Research Methods And Statistics Midterm

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1. The problem or opportunity that requires a business decision on the part of the decision maker is called a _____.

Explanation

A management dilemma refers to a situation where a decision maker is faced with a problem or opportunity that requires a business decision. It is a challenging situation that requires careful consideration and analysis in order to make the best decision for the business. This term emphasizes the complexity and importance of the decision-making process in business management.

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About This Quiz
Statistics Quizzes & Trivia

This midterm quiz assesses knowledge in research methods and statistics within a business context, focusing on decision-making processes, data mining, and network utilization in organizations. It is designed... see moreto evaluate both theoretical understanding and practical application skills. see less

2. Which of the following is an example of a business decision maker?

Explanation

All of the options listed in the question can be considered examples of business decision makers. A politician's election consultant makes decisions on campaign strategies and tactics, which can be seen as a business-like approach. A church pastor may make decisions regarding the management and operations of the church, similar to a business manager. The manager of a non-profit program is responsible for making decisions related to the program's goals, budget, and operations. Lastly, a business manager of a consumer goods product is directly involved in making decisions related to the product's marketing, sales, and profitability. Therefore, all of these individuals can be classified as business decision makers.

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3. The acronym, RFP, stands for _____ and refers to the document used to invite research firms to propose ideas for addressing the research needs of the organization.

Explanation

The correct answer is "Request for proposal". RFP is an acronym that stands for Request for Proposal. It is a document used by organizations to invite research firms to propose ideas for addressing their research needs. The RFP outlines the requirements, objectives, and scope of the research project, and research firms are expected to submit their proposals based on these guidelines.

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4. Which term below refers to norms or standards of behavior that guide moral choices about research behavior?

Explanation

Ethics refers to the norms or standards of behavior that guide moral choices about research behavior. It involves principles and values that determine what is right or wrong in conducting research. Ethics ensures that research is conducted with integrity, respect for participants, and adherence to professional standards. It is important in maintaining the trust and credibility of the research community and ensuring the well-being and rights of participants are protected.

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5. Research should be designed such that participants do not experience _____.

Explanation

Research should be designed such that participants do not experience physical harm, discomfort, embarrassment, or loss of privacy. This is important to ensure the ethical treatment of participants and to maintain their trust and willingness to participate in research studies. By avoiding these negative experiences, researchers can create a safe and respectful environment for participants, which is crucial for obtaining valid and reliable data.

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6. Who answers measurement questions?

Explanation

Participants are the individuals who respond to measurement questions. They are the ones who provide the data and information needed for research or surveys. This can include individuals who are part of a study or research project, customers or consumers who are being surveyed, or any other group of people who are being asked to provide measurements or responses. Participants play a crucial role in providing accurate and reliable data for analysis and decision-making.

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7. _____ occurs when the participants are told only part of the truth or when the truth is fully compromised.

Explanation

Deception refers to the act of deliberately misleading or withholding information from participants, either by telling only part of the truth or by fully compromising the truth. This can occur in various situations, such as in research studies where participants are not fully informed about the true purpose or nature of the study. Deception can also be used in interpersonal relationships or in negotiations to manipulate or control others by distorting the truth.

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8. Observation means to collect data by _____.

Explanation

Observation refers to the act of collecting data by using our senses. We can observe by viewing something, listening to sounds, touching objects or surfaces, and even smelling different scents. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" because observation encompasses all these sensory experiences to gather information and data.

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9. Minute Maid sees research as the fundamental first step in any business decision and it created proprietary methods for conducting research. At what level of the hierarchy of business decision makers does Minute Maid operate?

Explanation

Minute Maid operates at the top tier of the hierarchy of business decision makers. This is because they see research as the fundamental first step in any business decision, indicating that they prioritize gathering information and conducting research before making any decisions. This suggests that they are in a position of authority and have the power to make strategic decisions that impact the entire organization.

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10. Who answers investigative questions?

Explanation

Researchers are the ones who answer investigative questions. They are trained professionals who conduct thorough investigations, collect and analyze data, and draw conclusions based on their findings. They use various research methods and techniques to gather information and provide valuable insights. Their expertise and knowledge in their respective fields make them well-equipped to answer investigative questions accurately and objectively.

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11. A _____ is a trial collection of data to detect weaknesses in the design or instrument.

Explanation

A pilot test is a trial collection of data that is conducted to detect weaknesses in the design or instrument. It involves testing a small-scale version of a study or experiment before implementing it on a larger scale. This allows researchers to identify any flaws or issues in the methodology, data collection process, or measurement instruments. The pilot test helps ensure that the final study or experiment is well-designed and reliable.

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12. The question, "Should we do business research?" is often stimulated by data from a(n) _____.

Explanation

The question "Should we do business research?" is often stimulated by data from both intelligence systems and decision support systems. Intelligence systems provide valuable insights and information about the market, competitors, and industry trends, which can prompt the need for further research. Decision support systems, on the other hand, offer analytical tools and data that can help in making informed business decisions, which may also require conducting research. Therefore, both intelligence systems and decision support systems contribute to the motivation for conducting business research.

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13. Researchers who study retail shoppers by tracing their footsteps and recording the amount of time a shopper spends reading labels are conducting _____ studies.

Explanation

The correct answer is observation because researchers are tracing the footsteps of shoppers and recording the amount of time they spend reading labels. This suggests that the researchers are observing the shoppers' behavior in a retail setting rather than conducting surveys, interviews, focus groups, or empathic studies.

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14. Pilot tests typically use a sample size of _____ participants.

Explanation

Pilot tests typically use a sample size of less than 100 participants because they are conducted to assess the feasibility, reliability, and effectiveness of a study or experiment before implementing it on a larger scale. Using a smaller sample size allows researchers to identify any potential issues or flaws in the study design or methodology and make necessary adjustments before conducting the full-scale study. Additionally, a smaller sample size is more manageable in terms of time, resources, and cost.

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15. _____ are original works of research or raw data without interpretation that represent an official opinion or position.

Explanation

Primary sources are original works of research or raw data without interpretation that represent an official opinion or position. These sources provide firsthand evidence or direct information about a particular topic or event. They can include original documents, diaries, letters, interviews, photographs, or artifacts. Primary sources are essential for researchers as they offer unfiltered and unbiased information, allowing them to form their own interpretations and conclusions.

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16. Business research may be considered unnecessary when _____.

Explanation

Business research may be considered unnecessary when management has insufficient resources to conduct an appropriate study and when the risk associated with the decision at hand is low. In such cases, conducting extensive research may not be cost-effective or beneficial for the organization. If management lacks the necessary financial, human, or time resources to conduct a thorough study, it may be more practical to make a decision based on available information or intuition. Similarly, if the decision carries a low level of risk, the potential benefits of conducting extensive research may not outweigh the costs involved.

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17. McGraw-Hill is planning a study of educator preferences to determine the needs of college instructors. Because of the number of college instructors, McGraw-Hill will select a portion of the target population, known as a(n) _____, to participate in the study.

Explanation

McGraw-Hill is planning to conduct a study to determine the needs of college instructors. However, due to the large number of college instructors, it is not feasible to include all of them in the study. Instead, they will select a representative portion of the target population, known as a sample, to participate in the study. This sample will provide insights into the preferences and needs of college instructors as a whole, without having to survey every single instructor.

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18. Recordings of public proceedings, speeches by elected officials, and information on agency web sites are all examples of business intelligence available from _____ sources.

Explanation

The correct answer is "Government." This is because recordings of public proceedings, speeches by elected officials, and information on agency websites are all examples of business intelligence that can be obtained from government sources. These sources provide valuable information about government activities, policies, and decisions, which can be used by businesses to gain insights and make informed decisions.

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19. Micah is reviewing encyclopedia entries, textbooks, handbooks, and magazine and newspaper articles to gather information for her project. These are all examples of _____ sources of information.

Explanation

The given answer, "secondary," is correct because the sources mentioned (encyclopedia entries, textbooks, handbooks, and magazine and newspaper articles) are all considered secondary sources of information. Secondary sources are created by someone who did not directly experience or witness the events or phenomena being discussed. They provide analysis, interpretation, or commentary on primary sources, which are firsthand accounts or original research. In this case, Micah is using these secondary sources to gather information for her project.

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20. A(n) _____ study explains what happened to a measured variable after-the-fact.

Explanation

An ex post facto study is a type of study that explains what happened to a measured variable after it has already occurred. It looks at past events and analyzes the data to understand the relationship between variables. This type of study is useful for gaining insights and understanding patterns or trends in retrospect. It is different from exploratory, experimental, statistical, and causal studies, which focus on different aspects of research design and analysis.

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21. The main purpose of a(n) _____ is to share company information and computing resources among internal audiences.

Explanation

An intranet is a private network that is used by an organization to share information and resources among its internal audience. It is designed to be accessible only to employees or authorized users within the organization. Unlike the internet, which is a public network, an intranet provides a secure and controlled environment for sharing company information and computing resources. It allows employees to access internal websites, databases, documents, and other resources necessary for their work. Therefore, an intranet is the most suitable option for the given scenario.

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22. Which tier in the hierarchy of business decision makers sees research as the fundamental first step in any business venture?

Explanation

The top tier in the hierarchy of business decision makers sees research as the fundamental first step in any business venture. This is because top-level executives are responsible for making strategic decisions that have a significant impact on the overall direction and success of the company. Research provides them with valuable insights and data that they can use to make informed decisions and mitigate risks. By conducting thorough research, top-tier decision makers can assess market trends, customer preferences, and competitive landscapes, enabling them to develop effective business strategies and allocate resources efficiently.

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23. The goal of ethics in research is to _____

Explanation

The goal of ethics in research is to ensure that no one is harmed. This means that researchers must prioritize the well-being and safety of all individuals involved in the research process, including participants, researchers themselves, and any other stakeholders. Ethical guidelines and protocols are put in place to prevent any physical, psychological, or emotional harm that could result from the research. This includes obtaining informed consent, maintaining confidentiality, and conducting the research in a responsible and ethical manner.

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24. To be categorized as a customer, an individual must have a history of shopping at the establishment at least twice prior to the start of the study with expenditures of more than $10. This is an example of a(n) _____.

Explanation

The given statement defines the criteria for categorizing an individual as a customer based on their shopping history at the establishment. This criteria includes two specific requirements: shopping at least twice prior to the start of the study and expenditures of more than $10. This is an example of an operational definition because it provides clear and measurable criteria for identifying and categorizing customers in the study.

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25. Which of the following is not a possible source of business intelligence?

Explanation

All of the options listed in the question, including competitor web sites, government reports, business research reports, and clipping services, are possible sources of business intelligence. This means that none of these options can be considered as not a possible source of business intelligence.

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26. The problem or opportunity that requires a business decision is called the _____.

Explanation

A management dilemma refers to a situation or problem that requires a business decision. It represents a challenge or opportunity that needs to be addressed by management. This term implies that there is uncertainty or conflict surrounding the decision-making process, as managers may face various options and potential consequences. By identifying and understanding the management dilemma, organizations can develop strategies and make informed decisions to overcome the problem or seize the opportunity at hand.

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27. Information collected from participants, by observation, or from secondary sources is called _____.

