Sociology Of Works And Occupations

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1.
  1. Educational achievement is significant in most professions because:

Explanation

Educational achievement is significant in most professions because it demonstrates a level of knowledge, skills, and expertise that is necessary to perform well in a specific field. It shows that an individual has acquired the necessary qualifications and has the ability to apply their knowledge effectively. Additionally, educational achievement often reflects a person's commitment, dedication, and work ethic, which are important qualities in any profession. Employers value educational achievement as it indicates a potential employee's ability to learn, adapt, and contribute to the organization's success.

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About This Quiz
Sociology Quizzes & Trivia

Explore the structure and operation of bureaucratic organizations in historical and modern contexts, focusing on rationality, explicit goals, and merit-based employment. This quiz assesses understanding of key sociological aspects relevant to professional and educational settings.

2.
  1. Maintaining professional exclusivity often depends upon the ability to enlist the powers of the state to enact and reinforce laws that:

Explanation

Maintaining professional exclusivity often depends on restricting certain work activities to only one occupational group. This means that only members of a specific profession are allowed to perform certain tasks, ensuring that they have a monopoly over those activities. By enlisting the powers of the state to enact and enforce laws that restrict work activities, professionals can protect their exclusivity and prevent others from encroaching on their territory. This helps maintain the professional status and reputation of the occupational group.

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3.
  1. Bureaucracies were an essential feature of preindustrial empires such as:

Explanation

Bureaucracies were an essential feature of preindustrial empires such as Rome. This is because Rome had a complex administrative system that required a large bureaucracy to manage its vast territories and oversee its various institutions. The Roman bureaucracy was responsible for tasks such as tax collection, law enforcement, and maintaining records. It played a crucial role in the functioning and stability of the empire, ensuring that laws were enforced and resources were efficiently managed.

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4.
  1. For the most part, the close identification of some professions with dominant ______________ has been a significant source of professional status and authority.

Explanation

The close identification of some professions with dominant social groups has been a significant source of professional status and authority. This means that certain professions are closely associated with specific social groups, such as doctors being associated with the upper class or lawyers being associated with the legal community. This association with influential social groups can enhance the professional status and authority of individuals in these professions.

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5.
  1. Part-time work may be appealing to some workers because:

Explanation

Some workers may find part-time work appealing because it allows them to have more time for hobbies or other leisure activities. This means that they can pursue their interests and enjoy their free time without being tied down to a full-time job. Additionally, part-time work may offer more flexibility in terms of scheduling, which can further contribute to the ability to engage in leisure activities.

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6.
  1. People in the inner cities may be at a disadvantage when finding a job in other parts of the city and its suburbs because:

Explanation

People in the inner cities may be at a disadvantage when finding a job in other parts of the city and its suburbs because it may be difficult to get to job sites due to a lack of public transportation services. Without access to reliable public transportation, individuals living in the inner cities may struggle to commute to job opportunities located in other areas. This transportation barrier can limit their ability to access employment and contribute to their disadvantage in finding jobs outside of their immediate area.

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7.
  1. The Japanese term keroshi means ___________ from over-work:

Explanation

The Japanese term keroshi refers to death caused by overwork. This term is used to describe cases where individuals work excessively long hours, leading to physical and mental exhaustion, which can ultimately result in death.

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8.
  1. Weber described a negative effect of rationality using the term:

Explanation

Weber described a negative effect of rationality using the term "Disenchantment". This term refers to the loss of meaning, purpose, and enchantment in the modern world as a result of the rationalization and bureaucratization of society. According to Weber, the increasing emphasis on efficiency, calculability, and predictability in modern institutions and systems leads to a sense of disillusionment and the diminishing of magic, mystery, and wonder in our lives.

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9.
  1. Many critics of globalization argue that _________ is/are necessary in order to efficiently provide goods and services.

Explanation

Critics of globalization argue that sustainability is necessary in order to efficiently provide goods and services. This means that the production and consumption of goods should be done in a way that does not deplete natural resources or harm the environment. By promoting sustainable practices, globalization can be more responsible and ensure long-term availability of resources, while also minimizing negative impacts on ecosystems and communities.

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10.
  1. A large number of occupations offer low wages because:

Explanation

Many occupations offer low wages because there is a large pool of prospective workers available. When there are more people willing to work in a particular occupation, employers have more options and can pay lower wages. This is because the supply of workers exceeds the demand, leading to lower wages.

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11.
  1. The U.S. Department of Labor refers to temporary workers as "____________ workers".

Explanation

The U.S. Department of Labor refers to temporary workers as "contingent workers" because these workers are hired on a temporary or as-needed basis, depending on the demand for labor. They are not permanent employees and their employment is contingent upon the specific circumstances or requirements of the employer.

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12.
  1. An example of a paraprofessional is a:

Explanation

A paraprofessional is a person who assists a professional in their work, typically in a supportive role. A doctor and an engineer are both professionals in their respective fields and would not be considered paraprofessionals. However, a social worker can work under the supervision of a licensed professional and provide support in various areas such as counseling, case management, and community outreach. Therefore, the correct answer is b. Social worker.

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13.
  1. Figures regarding the distribution of income and wealth in the U.S. may not be completely accurate because of:

Explanation

The correct answer is a. The changing size and composition of families. This is because the distribution of income and wealth can be affected by factors such as changes in family size, such as the number of dependents, and changes in family composition, such as divorces or marriages. These changes can impact the overall income and wealth distribution in the country, making it difficult to accurately measure and analyze.

