Review 3 Zoo Practical 2

The red pointer indicates the scapula.

The yellow pointer indicates the humerus bone.

The orange pointer indicates the acromion process.

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The white pointer indicates the location or presence of the trunk vertebrae.

The black pointer indicates the location or presence of ribs vertebrae.

The black circle indicates the sacral vertebrae.

The white circle indicates the location of the cervical vertebrae. Cervical vertebrae are the seven vertebrae that make up the upper part of the spine, located in the neck region. They provide support and flexibility to the head and neck, and also protect the spinal cord. The white circle in the image is likely highlighting the area where the cervical vertebrae are located, indicating their presence in that region.

The black pointers indicate the presence or location of clavicles.

The purple pointer indicates the presence of the interclavicle bone.

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The green pointer indicates the trunk vertebrae.

The blue pointer is indicating the caudal vertebrae. Caudal vertebrae are the bones that make up the tail region of an animal's spine. They are typically smaller and more flexible than other vertebrae in the spine, allowing for movement and balance of the tail. The blue pointer in the image is pointing to this specific region, indicating that it is the caudal vertebrae being referred to in the question.

The green pointer indicates the hypapophysis.

The white pointer indicates the neural spine.

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The yellow pointer indicates the neural canal.

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The blue pointer indicates the hypapophysis.

The purple pointer indicates the neural spine.

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The black pointer is indicating the neural canal.

The red pointers indicate the postzygapophysis.

The purple pointer indicates the subscapula.

The yellow pointer indicates the coracoid.

The blue pointer indicates the sternum.

The black pointer is indicating the scapula.

The red pointer indicates the interclavicle.

The green pointer indicates the glenoid fossa.

The specimen is missing the clavicle, which should be attached to the structure indicated by the red pointer.

Fenestrae is the correct answer because it refers to the round holes found in the pectoral girdle. Fenestrae are commonly seen in the skeletal structures of various animals, including birds and reptiles. These holes serve different purposes, such as reducing the weight of the bones or providing attachment points for muscles and ligaments. In the context of the pectoral girdle, fenestrae are important for allowing flexibility and movement in the shoulder region.

The structure indicated by the purple pointer is composed of cartilage.

An ungulate is the name for a hoofed animal.

Cursorial locomotion refers to the ability of an animal to run quickly. The word "cursorial" is derived from the Latin word "cursor," which means "runner." Therefore, the correct answer is "cursorial" because it directly translates to "fast running."

The correct answer is "metapodials." The metacarpals and metatarsals are bones in the hands and feet, respectively. They are collectively referred to as metapodials.

The term "carpus" is another word for the wrist. It refers to the group of bones located between the forearm and the hand, which includes the eight small bones that make up the wrist joint.

The term "tarsus" is another word used to refer to the heel. The tarsus is a group of seven bones in the foot that includes the heel bone, also known as the calcaneus. Therefore, tarsus is a correct alternative term for the heel.

The term "TOES" refers to the toes of a person. Another term for the toes is "digits."

A digitigrade animal is one that primarily stands on its digits, with the rest of its foot elevated off the ground. This type of locomotion is commonly seen in animals such as dogs, cats, and birds. By standing on their digits, these animals have a more efficient and agile way of moving. This adaptation allows them to move quickly and quietly, making them effective hunters or escape artists.

Animals that stand primarily on all structures of their feet are considered plantigrade animals. This means that their entire foot, from the heel to the toes, comes into contact with the ground when they walk or run. Examples of plantigrade animals include humans, bears, and raccoons. This is in contrast to digitigrade animals, such as dogs and cats, who walk on their toes, and unguligrade animals, such as horses and deer, who walk on the tips of their toes or hooves.

Animals that have developed specific features and behaviors for digging and burrowing are referred to as "fossorial." This adaptation allows them to create underground tunnels and burrows for various purposes, such as protection, shelter, or finding food. These animals often have specialized limbs, claws, or snouts that enable them to efficiently excavate soil or create intricate tunnel systems. By being fossorial, these animals can thrive in environments where digging and burrowing provide them with a survival advantage.