Explanation

Data refers to the information that is collected from participants, observed, or obtained from secondary sources. It can include various forms of raw facts, figures, statistics, or qualitative information. Data is typically used for analysis, interpretation, and decision-making purposes. It forms the foundation for generating knowledge and extracting meaningful insights.

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28. During the _____ stage, the analyst will look for patterns of responses to the survey questions.

Explanation

During the data analysis stage, the analyst will examine the collected data to identify any patterns or trends in the responses to the survey questions. This involves organizing and summarizing the data, performing statistical calculations, and interpreting the findings. The purpose of data analysis is to gain insights and draw conclusions from the data that can inform decision-making or further research. It is an important step in the research process as it helps to make sense of the information collected and provides meaningful results.

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29. When evaluating an information source, the time period and geographic limitations are considered as part of the _____ factor.

Explanation

When evaluating an information source, the time period and geographic limitations are considered as part of the scope factor. Scope refers to the extent or range of information covered in the source. By assessing the time period and geographic limitations, one can determine the breadth and depth of the information provided. This helps in understanding the context and relevance of the information to the research or inquiry at hand.

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30. Northwest Airlines applied mathematical models to determine which customers in its database were currently responsible for most of its profitability and which customers were not currently profitable but had similar characteristics to the most profitable customers. Northwest Airlines utilized _____ to identify these customers.

Explanation

Northwest Airlines used data mining to identify customers who were currently responsible for the majority of its profitability and also to identify customers who were not currently profitable but shared similar characteristics with the most profitable customers. Data mining involves analyzing large sets of data to discover patterns, trends, and relationships that can be used to make informed business decisions. By utilizing data mining techniques, Northwest Airlines was able to gain valuable insights into its customer base and tailor its strategies accordingly.

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31. The approach to ethics that relies upon each individual's own sense of morality is known as _____.

Explanation

Ethical relativism is the approach to ethics that relies upon each individual's own sense of morality. It suggests that there are no universal moral truths and that moral judgments are subjective and vary from person to person or culture to culture. This means that what is considered morally right or wrong can differ based on personal beliefs, cultural norms, or societal values. Ethical relativism emphasizes the importance of understanding and respecting different perspectives and allows for moral diversity.

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32. In a restaurant complaint study, Dr. Jackson used deception to avoid biasing the participants. In this situation, what should Dr. Jackson do once the research is complete?

Explanation

After using deception in the restaurant complaint study to avoid biasing the participants, Dr. Jackson should debrief the participants once the research is complete. Debriefing involves providing the participants with a full explanation of the study, including any deception that was used, and addressing any concerns or questions they may have. This is important for ethical reasons, as it allows participants to fully understand the study and ensures their well-being. Apologizing and paying the participants may also be appropriate in certain cases, but debriefing is necessary regardless. Seeking psychological attention for the participants may be necessary if any negative effects were caused by the deception.

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33. Consider the following example: "Retail sales increases in the 2005 holiday season were below projections. Sales were disappointing because consumers were not confident about economic growth." This is an example of a(n) _____.

Explanation

The given example is an inductive argument because it presents specific observations (retail sales increases in the 2005 holiday season were below projections) and draws a general conclusion (sales were disappointing because consumers were not confident about economic growth). Inductive arguments rely on evidence or observations to support a probable conclusion, rather than providing a certain or logical deduction.

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34. A(n) _____ study involves manipulation of one or more variables to determine the effect on another variable.

Explanation

An experimental study involves manipulation of one or more variables to determine the effect on another variable. In this type of study, the researcher actively changes the independent variable(s) and measures the resulting changes in the dependent variable(s). This allows for the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships between variables, as the researcher has control over the manipulation of variables. Experimental studies are often conducted in controlled environments and involve the use of control groups to compare the effects of the manipulated variables.

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35. The primary difference between a monitoring study and a communication study is that in a communication study, the researcher _____.

Explanation

In a communication study, the researcher asks questions of participants. This means that the researcher actively engages with the participants and seeks their input and responses to gather information. Unlike in a monitoring study where the researcher may simply observe or document activities without eliciting direct responses, a communication study involves direct interaction and questioning to understand the communication process and its effects.

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36. A private network that uses internet protocols and the public telecommunication system to share an organization's information, data or operations the external suppliers, vendors, or customers is called a(n) ____.

Explanation

An extranet is a private network that uses internet protocols and the public telecommunication system to share an organization's information, data, or operations with external suppliers, vendors, or customers. It allows authorized individuals outside of the organization to access specific resources and collaborate with the organization. Unlike the internet, which is open to the public, an extranet is restricted to authorized users only. It provides a secure and controlled environment for sharing sensitive information with external parties while maintaining the organization's privacy and security.

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37. When participants are intentionally or accidentally deceived, they should be _____ once the research is complete.

Explanation

When participants are intentionally or accidentally deceived during research, it is important to debrief them once the research is complete. Debriefing involves providing participants with a detailed explanation of the study, including any deception that may have occurred, and addressing any questions or concerns they may have. This allows participants to fully understand the purpose and procedures of the study, and helps to ensure their well-being and trust in the research process. Therefore, debriefing is the appropriate action to take in such situations.

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38. _____ involves explaining any deception, describing the purpose of the study, sharing the results after the study, and providing any medical or psychological attention.

Explanation

Debriefing involves explaining any deception, describing the purpose of the study, sharing the results after the study, and providing any medical or psychological attention. This process is essential in research studies to ensure that participants are fully informed about the study and its outcomes. It allows participants to understand the reasons behind any deception used, provides closure after their involvement, and offers any necessary support or follow-up care. Debriefing helps maintain ethical standards and promotes transparency in research.

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39. Direct observation of phenomena, empirically testable hypotheses, and the ability to rule out rival hypotheses are all essential tenets of the _____.

Explanation

The scientific method is based on direct observation of phenomena, the formulation of empirically testable hypotheses, and the ability to rule out rival hypotheses. This method is used in scientific research to systematically investigate and understand the natural world. It involves making observations, forming a hypothesis, conducting experiments or gathering data, analyzing the results, and drawing conclusions. The scientific method is a systematic and logical approach that ensures that research findings are reliable, valid, and objective.

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40. Which type of study is loosely structured and designed to expand understanding of a topic and provide insights?

Explanation

An exploratory study is loosely structured and designed to expand understanding of a topic and provide insights. This type of study is often conducted when there is limited existing knowledge or when the topic is not well understood. It allows researchers to gather preliminary information, identify potential relationships or patterns, and generate hypotheses for further investigation. Exploratory studies are typically flexible in their approach and may involve methods such as interviews, focus groups, or observations to gather qualitative data.

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41. Which term below refers to a research program or technique that is owned by a single firm?

Explanation

The term "proprietary" refers to a research program or technique that is owned by a single firm. This means that the program or technique is exclusive to that particular firm and is not available for use or ownership by any other entity. It implies that the firm has developed and owns the rights to the program or technique, giving them a competitive advantage in the market.

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42. Specialty research suppliers who provide the screening and recruiting of probability samples for a wide range of survey studies are called _____.

Explanation

Sampling specialists are specialty research suppliers who provide the screening and recruiting of probability samples for a wide range of survey studies. They are experts in selecting representative samples from a population and ensuring that the sample accurately reflects the characteristics of the target population. Sampling specialists play a crucial role in the research process by helping researchers obtain reliable and valid data for their studies.

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43. Debriefing differs from informed consent in that _____.

Explanation

Debriefing occurs after the study while informed consent occurs before. This means that informed consent is obtained from participants before they take part in a study, ensuring that they understand the purpose, procedures, and potential risks involved. Debriefing, on the other hand, takes place after the study is completed and involves providing participants with additional information about the study's objectives, any deception that may have been used, and addressing any concerns or questions they may have. Debriefing is an important ethical practice to ensure that participants are fully informed and treated respectfully throughout the research process.

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44. All of the following are examples of primary sources of information except _____.

Explanation

Google searches are not considered primary sources of information because they are not original or firsthand sources. Primary sources are typically original documents or artifacts that provide direct evidence or firsthand accounts of an event or topic. Memos, letters, transcripts of speeches, and economic data are all examples of primary sources as they contain original information that can be analyzed and interpreted. However, Google searches are a means of accessing information from various sources, but they do not provide original or firsthand information themselves.

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45. The goal of a formal study is to _____.

Explanation

A formal study aims to test hypotheses. This involves conducting research and collecting data to determine whether the hypotheses are supported or refuted. By testing hypotheses, researchers can gather empirical evidence and draw conclusions about the relationships or effects they are investigating. This process helps to advance knowledge and contribute to the existing body of research on a particular topic.

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46. In the book, In Search of Excellence, the authors examined the characteristics of highly successful companies by studying the full context of each organization, using multiple sources of information, and identifying the relationship between managerial decisions and success. This is an example of a(n) _____.

Explanation

The given correct answer is "case study". A case study involves examining a particular phenomenon or situation in depth, often using multiple sources of information and analyzing the context and relationships between variables. In the book, "In Search of Excellence", the authors conducted a comprehensive analysis of highly successful companies, studying their characteristics, managerial decisions, and overall success. This aligns with the approach of a case study, making it the appropriate answer.

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47. Ex Post Facto evaluation means that the research is evaluated _____.

Explanation

Ex Post Facto evaluation refers to the evaluation of research after it has been conducted. This means that the evaluation takes place after the research concludes, allowing for an analysis of the facts and findings that have been gathered. Prior to execution refers to evaluation before the research begins, based on the facts implies ongoing evaluation throughout the research process, and each day throughout the project suggests daily evaluation, none of which accurately describe Ex Post Facto evaluation.

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48. Google search can be classified as which type of information source?

Explanation

Google search can be classified as a tertiary information source because it provides access to a wide range of information from various secondary sources. Tertiary sources compile and summarize information from primary and secondary sources, making them useful for gaining a general understanding of a topic. Google search does not generate original data (primary) or provide in-depth analysis (secondary), but rather acts as a platform to access and retrieve information from other sources. Therefore, it falls under the category of a tertiary information source.

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49. Timothy wants to identify and locate books and journal articles from a large set. What type of information source should he use?

Explanation

Timothy should use an index as an information source to identify and locate books and journal articles from a large set. An index is a comprehensive list or database that provides references or citations to specific information within a collection of materials. It allows users to search for keywords, topics, or authors and find the relevant sources that contain that information. In this case, Timothy can utilize an index to efficiently search and retrieve the desired books and journal articles from the large set.

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50. In Nicolas Perricone's first book, his affiliation with the Yale School of Dermatology was identified on the front cover of the book. This enhanced the perceived credibility of the information in the book using the _____ factor.

Explanation

The correct answer is authority. The author's affiliation with the Yale School of Dermatology adds credibility to the information in the book. This association suggests that the author has expertise and knowledge in the field, making the information more trustworthy and authoritative.

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51. A descriptive study is one that _____.

Explanation

A descriptive study is one that discovers answers to the questions who, what, when, where, or how much. This type of study aims to provide a detailed and comprehensive understanding of a particular phenomenon or population by collecting and analyzing data. It focuses on describing and summarizing the characteristics, behaviors, or attitudes of individuals or groups, rather than explaining causality or making inferences about a larger population. Descriptive studies often use surveys, observations, or existing data to gather information and present it in a clear and systematic manner.