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14.
  1. Unions are most prevalent in industries such as:

Explanation

Unions are most prevalent in industries such as manufacturing because these industries often have a large number of workers who may face similar working conditions and concerns. Manufacturing jobs often involve physical labor and can be physically demanding, which can lead to a higher likelihood of workers seeking collective bargaining and representation through unions. Additionally, manufacturing industries often have a history of labor disputes and a need for worker protection, making unions more common in these sectors.

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15.
  1. The significant amount of job hopping experienced by most workers means that work-related socialization will ________________________.

Explanation

The significant amount of job hopping experienced by most workers means that work-related socialization will occur on numerous occasions. This is because when individuals change jobs frequently, they have the opportunity to meet and interact with new colleagues and build relationships multiple times throughout their career. This constant turnover of jobs allows for repeated instances of work-related socialization.

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16.
  1. The rites of passage phase incorporation is generally marked by _______________.

Explanation

During the rites of passage phase incorporation, a ceremony is generally marked. This suggests that there is a formal event or ritual that signifies a transition or change in status for an individual. This ceremony could involve specific actions, symbols, or traditions that are culturally significant and serve to acknowledge and validate the individual's new role or identity.

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17.
  1. Relationships among professionals are supposed to be _______________ .

Explanation

Relationships among professionals are supposed to be cooperative because it is important for professionals to work together and collaborate in order to achieve common goals and ensure the success of their projects or tasks. Cooperation allows professionals to share their knowledge, skills, and resources, leading to better problem-solving, increased productivity, and a positive work environment. It also promotes effective communication, mutual respect, and trust among professionals, fostering a sense of teamwork and unity.

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18.
  1. One criticism of the minimum wage standard is that it:

Explanation

The correct answer is a. Benefits middle-class families rather than the working poor. This is because the minimum wage standard is often criticized for not effectively targeting the working poor, who may still struggle to make ends meet despite earning the minimum wage. Instead, it is argued that the minimum wage can benefit middle-class families who may not necessarily need the additional income as much as those in poverty.

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19.
  1. The ability to exercise professional control over a particular line of work depends on the ability to determine:

Explanation

The correct answer is a. "Who is allowed to do the work." This is because the ability to exercise professional control over a particular line of work involves the authority to decide who is qualified and permitted to perform the work. This includes setting criteria, standards, and requirements for individuals to enter and practice in a specific profession. By determining who is allowed to do the work, professionals can ensure the quality, competence, and ethical standards within their field.

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20.
  1. The term "gatekeeping" refers to the practice of:

Explanation

Gatekeeping refers to the practice of limiting access to expensive specialized care. This means that individuals must go through a gatekeeper, usually a primary care physician, in order to obtain a referral for specialized care. This is done in order to control costs and ensure that individuals receive appropriate and necessary care. By requiring individuals to seek approval from a gatekeeper, it helps to prevent unnecessary and potentially costly treatments or procedures.

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21.
  1. The public education system ____________ bureaucratic organization.

Explanation

The correct answer is "b. Uses." The public education system utilizes a bureaucratic organization to function efficiently and effectively. Bureaucracy provides structure, rules, and procedures that help in managing and operating the education system. By using a bureaucratic organization, the public education system can ensure consistency, accountability, and standardization in its operations.

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22.
  1. One major attribute of a true profession is:

Explanation

Autonomy is considered a major attribute of a true profession because it refers to the ability of professionals to have control and independence in their work. It means that professionals have the freedom to make decisions and take actions based on their expertise and judgment without being overly controlled or influenced by external factors. Autonomy allows professionals to have a higher level of responsibility and accountability for their work, which is essential for maintaining professional standards and ethics. It also promotes innovation and creativity in problem-solving, as professionals have the freedom to explore different approaches and solutions.

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23.
  1. One component of alienation that Melvin Seeman identified was:

Explanation

Melvin Seeman identified powerlessness as one component of alienation. Powerlessness refers to the feeling of being unable to control or influence one's own life or circumstances. This can lead to a sense of helplessness and disempowerment, causing individuals to feel detached and disconnected from society. Powerlessness is a key factor in experiencing alienation, as it can result in feelings of frustration, dissatisfaction, and a lack of belonging.

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24.
  1. Which of the following statements describes one potential problem caused by a family's need to relocate?

Explanation

Relocating can potentially cause a family to lose its network of friends and acquaintances. This is because when a family moves to a new location, they have to leave behind their existing social connections. This can be especially challenging for children who may have to leave behind their friends and start over in a new school. Additionally, adults may also lose their support system and have to establish new relationships in the new community. Losing this network can lead to feelings of isolation and difficulty in adjusting to the new environment.

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25.
  1. Men and women with a "Type A personality" are characterized by:

Explanation

Individuals with a "Type A personality" are typically characterized by high levels of competitiveness, time urgency, and a strong need for achievement. However, these traits also make them more prone to stress-induced burnout. Therefore, the correct answer is a. A lower risk for stress-induced burnout.

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26.
  1. People undergo _______________ socialization when they are exposed to a particular line of work by their families and social networks.

Explanation

Anticipatory socialization refers to the process in which individuals learn and prepare for future roles and occupations. In this context, when people are exposed to a particular line of work by their families and social networks, they are being prepared and socialized for that specific occupation. This exposure allows individuals to develop expectations, attitudes, and skills related to the anticipated role, making anticipatory socialization the most appropriate term to describe this process.

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27.
  1. Kanter uses the term homosocial reproduction to describe managers who seek to reduce uncertainty by hiring and promoting workers who:

Explanation

Kanter uses the term homosocial reproduction to describe managers who seek to reduce uncertainty by hiring and promoting workers who most closely resemble themselves. This means that managers tend to prefer individuals who have similar backgrounds, characteristics, and experiences as themselves. By doing so, managers believe that these individuals will be more likely to understand and align with their perspectives, values, and ways of doing things. This can create a sense of familiarity and reduce the potential for conflict or disagreement, ultimately reducing uncertainty for the manager.

