps protect their ego and allows them to cope with feelings of guilt, shame, or inadequacy.

In classical conditioning, a naturally occurring reaction is called an unconditioned response. This refers to an automatic and involuntary response that is triggered by a specific stimulus without any prior learning or conditioning. It is a natural reaction that does not require any conditioning or training to occur.

Social workers tend to use the term "client" instead of "patient" to demedicalize the client-worker relationship. This terminology shift emphasizes the focus on the individual's strengths, empowerment, and self-determination, rather than viewing them solely as a recipient of medical treatment. By using the term "client," social workers aim to promote a collaborative and equal partnership with the individuals they work with, recognizing their autonomy and agency in decision-making processes. This approach aligns with the principles of social work, which emphasize the importance of addressing social and environmental factors that influence well-being, rather than solely focusing on medical interventions.

In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, hypothetical-deductive reasoning occurs in the formal operations stage. This stage typically begins around adolescence and continues into adulthood. During this stage, individuals are able to think abstractly, engage in hypothetical thinking, and use deductive reasoning to draw logical conclusions. They are able to consider multiple possibilities and systematically test them to arrive at a solution. This type of reasoning allows individuals to think beyond concrete situations and consider hypothetical scenarios, making it a characteristic of the formal operations stage.

Social workers need to understand the disease model in order to effectively communicate with clients' health care providers. By understanding the disease model, social workers can better understand the diagnostic criteria for assessing mental illnesses and relay this information to health care providers. This knowledge allows for improved collaboration and coordination of care between social workers and health care professionals, ultimately benefiting the clients.

Freud's theory is often criticized for its limited applicability to individual client situations. This is because Freud developed his theory based on his observations and experiences with a limited number of patients, mainly those suffering from neurotic disorders. As a result, his theories may not be applicable or relevant to a wider range of clients with different backgrounds, experiences, and psychological issues. Therefore, this limitation highlights the need for more comprehensive and inclusive theories that can better address the diverse needs of clients.

The medical model assumes that individuals are passive agents in their development because it views mental health issues as solely biological in nature and focuses on treating symptoms rather than addressing the individual's personal experiences or social context. This perspective implies that individuals have little control over their own development and that their mental health is determined primarily by biological factors.

The epigenetic principle suggests that people have a biological blueprint that dictates how they grow and reach maturity. This principle takes into account both genetic and environmental factors that influence development. It emphasizes the interaction between genes and the environment in shaping an individual's growth and maturation process.

Self-actualization, according to Rogers's person-centered therapy, is the process of becoming the best version of oneself. It is achieved when our self-concept aligns with our experiences, when we receive positive regard from others, and when we have positive self-regard. However, accepting the presence of incongruence in our lives goes against the idea of self-actualization. Incongruence refers to a discrepancy between our self-concept and our actual experiences. Accepting this incongruence means not striving for congruence and therefore hinders the process of self-actualization.