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52. Studies that are conducted in the field _____.

Explanation

Studies that are conducted in the field occur under actual environmental conditions, meaning that they take place in real-world settings rather than in controlled laboratory environments. This allows researchers to observe and measure variables of interest in a natural and authentic context, providing a more accurate representation of how these variables behave in real life. By conducting studies in the field, researchers can better understand the complexities and nuances of the environment being studied, leading to more reliable and applicable findings.

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53. Snowball sampling is a nonprobability sampling technique in which _____.

Explanation

Snowball sampling is a nonprobability sampling technique in which participants are chosen and then refer others with similar or different characteristics. This means that the initial participants are selected based on certain criteria and then asked to refer other individuals who also meet those criteria. This method allows researchers to reach a wider range of participants who may not have been easily accessible through other sampling methods.

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54. To ensure the ethical treatment of participants, researchers should do all of the following except _____.

Explanation

Researchers should provide incentives to participants in order to encourage their participation in a study. Incentives can include monetary compensation, gift cards, or other rewards. Providing incentives helps to ensure that participants are willing to take part in the study and that they are not being coerced or unduly influenced. However, it is important for researchers to explain the benefits of the study, explain participants' rights, explain the steps taken to protect participants, and obtain informed consent. These measures are necessary to ensure the ethical treatment of participants and protect their rights and well-being.

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55. Bill often feels insecure about how others view him. To increase his feelings of self-esteem, Bill often buys expensive, luxury items. Self-esteem is an example of a(n) _____.

Explanation

Self-esteem is an abstract psychological concept that cannot be directly observed or measured. It is a subjective evaluation of one's own worth and value. Constructs are theoretical concepts that are used to explain and understand phenomena that cannot be directly observed. In this case, self-esteem is a construct because it is a theoretical concept used to explain Bill's feelings of insecurity and his behavior of buying expensive items to boost his self-esteem.

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56. To satisfactorily answer a research question, researchers must first answer _____ questions.

Explanation

To satisfactorily answer a research question, researchers must first answer investigative questions. These questions are designed to gather information, investigate different aspects of the research topic, and explore potential answers or solutions. By conducting investigations and gathering relevant data, researchers can then analyze and draw conclusions that address the main research question effectively. Investigative questions play a crucial role in the research process as they guide researchers in their exploration and help them uncover valuable insights and findings.

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57. When researchers consider the explicit or hidden agenda of an information source, the source's _____ is under evaluation.

Explanation

When researchers consider the explicit or hidden agenda of an information source, they are evaluating the source's purpose. The purpose refers to the reason or intention behind the creation of the information source. By understanding the purpose, researchers can assess the potential biases or motivations that may influence the information provided by the source. This evaluation allows researchers to critically analyze the reliability and credibility of the information presented.

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58. Which of the following is not an example of a monitoring study?

Explanation

A telephone interview is not an example of a monitoring study because it involves gathering information through direct communication with individuals, rather than observing or recording specific events or behaviors. Monitoring studies typically involve systematic observation or measurement of specific variables or activities, such as counting traffic at an intersection, recording license plates in a parking lot, mystery shopping in a competitor's store, or documenting interactions between customers and a call center. Telephone interviews, on the other hand, are a form of data collection method used in research or market research to gather information through verbal communication.

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59. Qualitative research seeks to _____ theory while quantitative research _____ it.

Explanation

Qualitative research seeks to build theory, meaning it aims to develop new theories or concepts based on the data collected. On the other hand, quantitative research tests theory, which means it uses data to evaluate or validate existing theories or hypotheses.

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60. All of the following are unethical activities except _____.

Explanation

Providing incentives for respondents is not considered an unethical activity. In fact, it is a common practice in research and surveys to offer incentives to encourage participation and ensure accurate data collection. Incentives can include rewards such as gift cards, cash, or discounts, and they are used to motivate individuals to take part in the study. This helps researchers gather a representative sample and enhances the validity of the findings.

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61. Institutional Review Boards concentrate on two key areas. One is the guarantee of obtaining complete, informed consent from participants. The other is _____.

Explanation

Institutional Review Boards concentrate on two key areas. One is the guarantee of obtaining complete, informed consent from participants. The other key area is risk/benefit analysis. This means that the boards assess the potential risks and benefits of the research being conducted to ensure that the benefits outweigh the potential harm or discomfort to the participants. This analysis helps to protect the welfare and rights of the participants involved in the research.

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62. _____ is a form of argument that purports to be conclusive – the conclusion must necessarily follow from the reasons given.

Explanation

Deduction is a form of argument that purports to be conclusive because the conclusion must necessarily follow from the reasons given. In deductive reasoning, the conclusion is derived from specific premises or statements that are assumed to be true. This type of argument is often used in mathematics and logic, where the conclusion is seen as a logical consequence of the premises. Deductive reasoning is characterized by its certainty and the ability to provide a definitive answer based on the given information.

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63. Concepts are more _____, while constructs are more _____.

Explanation

Concepts are more abstract, while constructs are more concrete. This means that concepts are ideas or mental representations that are not physical or tangible, while constructs are concrete and tangible representations of those concepts. In other words, concepts are more theoretical and general, while constructs are more specific and observable.

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64. A(n) _____ describes the interrelationships between concepts and constructs.

Explanation

A conceptual scheme refers to a framework or system that illustrates the connections and relationships between various concepts and constructs. It provides a structure for organizing and understanding these ideas, allowing for a clearer understanding of how they relate to each other. This term accurately describes the interrelationships between concepts and constructs, making it the correct answer.

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65. What is the first step in conducting a literature search?

Explanation

The first step in conducting a literature search is to define the management dilemma or question. This is important because it helps to narrow down the focus of the search and identify the specific information needed. By clearly defining the dilemma or question, researchers can ensure that they are searching for relevant and useful information. Once the management dilemma or question is defined, the researcher can proceed to the next steps of the literature search process.

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66. Which of the following is an example of a primary source of information?

Explanation

Census data is considered a primary source of information because it is collected firsthand from the population being studied. It provides direct and original data about a specific population, such as demographics, economic status, and social characteristics. Census data is typically gathered through surveys or interviews conducted by government agencies, ensuring its accuracy and reliability. This makes it a valuable and trustworthy source for researchers and policymakers to understand and analyze various aspects of a population.

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67. Contact information for professional organizations and companies in a field may be located in a(n) _____.

Explanation

A directory is a comprehensive listing that contains contact information for professional organizations and companies in a specific field. It serves as a useful resource for individuals who are looking to connect with or gather information about these entities. Unlike an index, which typically only provides a list of keywords or topics, or a bibliography, which focuses on reference materials, a directory specifically focuses on providing contact information. Therefore, a directory is the most appropriate option for finding contact information for professional organizations and companies in a field.

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68. A statistical study is one that _____.

Explanation

A statistical study attempts to capture a population's characteristics by making inferences from a sample's characteristics and testing resulting hypotheses. This means that the study collects data from a smaller group (the sample) and uses that data to draw conclusions about the larger group (the population). By testing hypotheses based on the sample data, researchers can make predictions or generalizations about the population as a whole.

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69. Which type of research attempts a precise measurement of some behavior, knowledge, opinion, or attitude?

Explanation

Quantitative research involves the use of numerical data to measure and analyze behavior, knowledge, opinions, or attitudes. It focuses on obtaining precise measurements and statistical analysis to draw conclusions. This type of research aims to provide objective and measurable data, often through surveys, experiments, or structured observations. It is different from qualitative research, which focuses on understanding and interpreting subjective experiences and meanings. Exploratory research aims to explore new topics or phenomena, while cross-sectional research examines a specific population at a particular point in time. Longitudinal research involves studying the same individuals or groups over an extended period.

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70. Jason is developing a research design for a study of wine drinkers. The target population is widely dispersed. Jason needs to collect data on past consumption behavior and intentions for future behavior. Which type of data collection method is most appropriate for Jason's project?

Explanation

Communication is the most appropriate data collection method for Jason's project because it allows him to directly interact with the wine drinkers and gather information about their past consumption behavior and intentions for future behavior. This method can involve surveys, interviews, or focus groups, which would enable Jason to ask specific questions and obtain detailed responses from the participants. Communication also allows for clarification of any ambiguous responses and provides an opportunity for Jason to build rapport with the participants, potentially leading to more accurate and reliable data.

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71. Deception is considered inappropriate unless _____.

Explanation

Deception is considered inappropriate unless there are valid justifications for its use. These justifications can include situations where the study's value outweighs the ethical concerns associated with deception, when there are no feasible alternatives to achieve the research objectives, when it is necessary to protect a third party involved in the study, or when the respondents' bias could significantly impact the results. Therefore, all of the above reasons can be valid justifications for the use of deception in certain research contexts.

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72. Which form of argument presents a conclusion based on reasons or proof?

Explanation

Deduction is the correct answer because it is a form of argument that presents a conclusion based on reasons or proof. In deduction, the conclusion is derived from general principles or premises, and it follows logically from those premises. This form of argument is often used in mathematics, logic, and philosophy to establish the validity of a conclusion based on a set of premises or evidence.

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73. Which of the following is a requirement for a deduction to be considered correct?

Explanation

Validity is a requirement for a deduction to be considered correct because it ensures that the logical structure of the deduction is sound and that the conclusion follows logically from the premises. A deduction is valid if the conclusion necessarily follows from the given premises, regardless of the truth or falsity of the premises themselves. In other words, a valid deduction guarantees that if the premises are true, then the conclusion must also be true. Therefore, for a deduction to be considered correct, it must meet the criterion of validity.

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74. Departmental budgeting means that research budgets are determined by _____.

Explanation

Departmental budgeting means that research budgets are determined by the contributions of various departments to fund department-specific projects. This approach allows each department to have a say in how much funding they allocate towards research initiatives that are specific to their own needs and goals. By involving multiple departments in the budgeting process, it ensures that resources are distributed in a way that aligns with the priorities and objectives of each department.

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75. Which of the following statements is false regarding the evaluation of alternatives?

Explanation

The given answer states that all of the above statements are true. This means that the selection of alternatives is indeed determined by the decision variable chosen and the decision rule used. Additionally, each alternative must be explicitly stated, and a decision variable is defined by an outcome that may be measured. Lastly, a decision rule is determined by which outcomes may be compared. Therefore, all of these statements are accurate and none of them are false.

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76. The primary concern with using qualitative techniques is that qualitative data are too _____.

Explanation

The primary concern with using qualitative techniques is that qualitative data are subjective. This means that the data collected through qualitative methods may be influenced by personal biases, opinions, and interpretations of the researcher or participants. Unlike objective data, which is based on measurable and observable facts, subjective data can vary from person to person and can be more difficult to analyze and interpret accurately. Therefore, the subjective nature of qualitative data is a potential drawback and limitation of using qualitative techniques.

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77. Which law was the first to guarantee Americans the right to privacy?

Explanation

The correct answer is the privacy act. The privacy act was the first law to guarantee Americans the right to privacy. This act was enacted in 1974 and it establishes certain privacy rights for individuals, such as the right to access and correct personal information held by the government. It also regulates the collection, use, and disclosure of personal information by federal agencies. The Bill of Rights, privacy protection act, and civil rights act do not specifically guarantee the right to privacy.