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28.
  1. An example of informal job training is:

Explanation

Informal job training refers to learning through practical experience rather than formal instruction. Making mistakes and learning from them is an example of informal job training because it involves learning from one's own errors and gaining knowledge through hands-on experience. This type of training allows individuals to develop their skills and knowledge in a real-world setting, improving their performance and expertise over time. Reading relevant books and attending off-site workshops are examples of formal job training methods, which involve structured learning and instruction. Therefore, the correct answer is b. Making mistakes and learning from them.

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29.
  1. According to the text, the public sphere influences one's __________ __________.

Explanation

According to the text, the public sphere influences one's private life. This means that the activities, behaviors, and decisions made in the public sphere can have an impact on an individual's personal and private life. The public sphere includes social interactions, public opinion, and societal norms, all of which can shape and influence an individual's private life choices and experiences.

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30. Bureaucratic work procedures work best when goals are ____________.

Explanation

Bureaucratic work procedures work best when goals are explicit. This means that the goals are clearly defined, specific, and easily understood by everyone involved. When goals are explicit, it helps to ensure that everyone is on the same page and working towards the same objective. It also allows for better planning, decision-making, and evaluation of progress. Explicit goals provide clarity and direction, which is essential for effective bureaucratic work procedures.

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31.
  1. Which of the following is an example of a Matrix organization?

Explanation

Chrysler's "platform teams" is an example of a Matrix organization because it involves cross-functional teams that work on specific projects or platforms. In a Matrix organization, employees report to both a functional manager and a project manager, allowing for more flexibility and collaboration across different departments. This structure is commonly used in industries where there is a need for both functional expertise and project coordination, such as the automotive industry.

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32.
  1. Women tend to ear less than men because:

Explanation

Many positions held by women are valued less than the positions typically held by men. This can be attributed to various factors such as gender bias, discrimination, and societal norms. Women often face lower wages and fewer opportunities for advancement in their careers compared to men. This wage gap is a result of the undervaluation of jobs typically held by women, leading to women earning less overall.

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33. Workers in jobs that are ____________ may experience higher levels of job-related stress.

Explanation

Workers in jobs that are monotonous may experience higher levels of job-related stress. Monotonous jobs often involve repetitive tasks and lack variety, which can lead to boredom and a lack of motivation. This can increase stress levels as workers may feel unfulfilled and unchallenged in their work. Additionally, the lack of stimulation and engagement in monotonous jobs can contribute to feelings of frustration and dissatisfaction, further exacerbating job-related stress.

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34.
  1. Residential segregation has ______________ occupational opportunities for minorities.

Explanation

Residential segregation has hindered occupational opportunities for minorities. This means that because of the separation of different racial or ethnic groups into different neighborhoods, minorities have faced obstacles and limitations in accessing and pursuing job opportunities. The segregation has created barriers and inequalities, making it more difficult for minorities to find and succeed in certain occupations.

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35.
  1. "Soft" skills that may effect an employer's hiring practice include:

Explanation

Motivation is a soft skill that can greatly impact an employer's hiring practice. Motivated employees are more likely to be engaged, productive, and committed to their work. They are driven to achieve their goals and are willing to put in the effort required to succeed. Employers value motivated individuals because they are more likely to take initiative, be proactive, and adapt to new challenges. Motivation can also contribute to a positive work culture and inspire other team members. Therefore, employers often prioritize candidates who demonstrate high levels of motivation.

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36.
  1. Which of the following can be a source of job-related stress?

Explanation

All of the options listed can be potential sources of job-related stress. Poor pay can cause financial strain and dissatisfaction, leading to stress. Unpleasant working conditions, such as excessive noise, uncomfortable temperatures, or lack of proper equipment, can create physical and mental discomfort, contributing to stress. Dealing with difficult customers can be emotionally draining and challenging, resulting in stress. Therefore, all three options can contribute to job-related stress.

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37.
  1. According to Levy and Murnane the type of communication that is described as the ability to organize, interpret, and convey information in ways that are most useful and relevant to the recipients of that information is:

Explanation

Complex communication is described as the ability to organize, interpret, and convey information in ways that are most useful and relevant to the recipients of that information. This type of communication involves a higher level of understanding and requires the sender to tailor their message to the specific needs and preferences of the recipients. It often involves using various forms of media and technology to effectively convey the message.

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38.
  1. Staff-line conflicts can stem from differences in:

Explanation

Staff-line conflicts can arise due to differences in education, priorities, and values. Differences in educational backgrounds can lead to misunderstandings and miscommunication among staff members. Conflicting priorities can cause disagreements and conflicts when team members have different goals and objectives. Moreover, differences in values can create conflicts when individuals have contrasting beliefs and principles. Therefore, all of these factors contribute to staff-line conflicts.

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39.
  1. Forming friendships at work may be difficult when:

Explanation

Forming friendships at work may be difficult when workers are separated from each other by physical or social barriers. This could include factors such as different work locations, different departments, or a lack of opportunities for social interaction. When workers are physically or socially separated, it becomes harder for them to connect and develop friendships.

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40. According to the text,  many _________ ___________ have insufficient health care coverage.

Explanation

According to the text, many full-time workers have insufficient health care coverage. This suggests that the text is discussing the issue of inadequate health care coverage for full-time workers specifically, rather than part-time workers, contingent workers, or unemployed persons.