Unguligrade animals are those that primarily stand on the tips of their toes. This means that their weight is borne by their hooves or claws, rather than the entire foot. This adaptation allows for greater speed and agility, as well as specialized movements such as galloping or climbing. Examples of unguligrade animals include horses, deer, and cats.

The red pointers indicate the 3rd and 4th digits.

The black pointer indicates the radius.

Increasing the length of the legs can indeed increase the length of the stride. This is because longer legs provide a greater distance between each step, allowing for a longer stride. Additionally, longer legs can also provide more power and leverage, which can further contribute to an increased stride length. Therefore, it is true that lengthening the legs commonly leads to an increase in the length of the stride.

The examples provided, plantigrade, digitigrade, and unguligrade, are all different stances of animals. Plantigrade refers to animals that walk on the soles of their feet, such as humans and bears. Digitigrade refers to animals that walk on their toes, such as dogs and cats. Unguligrade refers to animals that walk on the tips of their toes, such as horses and deer. These examples demonstrate different ways in which animals distribute their weight and move on their limbs.

The purple pointers indicate the 2nd and 4th metapodials.

The green pointer indicates the 3rd and 4th metapodial.

The furcula is a bone structure commonly known as the wishbone, found in birds and some dinosaurs. It is formed by the fusion of the clavicles (collar bones) and the interclavicle. These bones provide support and stability to the shoulder girdle, allowing for efficient flight and movement in birds. The humerus, scapula, and radius are not part of the furcula.

The axial skeleton refers to the central structure of the skeleton that includes the skull, sternum, ribs, and vertebrae. These bones are located along the central axis of the body and provide support and protection for vital organs. The pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and limbs/appendages/fins are not part of the axial skeleton as they are considered part of the appendicular skeleton, which is responsible for movement and locomotion.

Running speed is determined by two main factors: the length of the stride and the speed of limb movement. A longer stride allows an animal to cover more ground with each step, resulting in a greater distance covered over time. Additionally, the speed at which an animal moves its limbs also contributes to its running speed. By increasing both the length of the stride and the speed of limb movement, an animal can achieve a faster running speed.

The appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and the limbs or appendages. The pectoral girdle refers to the bones that connect the upper limbs to the axial skeleton, including the clavicles and scapulae. The pelvic girdle, on the other hand, connects the lower limbs to the axial skeleton and consists of the hip bones. Limbs or appendages are the extremities of the body, including the arms, legs, and fins in aquatic animals. These structures allow for movement and locomotion.

The foramen triosseum is a small opening located in the shoulder joint of birds. It is formed by the fusion of the coracoid, clavicle, and scapula bones. These three bones come together to create a triangular opening that allows for the passage of blood vessels and nerves. The humerus and ulna are not involved in the formation of the foramen triosseum.

To be capable of powered flight, an animal needs a strong axial support structure to provide stability and withstand the forces generated during flight. Large attachment surfaces for powerful wing muscles are necessary to generate the necessary lift and propulsion. A light body weight is important to reduce energy expenditure and allow for efficient flight. Additionally, the wings must be light but strong to withstand the stresses of flight. A tail, while beneficial for maneuverability in some flying animals, is not necessarily a requirement for powered flight.

Digitigrade refers to animals that walk on their toes, with the heel raised off the ground. Cats and armadillos are examples of digitigrade animals because they walk on their toes, with their heels elevated.

Unguligrade refers to animals that walk on the tips of their toes, with the rest of the foot being raised off the ground. Chickens, horses, and cows are all examples of unguligrade animals because they walk on their hooves, which are the tips of their toes.

Rat, Marmoset, and Iguana are examples of plantigrade animals. Plantigrade refers to the way an animal walks, with the entire sole of the foot contacting the ground. These animals walk on the soles of their feet, with the bones and joints of the foot and ankle being flat on the ground. In contrast, animals like cats and dogs are digitigrade, walking on their toes, while animals like horses and cows are unguligrade, walking on the tips of their toes (hooves).