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78. _____ is a form of reasoning that draws a conclusion from one or more particular facts or pieces of evidence.

Explanation

Induction is a form of reasoning that involves drawing a conclusion based on specific facts or evidence. It involves taking a limited number of observations or examples and generalizing them to make a broader conclusion. In this process, the conclusion may not be certain or absolute, but rather a probable or likely outcome based on the available evidence. Deduction, on the other hand, involves deriving specific conclusions from general principles or premises. Empiricism refers to the belief that knowledge is gained through sensory experience. Logic is the study of reasoning and argumentation. Association refers to the connection or relationship between two or more things.

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79. A _____ is an image or abstract idea specifically invented for a given research and/or theory-building purpose.

Explanation

A construct is an image or abstract idea specifically invented for a given research and/or theory-building purpose. Constructs are used in research to represent complex ideas or concepts that cannot be directly observed or measured. They are created to help researchers understand and study phenomena that are not easily tangible or measurable. Constructs are often defined and operationalized through the use of variables, which are observable and measurable indicators or manifestations of the construct. Constructs play a crucial role in the development and testing of theories and hypotheses in research.

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80. All of the following are factors useful in evaluating a source except _____.

Explanation

Cost is not a factor that is typically used to evaluate a source. When evaluating a source, factors such as purpose, scope, authority, and audience are considered to determine its reliability, credibility, and relevance. Cost is not relevant in determining the quality or usefulness of a source. Therefore, it is not a factor that is typically used in evaluating a source.

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81. A case study is one that _____.

Explanation

A case study is a research method that focuses on a detailed and in-depth analysis of a few events or conditions and their interrelations within a specific context. It aims to understand the complexities and nuances of the subject matter by examining it within its full context. This approach allows researchers to gain comprehensive insights and develop a rich understanding of the case being studied.

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82. _____ interviews have certain specific questions that are asked of all participants but also allow the interviewer freedom to probe the respondent based on his or her specific answers.

Explanation

Semistructured interviews have certain specific questions that are asked of all participants, similar to structured interviews. However, they also allow the interviewer the freedom to probe the respondent based on their specific answers. This means that while there is a general structure to the interview, the interviewer can ask additional questions or seek clarification based on the respondent's responses. This flexibility allows for a deeper understanding of the participant's thoughts and experiences, making semistructured interviews a valuable research tool.

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83. All of the following are characteristics of complete informed consent except _____.

Explanation

Complete informed consent requires that participants are competent to give consent, that consent is voluntary, that participants are adequately informed to make a decision, and that participants know the possible risks associated with the research. However, participants do not necessarily need to be able to consult legal counsel if they wish. Legal counsel is not a requirement for informed consent, but participants should still have the opportunity to ask questions and seek clarification about the research.

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84. How does debriefing interact with the effects of deception?

Explanation

Debriefing is associated with more positive feelings about the value of research because it allows participants to understand the purpose and significance of the study. By providing a thorough explanation of the research objectives and procedures, participants are more likely to appreciate the importance of their involvement and feel that their contribution was meaningful. This can help foster a sense of satisfaction and positive attitudes towards the research process.

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85. Which form of budgeting allocates a portion of total expenditures in the unit to research activities?

Explanation

Departmental budgeting allocates a portion of total expenditures in the unit to research activities. This form of budgeting involves dividing the organization into different departments or units and assigning budgets to each department based on their specific needs and objectives. By allocating a portion of the budget to research activities, the organization can ensure that sufficient resources are dedicated to conducting research and development, which is crucial for innovation and staying competitive in the market.

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86. Which type of sample provides a group of participants who are most representative of the target population?

Explanation

Probability sampling is a type of sample that provides a group of participants who are most representative of the target population. This sampling method ensures that every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected, which increases the likelihood of obtaining a sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population. By using probability sampling, researchers can minimize bias and increase the generalizability of their findings to the larger population.

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87. Which of the following is not a type of secondary sources used during the exploratory phase of the research process?

Explanation

During the exploratory phase of the research process, secondary sources are used to gather existing information and gain insights into the topic. Research studies, case studies, books, and information from an organization's database are all types of secondary sources commonly used. However, group discussions are not considered a type of secondary source. Group discussions involve primary data collection through interactions with individuals or groups, rather than relying on pre-existing information or sources.

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88. Which source of information listed below lists members of congress and congressional committees as well as key personnel throughout the U.S. government?

Explanation

The Congressional Directory is the correct answer because it is a source of information that lists members of congress and congressional committees, as well as key personnel throughout the U.S. government. It provides comprehensive and up-to-date information about the government's structure and the individuals involved in it.

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89. Boolean operators enable a search to _____.

Explanation

Boolean operators are used in search queries to combine terms or sets of terms. By using operators such as AND, OR, and NOT, users can narrow down or broaden their search results by including or excluding specific terms. This allows for more precise and efficient searches, as it helps to retrieve information that is relevant to the user's query.

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90. An experimental study is one that _____.

Explanation

An experimental study involves manipulating one or more variables to determine the effect on another variable. This means that the researcher intentionally changes certain factors or conditions in order to observe the impact on a specific outcome or dependent variable. By manipulating variables and observing the resulting effects, researchers can establish causal relationships and determine cause-and-effect relationships between variables. This is a key characteristic of experimental studies and distinguishes them from other types of research designs.

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91. The recording of physical actions or movements of participants is called _____ observation.

Explanation

The recording of physical actions or movements of participants is referred to as nonverbal observation. This type of observation focuses on capturing and analyzing nonverbal cues such as body language, facial expressions, and gestures, rather than verbal or behavioral aspects. Nonverbal observation helps researchers gain insights into nonverbal communication and behavior patterns.

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92. IRBs exist in order to _____

Explanation

IRBs, or Institutional Review Boards, are responsible for ensuring ethical standards are upheld in research studies. One of the key aspects of ethical research is obtaining complete, informed consent from participants. This means that participants must fully understand the purpose, risks, and benefits of the study before agreeing to participate. By guaranteeing complete, informed consent, IRBs protect the rights and well-being of participants, ensuring they are not coerced or misled into participating in research. This helps maintain the integrity and ethical standards of the research process.

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93. Which of the following activities can be used to describe the scientific method?

Explanation

The scientific method involves a systematic approach to solving problems and gaining knowledge through observation, experimentation, and analysis. Puzzles can be used to describe the scientific method because they require logical thinking, problem-solving skills, and experimentation. By analyzing patterns, testing different strategies, and making observations, individuals can apply the scientific method to solve puzzles and gain insights.

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94. Abstract concepts such as personality, need for variety, and materialism are often called _____.

Explanation

Abstract concepts such as personality, need for variety, and materialism are often called constructs. Constructs are theoretical concepts that are not directly observable but are used to explain and understand certain phenomena. They are created to represent these abstract concepts and are used in research and psychological theories to study and measure them. Constructs provide a framework for understanding and organizing these abstract concepts, allowing researchers to study and analyze them systematically.

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95. The process of stating the basic dilemma and then developing other questions by progressively breaking down the original question into more specific ones is called the _____.

Explanation

The correct answer is "Management-research-question hierarchy". The process described in the question involves breaking down a basic dilemma into more specific questions, which is a key step in developing a hierarchy of research questions in the field of management. This hierarchy helps in organizing and structuring the research process, allowing researchers to address the main dilemma effectively by addressing specific aspects of it through different research questions.

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96. If a _____ sampling design is chosen, the process for choosing the sample must give every person within the target population a known nonzero chance of selection.

Explanation

If a probability sampling design is chosen, the process for choosing the sample must give every person within the target population a known nonzero chance of selection. This means that each individual in the population has an equal opportunity to be selected for the sample, and the selection process is based on random chance rather than personal judgement or specific criteria. This ensures that the sample is representative of the entire population and reduces the potential for bias in the results.

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97. Ensuring consistency among respondents, locating omissions, and reducing errors in recording are all benefits of _____.

Explanation

Data editing involves reviewing and correcting collected data to ensure consistency among respondents, locate any omissions, and reduce errors in recording. This process helps to improve the quality and accuracy of the data before it is used for analysis. By identifying and resolving any inconsistencies or errors, data editing helps to ensure that the final dataset is reliable and can be confidently used for further analysis and decision-making.

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98. Which information source may be interpretations of a secondary source but is generally represented by indexes, bibliographies, and Internet search engines?

Explanation

Tertiary information sources are typically indexes, bibliographies, and Internet search engines that provide interpretations of secondary sources. These sources help users locate and access relevant information by organizing and categorizing the content found in secondary sources. Unlike primary and secondary sources, tertiary sources do not present original research or firsthand accounts of events but rather provide summaries and compilations of existing information.

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99. Which of the following is not included in a good handbook?

Explanation

A good handbook typically includes various useful resources and information to assist the reader. Statistics, directory information, a glossary of terms, and references are all commonly found in a good handbook as they provide valuable support and enhance the reader's understanding. However, lists of consultants in the field are not typically included in a handbook as they are more specific and may not be relevant to all readers.

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100. Which of the following is a type of behavioral observation?

Explanation

Activity observation is a type of behavioral observation where an individual's actions and behaviors are observed and recorded. This type of observation focuses on what the person is doing and how they are engaging in different activities. It involves observing and documenting specific behaviors, movements, and actions exhibited by individuals in different contexts. This type of observation can provide valuable insights into an individual's behavior patterns, preferences, and abilities.

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101. What type of research firm dominates the small research firms operated by a single person or a small staff?

Explanation

Specialty research firms typically dominate the small research firms operated by a single person or a small staff. These firms specialize in a specific area or industry, allowing them to provide specialized and niche research services to clients. Unlike full-service research firms that offer a wide range of research services, specialty firms focus on a specific expertise, making them well-suited for smaller operations with limited resources. They can provide in-depth knowledge and insights in their specialized field, making them an attractive choice for clients seeking targeted research solutions.

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102. Specialty firms can establish expertise in all of the following areas except _____.

Explanation

Specialty firms can establish expertise in methodology, process, industry, and geographic region because these areas are directly related to their core business operations. However, they may not be able to establish expertise in incentives as it is not a typical area of focus for specialty firms. Incentives are often determined by external factors such as government policies or market conditions, which may not align with the firm's specialization. Therefore, establishing expertise in incentives may not be a priority for specialty firms.

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103. Which approach to ethics advocates that ethical behavior should be directed by "duties" regardless of the positive circumstances that might result from behavior that is in contradiction to the duty?

Explanation

Deontology is an approach to ethics that advocates for ethical behavior to be guided by "duties" rather than the consequences or circumstances that may arise from that behavior. This means that individuals should act morally and fulfill their obligations regardless of any potential positive outcomes that may result from acting in contradiction to their duty. Deontologists believe that certain actions are inherently right or wrong, regardless of the consequences they may bring.

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104. Inducements offered to participants as encouragement to participate in research that are disproportionate to the task are considered _____.

Explanation

Inducements that are disproportionate to the task can be considered coercive. Coercion involves the use of force or pressure to make someone do something against their will. In this context, offering excessive inducements can be seen as a form of coercion because it may unduly influence participants to participate in research, even if they may not want to or if it poses risks to them. Therefore, the correct answer is "coercive."