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41.
  1. One effect that globalization has had on employment and income is:

Explanation

Globalization has indirectly stimulated employment by increasing the spending power of consumers. This is because globalization has led to the expansion of markets and the availability of a wider range of goods and services. This has resulted in increased consumer demand, which in turn has created new job opportunities in industries that cater to this demand. Additionally, globalization has also led to increased competition, which has incentivized businesses to innovate and improve productivity, leading to further job creation. Overall, globalization has had a positive impact on employment by increasing consumer spending power and creating new job opportunities.

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42.
  1. Employees in occupational categories such as ___________ tend to work longer hours than employees in occupations such as ____________.

Explanation

Salespeople, who are typically in occupations that involve commission-based pay or performance-based incentives, tend to work longer hours in order to increase their sales and earn higher incomes. On the other hand, blue-collar workers, who are often paid hourly wages and have fixed working hours, may not have the same motivation or need to work longer hours. Therefore, the correct answer is b. Salespeople; blue-collar workers.

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43.
  1. Weber thought that _________ was crucial to the design and operation of modern organizations.

Explanation

Weber believed that rationality was crucial to the design and operation of modern organizations. Rationality refers to the use of logical and systematic thinking in decision-making and problem-solving. Weber argued that organizations should be structured and operated based on rational principles, such as clear hierarchies, division of labor, and formal rules and procedures. This would ensure efficiency, predictability, and control within the organization. Additionally, rationality would enable organizations to achieve their goals more effectively and adapt to changing circumstances. Therefore, Weber considered rationality to be a fundamental aspect of modern organizational design and functioning.

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44.
  1. Along with rapid industrialization and high rates of economic growth, ____________ has reported high numbers of job-related deaths and injuries.

Explanation

China has reported high numbers of job-related deaths and injuries due to rapid industrialization and high rates of economic growth. This is likely because China has experienced a significant increase in manufacturing and construction industries, which are known to have higher risks of accidents and fatalities. Additionally, China's lax enforcement of safety regulations and inadequate training for workers may contribute to the high number of job-related incidents.

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45.
  1. Qualities of a bureaucracy include:

Explanation

The correct answer is d. "All of the above". This means that all of the qualities mentioned in options a, b, and c (hierarchical authority, specialized job tasks, and impersonality) are considered to be qualities of a bureaucracy. A bureaucracy is characterized by a hierarchical structure where authority is divided among different levels, specialized job tasks where individuals have specific roles and responsibilities, and impersonality where decisions are made based on rules and regulations rather than personal relationships.

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46.
  1. When the rate of unemployment is low:

Explanation

When the rate of unemployment is low, there is a smaller pool of available workers for open positions. This increased competition among employers for workers leads to an increase in wages in order to attract and retain employees. Therefore, the correct answer is b. Employers will increase wages for open positions.

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47.
  1. The relative prestige of an occupation can be influenced by ______________.

Explanation

The relative prestige of an occupation can be influenced by the wages or salaries attached to it. This is because higher-paying occupations are often seen as more prestigious and desirable, while lower-paying occupations may be viewed as less prestigious. Additionally, higher wages can also indicate a higher level of skill or education required for the occupation, further contributing to its perceived prestige.

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48. Employee-sponsored Flexible Spending Account is beneficial to employees because:

Explanation

Having an FSA reduces the amount of taxes that the government can take out of each paycheck. This is beneficial to employees because it means they can keep more of their hard-earned money. By contributing pre-tax dollars to an FSA, employees can lower their taxable income, which in turn reduces the amount of taxes they owe. This can result in significant savings over time, allowing employees to have more disposable income to use for other expenses or savings.

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49.
  1. One effect that technology has been argued to have on the supply-demand balance is:

Explanation

The correct answer is c. Both A and B. Technology has had a dual impact on the supply-demand balance. On one hand, it has led to a decrease in wages for unskilled manufacturing workers as automation and advanced machinery replace their jobs. On the other hand, it has created an increase in the number of jobs for people with technological skills as new industries and opportunities emerge. Thus, both the wages of unskilled manufacturing workers decreasing and an increase in the number of jobs for people with technological skills are effects of technology on the supply-demand balance.

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50.
  1. One key feature of McDonald's operations that Ritzer described was:

Explanation

Ritzer described predictability as one key feature of McDonald's operations. This means that McDonald's aims to provide a consistent and standardized experience to its customers across all its locations. This includes having the same menu items, food preparation processes, and service procedures. By emphasizing predictability, McDonald's can ensure that customers know what to expect when they visit any of their restaurants, which helps to build trust and loyalty. Additionally, this approach allows for efficient operations and the ability to replicate the McDonald's model on a global scale.

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51.
  1. Promotion based upon merit appeal to workers' sense of _____________.

Explanation

Promotion based upon merit appeals to workers' sense of fairness because it implies that individuals are being rewarded and recognized for their hard work, skills, and abilities. It suggests that promotions are not arbitrary or based on favoritism, but rather on objective criteria and the principle of equal opportunity. This creates a perception of fairness among workers, as they believe that their efforts will be recognized and rewarded fairly, leading to increased motivation and job satisfaction.

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52.
  1. Many workers retire because:

Explanation

Workers retire for a variety of reasons, and two common reasons are declining health and being eased out of their jobs by employers who perceive them as less productive compared to younger workers. These factors can contribute to the decision to retire and may be the primary reasons for many individuals.

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53.
  1. Occupations in the  _____________ demonstrate clear examples of distinct career stages and career progression:

Explanation

Occupations in the military demonstrate clear examples of distinct career stages and career progression. In the military, individuals start as recruits and progress through different ranks and positions based on their skills, experience, and performance. They can move up from enlisted personnel to non-commissioned officers and eventually to commissioned officers. Each rank comes with increased responsibilities, authority, and opportunities for promotion. This clear hierarchy and structured career progression make the military an occupation that exemplifies distinct career stages.

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54.
  1. Women who work tend to _______________________ than stay-at-home women.

Explanation

Women who work tend to experience less depression, have a better self-image, and be more satisfied in general compared to stay-at-home women. This could be attributed to the sense of fulfillment and accomplishment that comes from having a career, as well as the increased social interactions and opportunities for personal growth that working provides. Additionally, financial independence and the ability to contribute to society may also contribute to higher levels of well-being among working women.

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55.
  1. One characteristic of bureaucratic organizations is their:

Explanation

Bureaucratic organizations are characterized by an egalitarian structure, meaning that power and authority are distributed equally among members. This promotes fairness and prevents the concentration of power in the hands of a few individuals. Additionally, bureaucratic organizations extensively use and rely on written records for decision making and record keeping. This helps ensure consistency, accountability, and transparency in their operations. Therefore, the correct answer is A and C.

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56.
  1. A psychological and/or physical breakdown that causes a worker to be unable of effectively doing their job is _____________.

Explanation

Burnout refers to a state of extreme exhaustion, both physically and mentally, that is caused by prolonged and excessive stress. It is characterized by feelings of cynicism, detachment, and a lack of motivation or interest in work. A worker experiencing burnout is unable to effectively perform their job due to the overwhelming physical and psychological symptoms they are experiencing. Therefore, burnout is the correct answer to the question.

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57.
  1. For future practitioners, occupational socialization entails learning how to _________ an identity that is congruent with an occupation and the work of that occupation.

Explanation

Occupational socialization involves the process of learning and adopting the values, norms, and behaviors associated with a particular occupation. In this context, assuming an identity means taking on and embodying the characteristics and roles that are expected within the occupation. It is about internalizing and embracing the professional identity and responsibilities associated with the chosen occupation, rather than faking or imitating it. Therefore, the correct answer is c. Assume.

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58.
  1. Mechanical solidarity refers to:

Explanation

Mechanical solidarity refers to a commonality of values and behaviors, as well as cohesion and cooperation among all workers. It also involves an adherence to traditional ways of doing things. Therefore, the correct answer is d. All of the above.

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59.
  1. Which of the following is a downside of computerized systems?

Explanation

The downside of computerized systems is that they cannot communicate knowledge about products or services, therefore failing to gain the customer's trust. This means that computers are unable to provide information or answer questions that customers may have, which can lead to a lack of confidence in the product or service being offered.

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60.
  1. The term disutility refers to something that:

Explanation

The term disutility refers to something that diminishes the quality of life. This means that it causes a decrease in the overall well-being or satisfaction of an individual or society. It can be anything that is considered undesirable or unpleasant, such as pain, discomfort, or inconvenience. Disutility is the opposite of utility, which refers to the satisfaction or benefit derived from consuming or using something.

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61.
  1. The federal minimum wage:

Explanation

The correct answer is d. The federal minimum wage is not automatically adjusted for inflation. This means that the minimum wage does not increase automatically to keep up with the rising cost of living. Instead, Congress must pass legislation to increase the minimum wage. This can lead to situations where the minimum wage remains stagnant for long periods of time, causing it to lose value in real terms.

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62.
  1. Using seniority as a basis for promotion appeals to managers because:

Explanation

Using seniority as a basis for promotion rewards workers who have chosen to work long hours and undesired shifts. This can be appealing to managers because it recognizes the dedication and commitment of these workers, motivating them to continue putting in extra effort. Additionally, it can create a sense of fairness and loyalty among employees, reducing turnover rates as workers feel valued and rewarded for their hard work. By promoting based on seniority, managers also have a smaller pool of experienced and reliable workers to choose from, making the decision-making process easier.

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63.
  1. Flexible work arrangements have been found to correlate with:

Explanation

Flexible work arrangements have been found to correlate with improved employee morale, as employees are given more autonomy and control over their work schedule, leading to higher job satisfaction. It also leads to a greater desire to remain with a current employer, as employees value the flexibility and work-life balance provided by the arrangement. Additionally, flexible work arrangements foster a sense of commitment to an employer, as employees feel that their needs and preferences are being recognized and accommodated. Therefore, all of the given options are correct and supported by research.

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64.
  1. Which of the following statements is true regarding the domestic duties of men and women?

Explanation

In recent decades, men have become more involved with domestic duties. Despite the closing gap of hours spent doing housework by men and women, women still do the bulk of household chores.

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65.
  1. The assumed separation of work and home is a relatively __________ phenomenon.

Explanation

The correct answer is "c. recent". This is because the sentence suggests that the separation of work and home is a phenomenon that has occurred relatively recently. This implies that in the past, there may not have been as much separation between work and home life.

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66. ___________ are irrelevant when it comes to filling positions in a bureaucracy.

Explanation

Ascribed characteristics are irrelevant when it comes to filling positions in a bureaucracy. Bureaucracies typically focus on qualifications and merit rather than inherent characteristics such as age, gender, or family background. Acquired skills, personality traits, and social skills can all be important factors in determining suitability for a position, but ascribed characteristics are not considered relevant in this context.

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67.
  1. The control of entry into a profession has made the role of ____________ important.

Explanation

The control of entry into a profession refers to the requirements and regulations that individuals must meet in order to become a part of that profession. Education plays a crucial role in this process as it provides the necessary knowledge and skills for individuals to meet these requirements and become qualified professionals. Therefore, education is important in ensuring that individuals are adequately prepared to enter and succeed in their chosen profession.

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68.
  1. Which of the following statements is not a benefit of social networks?