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105. Anne is introducing a group of research participants to the study at hand. To ensure adequate oral consent, she should include all of the following components in her introduction except _____.

Explanation

Anne should include all of the following components in her introduction except an estimate of when the research study will be published. This is because providing an estimate of when the research study will be published is not necessary for obtaining oral consent from research participants. The other components, such as the research organization, promise of anonymity and confidentiality, sponsoring organization, and purpose of the research, are important for participants to understand before giving their consent.

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106. The guarantee of informed consent can be traced to the first ten points in the _____.

Explanation

The Nuremberg Code is a set of ethical principles that emerged from the Nuremberg Trials after World War II. It specifically addresses the issue of informed consent in medical research involving human subjects. The code emphasizes the importance of voluntary consent, the need for adequate information, and the requirement for subjects to have the ability to withdraw from the study at any time. Therefore, the guarantee of informed consent can be traced back to the Nuremberg Code.

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107. A(n) _____ defines a variable in terms of specific measurement and testing criteria.

Explanation

An operational definition is a statement that defines a variable in terms of specific measurement and testing criteria. It provides clear and specific guidelines on how to measure or observe the variable in a scientific study. This allows researchers to ensure consistency and accuracy in their measurements and observations, which is crucial for the validity and reliability of their findings. By providing a clear definition, an operational definition helps to eliminate ambiguity and subjectivity in the research process.

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108. Which term below refers to a criterion for judging the attractiveness of two or more alternatives when using a decision variable?

Explanation

A decision rule is a term that refers to a criterion for judging the attractiveness of two or more alternatives when using a decision variable. It is a guideline or principle that helps in making decisions by providing a systematic approach to evaluate and compare different options. A decision rule helps in determining the best course of action based on specific criteria or factors that are important for decision-making. It helps in reducing subjectivity and bias in decision-making processes and ensures that decisions are made based on objective and logical considerations.

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109. Dell plans to survey every customer who has purchased a Dell computer in the last 5 years. Dell plans to use a _____.

Explanation

Dell plans to survey every customer who has purchased a Dell computer in the last 5 years. This indicates that Dell intends to collect data from the entire population of customers who meet the specified criteria. A census involves gathering information from every individual or unit in a population, rather than selecting a sample. Therefore, the answer is census.

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110. The _____ describes the function of every government agency and is useful for identifying key personnel and agency contacts, including those at the local and regional levels.

Explanation

The U.S. Government Manual is a comprehensive guide that describes the function of every government agency. It is a useful resource for identifying key personnel and agency contacts at the local and regional levels.

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111. A causal study is one that _____.

Explanation

A causal study is one that attempts to reveal why or how one variable produces changes in another. This type of study aims to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between variables by examining the relationship between them and determining the mechanisms or processes through which one variable influences the other. It seeks to understand the underlying reasons or mechanisms behind observed changes in variables, providing insights into the causal factors at play.

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112. When political researchers assess opinions towards President Bush's plan for social security reform, a(n) ______ study is used. However, when political researchers want to assess the change in opinion towards the war in Iraq from the initial deployment of troops to the elections in Iraq, a(n) _____ study should be used.

Explanation

A cross-sectional study is used when political researchers assess opinions towards President Bush's plan for social security reform because it allows them to gather data from a specific point in time and analyze the opinions of a representative sample of the population. On the other hand, a longitudinal study should be used when political researchers want to assess the change in opinion towards the war in Iraq from the initial deployment of troops to the elections in Iraq. A longitudinal study allows researchers to track changes in opinions over an extended period of time, providing a more comprehensive understanding of how opinions evolve.

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113. Which type of research includes an array of interpretative techniques which seek to describe, decode, translate, and otherwise come to terms with the meaning of certain phenomena?

Explanation

Qualitative research includes an array of interpretative techniques which seek to describe, decode, translate, and otherwise come to terms with the meaning of certain phenomena. Unlike quantitative research that focuses on numerical data and statistical analysis, qualitative research aims to understand the subjective experiences, perspectives, and meanings of individuals or groups. It involves methods such as interviews, observations, and analysis of textual or visual data to gain in-depth insights and generate rich descriptions of the research topic.

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114. Which of the following is true of structured interviews?

Explanation

Structured interviews allow for direct comparability of responses because they involve asking the same set of predetermined questions to all interviewees. This standardized approach ensures that each participant is evaluated based on the same criteria, making it easier to compare their responses and make objective judgments. This method is commonly used in research and employment settings where consistency and fairness are important.

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115. Jackson is conducting interviews to identify patterns in consumer decision making for high-involvement products. Which type of interview should he use if he needs a high degree of comparability among responses, no question variability, and to maintain his own neutrality during the interviews?

Explanation

A structured interview would be the most appropriate choice for Jackson in this scenario. Structured interviews have a predetermined set of questions that are asked in the same order to each participant. This ensures a high degree of comparability among responses as all participants are being asked the same questions. Additionally, structured interviews have no question variability, meaning that the wording and order of the questions remain consistent. This helps to maintain consistency and comparability in the data collected. Finally, structured interviews also allow the interviewer to maintain their own neutrality during the interviews by following a standardized script and not introducing any bias into the questioning process.

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116. Which of the following situations does not require signed consent forms from participants?

Explanation

A study of travel preferences among frequent fliers does not require signed consent forms from participants because it does not involve any sensitive or personal information. It is a study that focuses on gathering information about travel preferences, which is not considered a sensitive topic. Therefore, obtaining signed consent forms may not be necessary for this particular study.

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117. Automobile is a(n) _____ concept, while service quality is a(n) _____ concept.

Explanation

The given question is asking for the correct pair of concepts to complete the sentence. The first blank should be filled with a concept that is related to automobiles, and the second blank should be filled with a concept related to service quality. The correct pair is "Objective, abstract." Automobiles are tangible objects that can be measured and evaluated objectively, while service quality is a subjective concept that is based on personal perceptions and experiences. Therefore, "Objective, abstract" is the correct answer.

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118. Participants in a research study are asked _____ questions.

Explanation

In a research study, participants are typically asked measurement questions. Measurement questions are designed to gather specific data or information from participants, such as their opinions, attitudes, behaviors, or demographic characteristics. These questions help researchers quantify and analyze the data collected, allowing them to draw meaningful conclusions and make valid interpretations based on the participants' responses.

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119. Which form of budgeting involves taking a fixed percentage of some criterion such as sales as the basis for the research budget?

Explanation

Percentage-of-sales budgeting involves determining the research budget by taking a fixed percentage of a particular criterion, such as sales. This method ensures that the research budget is directly proportional to the sales performance of the company. By using a percentage of sales as the basis for the budget, companies can allocate funds for research activities in a way that aligns with their financial performance and goals. This approach allows for flexibility in budgeting, as the research budget can increase or decrease depending on the sales volume.

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120. Which database listed below provides the texts of laws as they are passed?

Explanation

Public Laws provide the texts of laws as they are passed. This database includes the actual legislation that has been enacted by Congress and signed into law by the President. It allows users to access and read the full text of public laws, including any amendments or revisions. The other options listed, such as U.S. Code, Federal Register, Congressional Bills, and Congressional Directory, may provide related information but do not specifically provide the texts of laws as they are passed.

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121. InZone Research will survey fans attending one of the Final Four games to assess preferences for pricing and products offered at concession stands. What type of study is this an example of?

Explanation

This study is an example of a cross-sectional study. Cross-sectional studies gather data from a specific population at a particular point in time to analyze and understand the characteristics or preferences of that population. In this case, InZone Research is surveying fans attending one of the Final Four games to assess their preferences for pricing and products at concession stands. The study does not follow the same individuals over time or analyze changes over time, making it a cross-sectional study.

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122. When studies are conducted under controlled conditions that do not simulate actual environmental conditions, the study is conducted _____.

Explanation

When studies are conducted under controlled conditions that do not simulate actual environmental conditions, the study is conducted under laboratory conditions. This means that the research is carried out in a controlled environment, such as a laboratory, where variables can be manipulated and closely monitored. By conducting the study under laboratory conditions, researchers can isolate and control specific factors to study their effects, which may not be possible in real-world or field conditions.

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123. Which of the following research purposes are associated with qualitative research?

Explanation

Qualitative research is focused on understanding and interpreting social phenomena, often through in-depth interviews, observations, and analysis of texts. Theory building is one of the main purposes of qualitative research, as it aims to develop new theories or refine existing ones based on the data collected. This type of research seeks to explore and generate insights, rather than making predictions or forecasts, which are more commonly associated with quantitative research methods. Therefore, theory building aligns with the goals and objectives of qualitative research.

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124. Which type of nonprobability sampling technique involves choosing participants arbitrarily for their unique characteristics, experiences, attitudes, or perceptions?

Explanation

Purposive sampling involves selecting participants based on specific criteria or characteristics that are relevant to the research question. This technique allows researchers to intentionally choose individuals who possess unique characteristics, experiences, attitudes, or perceptions that are important to the study. Unlike random sampling, where participants are selected randomly from the population, purposive sampling is a nonprobability sampling technique that focuses on selecting participants purposefully to meet the research objectives.

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125. Which type of nonprobability sampling technique involves choosing participants who then refer others with similar or different characteristics?

Explanation

Snowball sampling is a nonprobability sampling technique where participants are chosen based on referrals from existing participants. This technique is useful when the target population is difficult to reach or locate. By selecting participants who can refer others with similar or different characteristics, snowball sampling allows for the inclusion of diverse perspectives and individuals who may not be easily accessible through other sampling methods.

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126. Jack is participating in a research study. The interviewer asks Jack to say the first word that comes to mind when he hears a product's benefits. What type of projective technique is this an example of?

Explanation

This question is asking about a projective technique used in a research study where the interviewer asks the participant to say the first word that comes to mind when hearing a product's benefits. This technique is known as word association.

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127. Visionary decision makers tend to base business decisions on _____.

Explanation

Visionary decision makers tend to base business decisions on proprietary business research because this type of research provides unique and specific insights that are tailored to the company's needs. It allows decision makers to gather exclusive data and information about the market, competitors, and customer preferences, which can help them make informed and strategic decisions. Relying on proprietary business research ensures that decision makers have access to the most accurate and up-to-date information, increasing the chances of making successful and forward-thinking business decisions.

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128. Which of the following is an appropriate use of deception in research?

Explanation

The appropriate use of deception in research is to prevent biasing the respondents. This means that researchers may use deception in order to gather unbiased and genuine responses from participants. By not revealing the true purpose of the study or the specific hypotheses being tested, researchers can ensure that participants provide their honest opinions and behaviors, without being influenced by their knowledge of the research objectives. This approach helps to maintain the validity and reliability of the research findings.

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129. Which term below refers to a bundle of meanings or characteristics associated with certain concrete, unambiguous events, objects, conditions, or situations?

Explanation

A concept refers to a bundle of meanings or characteristics associated with certain concrete, unambiguous events, objects, conditions, or situations. It represents an abstract idea or general understanding of something, allowing us to categorize and understand the world around us. Concepts are used to organize and classify information, making it easier to communicate and comprehend complex ideas.