Explanation

The correct answer is d because social networks do not guarantee employment in high status, high paying positions. While social connections can certainly be beneficial in job seeking, they do not guarantee specific job outcomes or positions. Employment in high status, high paying positions depends on various factors such as qualifications, experience, skills, and the job market. Social networks can provide opportunities, connections, and assistance in job searching, but the ultimate outcome and level of employment is not guaranteed.

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69.
  1. Which of the following is a possible reason for the loss of inner-city industrial enterprises?

Explanation

The loss of inner-city industrial enterprises could be due to a combination of economic, cultural, and technological changes leading to some businesses going out of business. Additionally, the availability of cheaper labor and minimal environmental regulations in other countries may have caused some businesses to relocate abroad.

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70.
  1. The elements of a workplace culture are connected to the human ability to ____________ complex symbols.

Explanation

The elements of a workplace culture are connected to the human ability to transmit, manipulate, and create complex symbols. This is because workplace culture involves communication, problem-solving, and creativity, all of which require the use of complex symbols. Transmitting complex symbols involves effectively conveying information and ideas to others. Manipulating complex symbols involves using and manipulating information and ideas to achieve desired outcomes. Creating complex symbols involves generating new ideas, concepts, and ways of expressing them. Therefore, all of these abilities are essential in shaping and maintaining a workplace culture.

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71.
  1. According to the book, a college degree indicates to an employer that a job candidate:

Explanation

A college degree indicates to an employer that a job candidate is able to meet deadlines. This suggests that the candidate has successfully completed assignments and projects within specified timeframes during their college education. Meeting deadlines is a valuable skill in the workplace as it demonstrates reliability, time management, and the ability to prioritize tasks effectively.

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72.
  1. Elements of an occupational identity include:

Explanation

Occupational identity refers to the sense of self and belonging that individuals derive from their occupation. Distinctive vocabulary is an element of occupational identity as it represents the specialized language and terminology used within a specific profession or field. Physical appearance is also a component of occupational identity as certain occupations may have specific dress codes or uniforms that help identify individuals as belonging to a particular profession. Therefore, the correct answer is d. A and C only, as both distinctive vocabulary and physical appearance are elements of occupational identity.

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73.
  1. Schor attributed the expansion of working hours in the 1980s to:

Explanation

The expansion of working hours in the 1980s can be attributed to both workers and employers. Workers wanted to expand their time on the job to earn more money or improve their career prospects, while employers wanted to get the most out of their workers. Both factors contributed to the increase in working hours during that time period.

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74.
  1. As a result of ___________, many industrial operations have moved overseas.

Explanation

Globalization refers to the interconnectedness and integration of economies, cultures, and societies across the world. It has led to the increased movement of goods, services, and capital across borders. Many industrial operations have moved overseas as a result of globalization because it has provided opportunities for companies to access cheaper labor, resources, and markets in other countries. This has allowed businesses to reduce costs and increase profits.

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75.
  1. Objective conditions can only partially explain a worker's dissatisfaction with their job. What else must be considered?

Explanation

The correct answer is "d. All of the above". This means that all of the options mentioned (values and attitudes, different expectations, and socialization opportunities) must be considered in addition to objective conditions when explaining a worker's dissatisfaction with their job.

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76.
  1. One way that suburban lifestyles may cost both individuals and society as a whole is:

Explanation

Suburban residential developments covering large areas of land and consuming considerable space and energy can result in the loss of natural habitats and increased urban sprawl. Commuting to and from work can take up a substantial part of the day, leading to decreased productivity and increased stress levels. Automobile-based consuming produces a great deal of air pollution, contributing to environmental degradation and negative health effects. Therefore, all of these factors contribute to the costs of suburban lifestyles for both individuals and society as a whole.

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77.
  1. One result of new technologies in the medical field during the early 20th century was:

Explanation

With the introduction of new technologies in the medical field during the early 20th century, such as X-rays and laboratory tests, doctors started relying more on these tools for diagnosis and treatment. This led to a shift towards a more impersonal approach in medicine, as doctors focused more on the results of these tests rather than spending time talking and interacting with their patients. This change in approach resulted in medicine becoming more impersonal.

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78.
  1. The "instinct of workmanship" was introduced by:

Explanation

The "instinct of workmanship" refers to the natural inclination or desire to engage in productive work. Thorstein Veblen, an American economist and sociologist, introduced this concept in his book "The Theory of the Leisure Class" published in 1899. Veblen argued that this instinct drives individuals to create and produce, and is essential for economic and social progress. He believed that this instinct was often suppressed or distorted by the influence of social classes and the pursuit of status and leisure. Therefore, the correct answer is d. Thorstein Veblen.

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79.
  1. Women no compromise _______ percent of college graduates.

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

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80.
  1. One criticism for using Maslow's hierarchy of human needs and the concept of self-actualization to explain how work effects the human psyche is that it:

Explanation

The correct answer is d. All of the above. This is because Maslow's hierarchy of needs and the concept of self-actualization can be criticized for detaching psychological states from their social context and not recognizing external influences on achieving self-actualization. Additionally, it is not universally relevant as different societies may prioritize different values and goals, and not everyone realizes their full potential through their jobs.

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81.
  1. Employees in most industries are protected by laws that prohibit employers from firing employees because of their:

Explanation

Employees in most industries are protected by laws that prohibit employers from firing employees because of their attempts to unionize, race, gender, national origin, or age. These laws aim to prevent discrimination and ensure equal treatment and opportunities for all employees. By including all of the above options in the correct answer, it emphasizes the comprehensive protection provided by the laws against various forms of discrimination and unfair treatment in the workplace.