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130. Which of the following terms fails to capture the meaning of a research design?

Explanation

The term "dictionary" does not capture the meaning of a research design. A research design refers to the overall strategy or plan that outlines how a researcher intends to conduct a study. It includes decisions about the research questions, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques. While terms like "map," "blueprint," "manual," and "guidebook" all imply a plan or guide, "dictionary" does not convey the idea of a systematic approach to conducting research. A dictionary typically provides definitions and explanations of words, which is not directly related to the concept of research design.

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131. Which of the following is a type of monitoring study?

Explanation

Counting Mall cars in a parking lot is a type of monitoring study because it involves observing and recording the number of cars present in a specific location. This type of study is commonly used to monitor and track traffic patterns, parking lot usage, and overall activity levels in a particular area. By counting the number of cars in a mall parking lot, researchers can gather data on consumer behavior, assess the popularity of the mall, and make informed decisions regarding resource allocation and future planning.

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132. Convenience sampling is a nonprobability sampling technique in which _____.

Explanation

Convenience sampling is a nonprobability sampling technique in which researchers select any readily available individuals as participants. This means that the researchers do not use a specific sampling frame or systematically select participants. Instead, they choose individuals who are easily accessible or convenient for the study. This method is often used when it is difficult or impractical to obtain a representative sample, but it may introduce bias as the sample may not accurately reflect the population of interest.

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133. Qualitative methods that encourage participants to reveal hidden or suppressed attitudes, ideas, emotions, and motives are called _____ techniques.

Explanation

Projective techniques are qualitative methods that are designed to encourage participants to reveal hidden or suppressed attitudes, ideas, emotions, and motives. These techniques often involve presenting participants with ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots or incomplete sentences, and asking them to interpret or complete them. This allows participants to project their own thoughts and feelings onto the stimuli, providing insights into their subconscious or less conscious thoughts and motivations.

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134. Scott's Lawn Care has hired Henry Associates to find out whether home improvement warehouse stores communicate the benefits of various brands of lawn care products differently than smaller stores. Henry Associates needs to know what is communicated to consumers in the actual settings of the stores and wants to ensure that the message isn't filtered. Only behavioral data is required. Which type of data collection method is most appropriate in this situation?

Explanation

Observation is the most appropriate data collection method in this situation because it allows Henry Associates to directly observe and record the communication of benefits of various brands of lawn care products in the actual settings of the stores. This method ensures that the message isn't filtered and provides behavioral data, which is the specific type of data required for this research.

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135. The most prevalent category of observation study is _____ observation.

Explanation

The most prevalent category of observation study is nonverbal observation. This type of observation focuses on behaviors, actions, and expressions that do not involve verbal communication. It involves observing body language, facial expressions, gestures, and other nonverbal cues to understand and interpret human behavior. Nonverbal observation is widely used in various fields such as psychology, sociology, and anthropology to gather data and gain insights into human interactions and communication.

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136. Intuitive decision makers tend to base business decisions on _____.

Explanation

Intuitive decision makers tend to base business decisions on secondary data. Secondary data refers to information that has already been collected and analyzed by someone else, such as market reports, industry studies, or government statistics. Intuitive decision makers rely on this existing data to make decisions quickly and trust their instincts rather than conducting their own research or relying on primary data, which involves collecting new data specifically for the decision at hand. Proprietary research, primary data, and business research may also be considered, but the emphasis here is on the use of secondary data by intuitive decision makers.

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137. Some organizations make decisions based on past experience, instincts, or qualitative data collection. These organizations are operating at the _____ tier of the hierarchy of business decision makers.

Explanation

The correct answer is "top." This is because organizations that make decisions based on past experience, instincts, or qualitative data collection are typically led by senior executives or top-level management who have the authority and responsibility to make strategic decisions for the entire organization. These decision-makers are at the highest level of the hierarchy and have the most influence over the direction and success of the organization.

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138. A _____ study combines one or a few questions from several business decision makers who need information from the same population.

Explanation

An omnibus study combines one or a few questions from several business decision makers who need information from the same population. This type of study allows multiple parties to gather data efficiently and cost-effectively by sharing the same survey. It is a convenient way to collect information from a diverse group of individuals without conducting separate surveys for each party involved.

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139. _____ is said to denote observations and propositions based on sensory experience and/or derived from such experience by methods of inductive logic.

Explanation

Empiricism is the correct answer because it refers to the philosophical belief that knowledge is derived from sensory experience and observation. It emphasizes the importance of using inductive logic to form propositions and draw conclusions based on these observations. Empiricists argue that knowledge cannot be obtained solely through deductive reasoning or intuition, but rather through direct experience and evidence. This aligns with the description provided in the question, making empiricism the most appropriate choice.

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140. The statement, "Sales in Pacific Timber Products have increased in the past six months," is an example of a(n) _____.

Explanation

The statement, "Sales in Pacific Timber Products have increased in the past six months," is an example of an exposition. An exposition is a statement that presents information or explains a particular topic. In this case, the statement is providing information about the increase in sales for Pacific Timber Products over the past six months. It is not an argument or a research question, but rather a straightforward presentation of facts.

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141. Which term below refers to a construct that is presumed to exist, but can only be inferred from data?

Explanation

A hypothetical construct is a term that refers to a construct that is presumed to exist, but can only be inferred from data. It is a theoretical concept that cannot be directly observed or measured, but is used to explain and understand certain phenomena. In research, hypothetical constructs are often used to explain complex psychological or social processes that cannot be directly observed or measured. They are important in developing theories and hypotheses, and guide the selection and measurement of variables in research studies.

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142. Reducing data to a manageable size, developing summaries, and applying statistical techniques are all aspects of _____.

Explanation

Data analysis involves reducing data to a manageable size, developing summaries, and applying statistical techniques. This process helps to make sense of the data by identifying patterns, trends, and relationships. It allows researchers to draw meaningful conclusions and make informed decisions based on the data collected. Data analysis is a crucial step in the research process as it helps to uncover insights and provide valuable information for decision-making.

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143. All of the following questions address the authority of a source except _____.

Explanation

The question asks for a statement that does not address the authority of a source. The other four options all pertain to the credibility and reliability of the source, such as the credentials of the author or institution, means of contacting for further information, reputation of the sponsoring organization, and the source of the facts provided. In contrast, the age of the information does not directly relate to the authority or credibility of the source, as the information could still be accurate and reliable regardless of its age.

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144. All of the following are popular bibliographic databases used by business researchers except _____.

Explanation

InfoTrac is not a popular bibliographic database used by business researchers. The other options listed, ABI/Inform, Business Source, Dow Jones Interactive, and Lexis-Nexis, are all well-known and widely used databases in the field of business research.

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145. All of the following are possible goals of an exploratory study except _____.

Explanation

Exploratory studies are primarily conducted to gather information and gain insights about a topic. They aim to expand understanding, provide insight, and develop hypotheses for further investigation. However, testing hypotheses is not a goal of exploratory studies. Instead, hypothesis testing is typically carried out in confirmatory studies, where specific hypotheses are formulated and tested using rigorous research methods.

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146. HarrisInteractive surveys members of its KidZone, a group of consumers ages 12-17. These participants report consumption data on a variety of products and response to various promotional methods. The KidZone members are part of a(n) _____.

Explanation

The correct answer is "Longitudinal panel." A longitudinal panel refers to a group of individuals who are surveyed or studied over a period of time to track changes and trends. In this case, HarrisInteractive surveys members of its KidZone, a group of consumers ages 12-17, to gather consumption data and responses to promotional methods. By surveying the same group of individuals over time, HarrisInteractive can observe how their behaviors and preferences change, making it a longitudinal panel study.

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147. Which type of sampling technique involves selecting research participants with no attempt at generating a statistically representative sample?

Explanation

Nonprobability sampling involves selecting research participants without attempting to generate a statistically representative sample. This means that the sample is not randomly selected and does not have equal chances of being included in the study. Nonprobability sampling techniques are often used when it is difficult or impractical to obtain a random sample, such as in qualitative research or when studying a specific population. Instead of focusing on representativeness, nonprobability sampling aims to gather a sample that is convenient, accessible, or relevant to the research question.

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148. Jane is conducting interviews in order to develop a customer profile for her client. She customizes each interview to each participant and does not ask specific questions. What type of interview format is Jane using?

Explanation

Jane is using an unstructured interview format. In an unstructured interview, the interviewer does not ask specific questions and instead allows the conversation to flow naturally. This approach allows for more open-ended responses and gives the participant the freedom to share their thoughts and experiences in their own words. Unlike structured or semistructured interviews, there is no predetermined set of questions or format to follow.

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149. Which of the following is a condition in which observation is an appropriate method for data collection?

Explanation

Observation as a data collection method is appropriate when a natural setting is imperative. This means that when the research requires studying and understanding behaviors, interactions, or phenomena in their natural environment, observation is the most suitable method. In such cases, gathering data through direct observation allows researchers to capture the context, nuances, and dynamics of the situation being studied. It provides an opportunity to observe and record real-time behaviors and events as they naturally occur, without relying on self-reporting or artificial settings.

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150. When a business research firm provides both quantitative and qualitative methodology expertise and conducts all phases of research from planning to execution and reporting, the firm is considered a(n) _____ firm.

Explanation

A full-service research firm is one that offers a comprehensive range of services, including both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. They are involved in all stages of the research process, from planning to execution and reporting. This means that they have the expertise and capabilities to handle all aspects of a research project, making them a reliable and comprehensive resource for businesses in need of research services.

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151. When a person follows his belief that one should not lie, and then tells the truth even when it hurts another person, he has illustrated the _____ approach to ethics.

Explanation

Deontology is an ethical approach that focuses on following moral rules and duties. In this scenario, the person adheres to the belief of not lying, regardless of the consequences or harm it may cause to another person. This aligns with the principles of deontology, as the person prioritizes their moral duty to tell the truth over the potential negative impact on others.

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152. Organizations receiving federal support are required to have a(n) _____ review all research proposals.

Explanation

Organizations receiving federal support are required to have an institutional review board review all research proposals. An institutional review board (IRB) is a committee that ensures the protection of human subjects in research studies. They review research proposals to ensure that they comply with ethical guidelines and federal regulations. The IRB evaluates the potential risks and benefits of the research and ensures that informed consent is obtained from participants. This review process is essential to protect the rights and welfare of individuals involved in research studies.

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153. _____ is the process by which we test whether a hypothesis is capable of explaining the fact.

Explanation

Deduction is the process of testing whether a hypothesis is capable of explaining a fact. Deduction involves using logical reasoning and existing knowledge to draw specific conclusions from general principles or premises. It starts with a general statement or theory and then applies it to a specific situation to see if the hypothesis holds true. This process allows us to determine if a hypothesis can explain a fact based on logical consistency and coherence.

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154. InStyle magazine wants to examine the pull power of two types of copy in increasing the level of newsstand sales for a given month. The issue will feature Nicole Kidman but InStyle wants to know whether newsstand sales will be higher for a cover that mentions Kidman's love life or one that promises to share Kidman's style secrets. The issues are identical with the exception of the copy underneath the cover graphic of Kidman. Which type of study is this an example of?