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82.
  1. Enrollment and eventual graduation of college are for the most part based on these two variables

Explanation

The enrollment and eventual graduation of college are primarily determined by a combination of academic ability and socioeconomic status. Academic ability is a crucial factor as it reflects the student's potential to succeed in college-level coursework. Socioeconomic status plays a role as it can impact access to resources, such as quality education and support systems, which can affect a student's ability to thrive academically. Therefore, considering both academic ability and socioeconomic status is essential in understanding and predicting college enrollment and graduation rates.

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83.
  1. Criticisms for the emphasis on education as the means for credentials include:

Explanation

The correct answer is d. B and C only. This is because the criticisms mentioned in options b and c both highlight negative consequences of emphasizing education as the means for credentials. Option b states that students end up pursuing education solely for the purpose of obtaining credentials, rather than for the sake of learning. Option c suggests that patterns of inequality are reinforced because not everyone has equal access to formal education. Option a is not included in the correct answer because it does not directly relate to the emphasis on education as the means for credentials.

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84.
  1. Official employment statistics may be skewed because:

Explanation

Official employment statistics may be skewed because they do not differentiate between workers who were employed for the entire year and those who were employed or unemployed only at the time of the survey. This lack of distinction can lead to inaccurate representation of the true employment situation. Additionally, workers who are employed "underground" or in informal sectors are not accounted for in these statistics, further contributing to the skewed data. Therefore, both reasons mentioned in options B and C can contribute to the distortion of official employment statistics.

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85.
  1. The "Hawthore effect" refers to the tendency for workers to improve their performance when they are __________________________.

Explanation

The Hawthorne effect refers to the tendency for workers to improve their performance when they are being appreciated for their efforts and when they are being observed. This means that when workers feel valued and recognized for their work, and when they know that their performance is being monitored, they are more likely to put in extra effort and perform better. Higher wages, as mentioned in option b, may also motivate workers, but it is not specifically mentioned in the explanation of the Hawthorne effect.

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86.
  1. Despite the advantages of acquiring a formal education, formal education does not always make workers more capable because:

Explanation

Acquiring a formal education has its advantages, but it does not guarantee that workers will be more capable. This is because formal education typically takes place before a worker's career begins, which means that the knowledge and skills acquired may not be immediately applicable or relevant. Additionally, not all knowledge learned during formal education is retained or applied in subsequent professional practices. Lastly, formal education does not necessarily provide essential on-the-job training, which is crucial for developing practical skills and expertise. Therefore, all of the given reasons contribute to the explanation of why formal education does not always make workers more capable.

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87.
  1. An example of an application of affirmative action is:

Explanation

Affirmative action is a policy that aims to address historical inequalities and promote equal opportunities for marginalized groups. Option a states that affirmative action expands the ability of women and minorities to have a fair chance at jobs and educational opportunities, which aligns with the goal of affirmative action. Option b, on the other hand, suggests the establishment of quotas, which is not a typical application of affirmative action as it can be seen as discriminatory. Option c highlights the creation of educational and training programs to help women and minorities develop essential skills, which is another way affirmative action can be applied. Therefore, option d, "All of the above," is the correct answer as it encompasses the different applications of affirmative action.

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88.
  1. When there is a limited demand for a particular kind of work:

Explanation

When there is a limited demand for a particular kind of work, the number of people available to do that work exceeds the number of available jobs. This creates a surplus of workers, which allows employers to pay lower wages since they have more options to choose from. As a result, the remuneration for such work will decrease.

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89.
  1. Technological development is shaped by _______________ institutions.

Explanation

Technological development is shaped by social institutions because these institutions play a crucial role in influencing the direction and pace of technological advancements. Social institutions, such as government, education, and economic systems, provide the framework and resources for technological innovation to occur. They also establish norms, values, and regulations that guide the development and use of technology in society. Therefore, social institutions have a significant impact on shaping the trajectory of technological development.

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90.
  1. The __________ sector has displaced the _________ and ___________ sectors of as the primary source of jobs in the U.S.

Explanation

The service sector has displaced the agricultural and manufacturing sectors as the primary source of jobs in the U.S. This means that more jobs are now being created in the service industry compared to the agricultural and manufacturing industries.

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91.
  1. According to the _____________ perspective, men and women's jobs generally reflect innate skills, abilities and preferences.

Explanation

The correct answer is "Biological." This perspective suggests that men and women's job choices are influenced by their biological differences, such as innate skills, abilities, and preferences. It implies that certain jobs may be more suited for one gender over the other due to biological factors.

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92.
  1. The incomes of workers with ______________ have experienced a decline in real earnings, but workers with ______________ generally move upwards.

Explanation

Workers with a high school diploma have experienced a decline in real earnings, but workers with some college generally move upwards. This suggests that obtaining some college education provides individuals with better opportunities for career advancement and higher earnings compared to those with only a high school diploma.

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93.
  1. To some employers, hiring immigrant workers is appealing because:

Explanation

Hiring immigrant workers can be appealing to some employers because they are often willing to accept lower rates of remuneration compared to native workers. Additionally, the threat of deportation can make immigrant workers more obedient and submissive, which some employers may find advantageous.

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94.
  1. Lewis Coser used the term greedy institutions to describe organizations that:

Explanation

Lewis Coser used the term "greedy institutions" to describe organizations that place excessive demands on their employees. This means that these organizations expect their employees to work long hours, take on heavy workloads, and prioritize work over personal well-being. These institutions prioritize their own goals and profits over the well-being and work-life balance of their employees.

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95.
  1. Which of the following statements is true regarding differences in working hours between men and women?

Explanation

This statement is true because it states that more women than men work year-round. This means that a higher percentage of women work consistently throughout the year compared to men.