Explanation

This is an example of an experimental study because InStyle magazine wants to examine the pull power of two types of copy (mentioning Kidman's love life or sharing Kidman's style secrets) in increasing newsstand sales. They are manipulating the variable of the copy underneath the cover graphic of Kidman to determine its impact on sales. By comparing the sales of the two different copies, they can draw conclusions about which type of copy is more effective in increasing sales.

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155. Which of the following is true of quantitative research?

Explanation

Quantitative research is a research method that involves the collection and analysis of numerical data. The statement "Results are generalizable" is true of quantitative research because it aims to generate findings that can be applied to a larger population. Generalizability is achieved through the use of random sampling, which allows researchers to make inferences about the larger population based on the characteristics of the sample. By using statistical techniques, researchers can draw conclusions that can be generalized beyond the specific sample studied.

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156. All of the following are types of nonprobability sampling techniques except _____.

Explanation

Random sampling is not a type of nonprobability sampling technique because it involves selecting a sample in a way that every member of the population has an equal chance of being included. In nonprobability sampling techniques, the selection of the sample is not based on probability and does not ensure equal representation of the population.

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157. Which type of interview requires the least amount of skill and creativity on the part of the interviewer?

Explanation

Structured interviews require the least amount of skill and creativity on the part of the interviewer. In a structured interview, the questions are predetermined and standardized, meaning that all candidates are asked the same set of questions in the same order. This type of interview allows for a more systematic and objective evaluation of candidates as it ensures consistency and fairness in the interview process. The interviewer simply follows the script and does not need to improvise or think on their feet as much as in other types of interviews.

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158. When using _____, participants are asked to relate the properties of one thing or person or brand to another.

Explanation

Imagination exercises involve asking participants to relate the properties of one thing or person or brand to another. This technique encourages participants to think creatively and use their imagination to make connections between different concepts. By engaging in imagination exercises, participants can explore new perspectives and generate unique ideas or insights. This technique is often used in brainstorming sessions or creative problem-solving activities.

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159. When observation employs standardized procedures, trained observers, schedules for recording, and other devices that reflect the scientific procedures of other primary data methods, it is said to be _____ observation.

Explanation

Systematic observation refers to the use of standardized procedures, trained observers, schedules for recording, and other scientific devices to ensure consistency and accuracy in the observation process. This method follows a structured approach and is designed to minimize bias and subjectivity. Therefore, the given answer "systematic" accurately describes the type of observation that employs scientific procedures and standardized methods.

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160. Because of the nature of induction, the conclusion can be thought of as _____.

Explanation

The given correct answer for this question is "One explanation among many." This is because induction involves drawing general conclusions based on specific observations or evidence. These conclusions are not absolute facts or proofs, but rather one possible explanation that fits the available evidence. Inductive reasoning allows for the possibility of other explanations or interpretations that could also be valid.

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161. All of the following are basic Boolean operators except _____.

Explanation

The question asks for a basic Boolean operator that is not included among the given options. The options provided are "Or," "And," "Not," "Adj," and "But." Among these options, "But" is not a basic Boolean operator. The basic Boolean operators are "Or," "And," and "Not," which are commonly used in logic and programming to manipulate Boolean values. Therefore, "But" is the correct answer as it is not a basic Boolean operator.

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162. Which of the following channels of communication would not be used when conducting interviews?

Explanation

Mail would not be used when conducting interviews because it is a form of communication that lacks immediate interaction and real-time feedback. Interviews typically require direct and immediate communication between the interviewer and interviewee to ask and answer questions, assess body language, and gauge the candidate's suitability for the position. Mail communication does not provide the necessary immediacy and is therefore not suitable for conducting interviews.

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163. Observation is an appropriate method for data collection in all of the following conditions except _____.

Explanation

Observation is an appropriate method for data collection in all of the given conditions except when anonymity is desired. Observation involves directly watching and recording behaviors in a natural setting, which is useful when the purpose must be disguised, a natural setting is necessary, memory decay is a factor, or behavioral data is needed. However, if anonymity is desired, observation may not be the most suitable method as it involves directly observing and potentially identifying individuals.

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164. _____ occurs when we observe a fact and ask, "Why is this?"

Explanation

Induction occurs when we observe a fact and ask, "Why is this?" It involves drawing general conclusions or making predictions based on specific observations or evidence. This process involves reasoning from specific instances to form a general principle or theory. In other words, it is the process of inferring or generalizing from specific examples or data to form a broader understanding or explanation.

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165. The quantifiable characteristic, attribute, or outcome on which a choice decision will be made is called a _____.

Explanation

A decision variable is a quantifiable characteristic, attribute, or outcome that is used to make a choice decision. It represents the different options or alternatives available and helps in evaluating and selecting the best course of action. In decision theory, decision variables play a crucial role in analyzing and solving decision-making problems by assigning values or levels to different variables and assessing their impact on the overall outcome.

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166. All of the following are benefits of pilot tests except _____.

Explanation

Pilot tests are conducted before the actual research study to identify any potential issues or errors in the research design. They help in detecting measurement errors and weaknesses in the research design, allowing researchers to make necessary adjustments before the main study. Pilot tests also provide proxy data for probability sampling, which helps in determining the representativeness of the sample. However, sensitization of respondents to the purpose of the study is not a benefit of pilot tests. It refers to making respondents aware of the study's objective, which is not the primary purpose of pilot tests.

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167. Which of the following is a reason researchers use encyclopedias?

Explanation

Researchers use encyclopedias to find historical information because encyclopedias provide comprehensive and reliable summaries of various topics, events, and people from the past. They offer a condensed overview of historical events, timelines, and key figures, making it a valuable resource for researchers seeking background information or an introduction to a particular historical subject. Encyclopedias often include references and citations, allowing researchers to further explore the topic or find additional sources for their research.

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168. Which of the following is not a source for finding government statistics? A. Statistical Abstract of the United States

Explanation

The U.S. Code is not a source for finding government statistics. The U.S. Code is a compilation of all the federal laws of the United States, organized by subject matter, but it does not provide statistical data or information.

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169. Research design strategy encompasses all of the components below except _____.

Explanation

The question asks for the component that is not included in the research design strategy. The research design strategy includes data collection design, sampling design, and instrument development. However, data analysis is not considered a component of the research design strategy. Data analysis is a separate stage in the research process where collected data is analyzed and interpreted to draw conclusions and make inferences. Therefore, the correct answer is data analysis.

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170. What type of research do trade associations generally conduct?

Explanation

Trade associations generally conduct basic research. Basic research is a type of research that is conducted for the purpose of expanding knowledge and understanding a particular subject. It is often exploratory in nature and focuses on theoretical concepts rather than practical applications. Trade associations may conduct basic research to gather information and insights about their industry, market trends, consumer behavior, and other relevant factors. This research helps them to stay informed, make informed decisions, and develop strategies for the benefit of their members.

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171. Suppose you were starting a research study based upon secondary sources about the use of computers for educational purposes in colleges. You should probably begin by:

Explanation

To begin a research study based on secondary sources about the use of computers for educational purposes in colleges, it is advisable to check several bibliographic indexes. This is because bibliographic indexes provide comprehensive lists of relevant articles, books, and other sources related to a specific topic. By consulting multiple indexes, researchers can gather a wide range of sources and ensure a comprehensive review of the existing literature on the subject. This approach allows for a thorough understanding of the current knowledge and research gaps in the field before proceeding with the study.

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172. Longitudinal studies of cohort groups _____.

Explanation

Longitudinal studies of cohort groups use different participants for each sequenced measurement. This means that the researchers select different individuals for each data collection point in the study, rather than studying the same people over time. This approach allows for the examination of changes and trends within a specific cohort group, as different individuals are represented at each measurement point. By using different participants, researchers can gather a broader range of data and analyze how certain factors or variables may impact different individuals within the cohort group.

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173. Exercises that prepare participants for individual or group interviews on a topic are called _____.

Explanation

Pretasking refers to exercises or tasks that are assigned to participants before an interview or group discussion. These exercises help the participants to prepare and gather information on the topic that will be discussed. It allows them to think critically, research, and organize their thoughts before the actual interview takes place. Pretasking is an effective way to ensure that participants are well-prepared and can contribute meaningfully to the discussion.

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174. When using the _____, participants are confronted with a picture and asked to describe how the person in the picture feels and thinks.

Explanation

The thematic apperception test (TAT) is a psychological assessment tool where participants are shown a picture and asked to create a story about it, describing the thoughts and emotions of the person in the picture. This test is used to gain insight into an individual's personality, motivations, and underlying psychological conflicts. It allows the participant to project their own experiences, desires, and fears onto the picture, providing valuable information for analysis and interpretation.

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175. All of the following terms except _____ can be used to describe custom full-service business research firms?

Explanation

The term "Syndicated panel" cannot be used to describe custom full-service business research firms. While ad hoc research, custom-designed research, and custom researchers all refer to the customized nature of the services provided by these firms, a syndicated panel refers to a pre-existing group of individuals or businesses who have agreed to participate in ongoing research studies. This is different from the customized approach of full-service business research firms.

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176. Which of the following is an advantage of using an omnibus study?

Explanation

An advantage of using an omnibus study is the ability to receive results in a relatively short time frame of 24-48 hours. This quick turnaround allows for timely decision-making and the ability to gather insights and make informed decisions in a timely manner.

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177. Jack observes his neighbor's purchase behavior with new automobiles. His neighbor purchases a new car every year and always seems to have a nicer model than the year before. Jack thinks the dealership must sell to his neighbor's fascination with new car styles. In this example, interest in new car styles is a(n) _____.

Explanation

In this example, interest in new car styles is referred to as a concept. A concept is an abstract idea or general notion that represents a category of objects, events, or activities. It is a mental construct that helps us understand and categorize the world around us. Jack believes that his neighbor's fascination with new car styles is the driving force behind their yearly car purchases, indicating that interest in new car styles is a concept in this scenario.

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178. A customer is defined as a patron and a patron is defined as a client of an establishment. This is an example of a(n) _____.

Explanation

The given statement is an example of a dictionary definition because it provides a clear and concise explanation of the terms "customer" and "patron" based on their commonly understood meanings. A dictionary definition typically relies on established language conventions and usage to define a word or concept. In this case, the definition of a customer as a patron and a patron as a client of an establishment aligns with how these terms are commonly understood in everyday language.

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179. When using the _____ projective technique, participants are asked to write the dialog for a cartoon picture.

Explanation

In this projective technique, participants are asked to write the dialog for a cartoon picture that has empty speech balloons. By doing so, participants are encouraged to project their thoughts, feelings, and interpretations onto the cartoon characters, revealing their subconscious attitudes and beliefs. The empty balloons allow for open-ended responses, providing insights into the participant's inner world and allowing for a deeper understanding of their thoughts and emotions.

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180. Consider the following statements: "Inner-city household interviewing is especially difficult and expensive. This survey involves substantial inner-city household interviewing. The interviewing in this survey will be especially difficult and expensive." This is an example of a(n) _____.

Explanation

This is an example of a deductive argument because it starts with general statements and uses logical reasoning to reach a specific conclusion. The statements establish a general premise that inner-city household interviewing is difficult and expensive, and then apply that premise to a specific survey, concluding that the interviewing in this survey will also be difficult and expensive.

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181. What type of study is being conducted when Land's End Home mails a catalog with a fluffy set of towels on the cover to one group of consumers and the same catalog with a cover graphic of a beautifully-made bed to another consumer group in order to test differences in response between the two groups?

Explanation

The given scenario describes an experiment. In this experiment, Land's End Home is testing the differences in response between two consumer groups by mailing them catalogs with different cover graphics. The purpose is to determine the impact of the cover graphic (fluffy set of towels vs. beautifully-made bed) on the consumers' response. By manipulating the independent variable (cover graphic) and measuring the dependent variable (response), Land's End Home can draw conclusions about the causal relationship between the two variables.

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182. Which type of nonprobability sampling technique is most useful when individuals with the desired characteristics, experiences, or attitudes are difficult to identify or reach?

Explanation

Snowball sampling is the most useful nonprobability sampling technique when individuals with desired characteristics, experiences, or attitudes are difficult to identify or reach. This technique involves identifying initial participants who meet the desired criteria and then asking them to refer other potential participants who also meet the criteria. This method is particularly effective when the target population is small or hard to access, as it relies on the network and connections of the initial participants to reach others who may be eligible.

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183. Which of the following is true of studies conducted under laboratory conditions?

Explanation

Laboratory studies facilitate measurement of the variables of interest. This means that in a controlled laboratory setting, researchers are able to carefully measure and manipulate the variables they are interested in studying. By controlling the environment, researchers can eliminate or minimize confounding factors and focus on the specific variables they want to investigate. This allows for more precise and accurate measurements, enhancing the validity and reliability of the study's findings.

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184. Kroger, a grocery store chain, wants to identify the ideal store layout for increasing store sales. Because it primarily uses two store designs, one a grid layout with vertical aisles divided by a center aisle and another using a traditional straight-aisle pattern, Kroger will match pairs of stores that have different designs but similar shopper demographics and location. Sales between each pair will then be compared to determine if store design is related to sales. Which type of study is this an example of?

Explanation

This is an example of an ex post facto study. In this study, Kroger is comparing the sales of stores with different designs but similar shopper demographics and locations. By doing so, they are able to determine if store design is related to sales. This type of study is conducted after the events have occurred, in this case, after the sales have taken place.

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The problem or opportunity that requires a business decision on the...
Which of the following is an example of a business decision maker?
The acronym, RFP, stands for _____ and refers to the document used to...
Which term below refers to norms or standards of behavior that guide...
Research should be designed such that participants do not experience...
Who answers measurement questions?
_____ occurs when the participants are told only part of the truth or...
Observation means to collect data by _____.
Minute Maid sees research as the fundamental first step in any...
Who answers investigative questions?
A _____ is a trial collection of data to detect weaknesses in the...
The question, "Should we do business research?" is often stimulated by...
Researchers who study retail shoppers by tracing their footsteps and...
Pilot tests typically use a sample size of _____ participants.
_____ are original works of research or raw data without...
Business research may be considered unnecessary when _____.
McGraw-Hill is planning a study of educator preferences to determine...
Recordings of public proceedings, speeches by elected officials, and...
Micah is reviewing encyclopedia entries, textbooks, handbooks, and...
A(n) _____ study explains what happened to a measured variable...
The main purpose of a(n) _____ is to share company information and...
Which tier in the hierarchy of business decision makers sees research...
The goal of ethics in research is to _____
To be categorized as a customer, an individual must have a history of...
Which of the following is not a possible source of business...
The problem or opportunity that requires a business decision is called...
Information collected from participants, by observation, or from...
During the _____ stage, the analyst will look for patterns of...
When evaluating an information source, the time period and geographic...
Northwest Airlines applied mathematical models to determine which...
The approach to ethics that relies upon each individual's own sense of...
In a restaurant complaint study, Dr. Jackson used deception to avoid...
Consider the following example: "Retail sales increases in the 2005...
A(n) _____ study involves manipulation of one or more variables to...
The primary difference between a monitoring study and a communication...
A private network that uses internet protocols and the public...
When participants are intentionally or accidentally deceived, they...
_____ involves explaining any deception, describing the purpose of the...
Direct observation of phenomena, empirically testable hypotheses, and...
Which type of study is loosely structured and designed to expand...
Which term below refers to a research program or technique that is...
Specialty research suppliers who provide the screening and recruiting...
Debriefing differs from informed consent in that _____.
All of the following are examples of primary sources of information...
The goal of a formal study is to _____.
In the book, In Search of Excellence, the authors examined the...
Ex Post Facto evaluation means that the research is evaluated _____.
Google search can be classified as which type of information source?
Timothy wants to identify and locate books and journal articles from a...
In Nicolas Perricone's first book, his affiliation with the Yale...
A descriptive study is one that _____.
Studies that are conducted in the field _____.
Snowball sampling is a nonprobability sampling technique in which...
To ensure the ethical treatment of participants, researchers should do...
Bill often feels insecure about how others view him. To increase his...
To satisfactorily answer a research question, researchers must first...
When researchers consider the explicit or hidden agenda of an...
Which of the following is not an example of a monitoring study?
Qualitative research seeks to _____ theory while quantitative research...
All of the following are unethical activities except _____.
Institutional Review Boards concentrate on two key areas. One is the...
_____ is a form of argument that purports to be conclusive – the...
Concepts are more _____, while constructs are more _____.
A(n) _____ describes the interrelationships between concepts and...
What is the first step in conducting a literature search?
Which of the following is an example of a primary source of...
Contact information for professional organizations and companies in a...
A statistical study is one that _____.
Which type of research attempts a precise measurement of some...
Jason is developing a research design for a study of wine drinkers....
Deception is considered inappropriate unless _____.
Which form of argument presents a conclusion based on reasons or...
Which of the following is a requirement for a deduction to be...
Departmental budgeting means that research budgets are determined by...
Which of the following statements is false regarding the evaluation of...
The primary concern with using qualitative techniques is that...
Which law was the first to guarantee Americans the right to privacy?
_____ is a form of reasoning that draws a conclusion from one or more...
A _____ is an image or abstract idea specifically invented for a given...
All of the following are factors useful in evaluating a source except...
A case study is one that _____.
_____ interviews have certain specific questions that are asked of all...
All of the following are characteristics of complete informed consent...
How does debriefing interact with the effects of deception?
Which form of budgeting allocates a portion of total expenditures in...
Which type of sample provides a group of participants who are most...
Which of the following is not a type of secondary sources used during...
Which source of information listed below lists members of congress and...
Boolean operators enable a search to _____.
An experimental study is one that _____.
The recording of physical actions or movements of participants is...
IRBs exist in order to _____
Which of the following activities can be used to describe the...
Abstract concepts such as personality, need for variety, and...
The process of stating the basic dilemma and then developing other...
If a _____ sampling design is chosen, the process for choosing the...
Ensuring consistency among respondents, locating omissions, and...
Which information source may be interpretations of a secondary source...
Which of the following is not included in a good handbook?
Which of the following is a type of behavioral observation?
What type of research firm dominates the small research firms operated...
Specialty firms can establish expertise in all of the following areas...
Which approach to ethics advocates that ethical behavior should be...
Inducements offered to participants as encouragement to participate in...
Anne is introducing a group of research participants to the study at...
The guarantee of informed consent can be traced to the first ten...
A(n) _____ defines a variable in terms of specific measurement and...
Which term below refers to a criterion for judging the attractiveness...
Dell plans to survey every customer who has purchased a Dell computer...
The _____ describes the function of every government agency and is...
A causal study is one that _____.
When political researchers assess opinions towards President Bush's...
Which type of research includes an array of interpretative techniques...
Which of the following is true of structured interviews?
Jackson is conducting interviews to identify patterns in consumer...
Which of the following situations does not require signed consent...
Automobile is a(n) _____ concept, while service quality is a(n) _____...
Participants in a research study are asked _____ questions.
Which form of budgeting involves taking a fixed percentage of some...
Which database listed below provides the texts of laws as they are...
InZone Research will survey fans attending one of the Final Four games...
When studies are conducted under controlled conditions that do not...
Which of the following research purposes are associated with...
Which type of nonprobability sampling technique involves choosing...
Which type of nonprobability sampling technique involves choosing...
Jack is participating in a research study. The interviewer asks Jack...
Visionary decision makers tend to base business decisions on _____.
Which of the following is an appropriate use of deception in research?
Which term below refers to a bundle of meanings or characteristics...
Which of the following terms fails to capture the meaning of a...
Which of the following is a type of monitoring study?
Convenience sampling is a nonprobability sampling technique in which...
Qualitative methods that encourage participants to reveal hidden or...
Scott's Lawn Care has hired Henry Associates to find out whether home...
The most prevalent category of observation study is _____ observation.
Intuitive decision makers tend to base business decisions on _____.
Some organizations make decisions based on past experience, instincts,...
A _____ study combines one or a few questions from several business...
_____ is said to denote observations and propositions based on sensory...
The statement, "Sales in Pacific Timber Products have increased in the...
Which term below refers to a construct that is presumed to exist, but...
Reducing data to a manageable size, developing summaries, and applying...
All of the following questions address the authority of a source...
All of the following are popular bibliographic databases used by...
All of the following are possible goals of an exploratory study except...
HarrisInteractive surveys members of its KidZone, a group of consumers...
Which type of sampling technique involves selecting research...
Jane is conducting interviews in order to develop a customer profile...
Which of the following is a condition in which observation is an...
When a business research firm provides both quantitative and...
When a person follows his belief that one should not lie, and then...
Organizations receiving federal support are required to have a(n)...
_____ is the process by which we test whether a hypothesis is capable...
InStyle magazine wants to examine the pull power of two types of copy...
Which of the following is true of quantitative research?
All of the following are types of nonprobability sampling techniques...
Which type of interview requires the least amount of skill and...
When using _____, participants are asked to relate the properties of...
When observation employs standardized procedures, trained observers,...
Because of the nature of induction, the conclusion can be thought of...
All of the following are basic Boolean operators except _____.
Which of the following channels of communication would not be used...
Observation is an appropriate method for data collection in all of the...
_____ occurs when we observe a fact and ask, "Why is this?"
The quantifiable characteristic, attribute, or outcome on which a...
All of the following are benefits of pilot tests except _____.
Which of the following is a reason researchers use encyclopedias?
Which of the following is not a source for finding government...
Research design strategy encompasses all of the components below...
What type of research do trade associations generally conduct?
Suppose you were starting a research study based upon secondary...
Longitudinal studies of cohort groups _____.
Exercises that prepare participants for individual or group interviews...
When using the _____, participants are confronted with a picture and...
All of the following terms except _____ can be used to describe custom...
Which of the following is an advantage of using an omnibus study?
Jack observes his neighbor's purchase behavior with new automobiles....
A customer is defined as a patron and a patron is defined as a client...
When using the _____ projective technique, participants are asked to...
Consider the following statements: "Inner-city household interviewing...
What type of study is being conducted when Land's End Home mails a...
Which type of nonprobability sampling technique is most useful when...
Which of the following is true of studies conducted under laboratory...
Kroger, a grocery store chain, wants to identify the ideal store...
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