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96.
  1. The ratio of ____________ to ____________ ____________ has put stress on the U.S. Social Security System.

Explanation

The correct answer is d. retirees; active workers. The ratio of retirees to active workers refers to the number of people who are retired and receiving Social Security benefits compared to the number of people who are currently working and paying into the Social Security system. If the number of retirees is significantly higher than the number of active workers, it puts stress on the system because there are fewer people contributing to support a larger number of beneficiaries.

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97.
  1. Temporary workers may also experience work-related problems that do not affect permanent workers because:

Explanation

Temporary workers may experience work-related problems that do not affect permanent workers because they receive lower wages and may not get enough placements to provide them with an adequate income. This financial instability can lead to social isolation and a poor self-image, contributing to additional work-related challenges.

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98.
  1. Socialization is likely to be more intense and extensive when workers experience some degree of _____________.

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

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99. Although ___________ have gained greater representation in many professions, ___________ still occupy a low percentage of professional positions.

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

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Educational achievement is significant in most professions because:
Maintaining professional exclusivity often depends upon the ability to...
Bureaucracies were an essential feature of preindustrial empires such...
For the most part, the close identification of some professions with...
Part-time work may be appealing to some workers because:
People in the inner cities may be at a disadvantage when finding a job...
The Japanese term keroshi means ___________ from over-work:
Weber described a negative effect of rationality using the term:
Many critics of globalization argue that _________ is/are necessary in...
A large number of occupations offer low wages because:
The U.S. Department of Labor refers to temporary workers as...
An example of a paraprofessional is a:
Figures regarding the distribution of income and wealth in the U.S....
Unions are most prevalent in industries such as:
The significant amount of job hopping experienced by most workers...
The rites of passage phase incorporation is generally marked by...
Relationships among professionals are supposed to be _______________ .
One criticism of the minimum wage standard is that it:
The ability to exercise professional control over a particular line of...
The term "gatekeeping" refers to the practice of:
The public education system ____________ bureaucratic organization.
One major attribute of a true profession is:
One component of alienation that Melvin Seeman identified was:
Which of the following statements describes one potential problem...
Men and women with a "Type A personality" are characterized by:
People undergo _______________ socialization when they are exposed to...
Kanter uses the term homosocial reproduction to describe managers who...
An example of informal job training is:
According to the text, the public sphere influences one's __________...
Bureaucratic work procedures work best when goals are ____________.
Which of the following is an example of a Matrix organization?
Women tend to ear less than men because:
Workers in jobs that are ____________ may experience higher levels of...
Residential segregation has ______________ occupational opportunities...
"Soft" skills that may effect an employer's hiring practice include:
Which of the following can be a source of job-related stress?
According to Levy and Murnane the type of communication that is...
Staff-line conflicts can stem from differences in:
Forming friendships at work may be difficult when:
According to the text,  many _________ ___________ have...
One effect that globalization has had on employment and income is:
Employees in occupational categories such as ___________ tend to work...
Weber thought that _________ was crucial to the design and operation...
Along with rapid industrialization and high rates of economic growth,...
Qualities of a bureaucracy include:
When the rate of unemployment is low:
The relative prestige of an occupation can be influenced by...
Employee-sponsored Flexible Spending Account is beneficial to...
One effect that technology has been argued to have on the...
One key feature of McDonald's operations that Ritzer described was:
Promotion based upon merit appeal to workers' sense of _____________.
Many workers retire because:
Occupations in the  _____________ demonstrate clear examples of...
Women who work tend to _______________________ than stay-at-home...
One characteristic of bureaucratic organizations is their:
A psychological and/or physical breakdown that causes a worker to be...
For future practitioners, occupational socialization entails learning...
Mechanical solidarity refers to:
Which of the following is a downside of computerized systems?
The term disutility refers to something that:
The federal minimum wage:
Using seniority as a basis for promotion appeals to managers because:
Flexible work arrangements have been found to correlate with:
Which of the following statements is true regarding the domestic...
The assumed separation of work and home is a relatively __________...
___________ are irrelevant when it comes to filling positions in a...
The control of entry into a profession has made the role of...
Which of the following statements is not a benefit of social networks?
Which of the following is a possible reason for the loss of inner-city...
The elements of a workplace culture are connected to the human ability...
According to the book, a college degree indicates to an employer that...
Elements of an occupational identity include:
Schor attributed the expansion of working hours in the 1980s to:
As a result of ___________, many industrial operations have moved...
Objective conditions can only partially explain a worker's...
One way that suburban lifestyles may cost both individuals and society...
One result of new technologies in the medical field during the early...
The "instinct of workmanship" was introduced by:
Women no compromise _______ percent of college graduates.
One criticism for using Maslow's hierarchy of human needs and the...
Employees in most industries are protected by laws that prohibit...
Enrollment and eventual graduation of college are for the most part...
Criticisms for the emphasis on education as the means for credentials...
Official employment statistics may be skewed because:
The "Hawthore effect" refers to the tendency for workers to improve...
Despite the advantages of acquiring a formal education, formal...
An example of an application of affirmative action is:
When there is a limited demand for a particular kind of work:
Technological development is shaped by _______________ institutions.
The __________ sector has displaced the _________ and ___________...
According to the _____________ perspective, men and women's jobs...
The incomes of workers with ______________ have experienced a decline...
To some employers, hiring immigrant workers is appealing because:
Lewis Coser used the term greedy institutions to describe...
Which of the following statements is true regarding differences in...
The ratio of ____________ to ____________ ____________ has put stress...
Temporary workers may also experience work-related problems that do...
Socialization is likely to be more intense and extensive when workers...
Although ___________ have gained greater representation in many...
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