Regulatori

In order to achieve satisfactory regulation results, it is important to use an appropriate controller and also to properly adjust the regulation parameters KP, KD, and Ki.

The statement "O djelovanju regulatora ovisi stabilnost postrojenja" translates to "The stability of the system depends on the operation of the regulator." This means that the correct answer is "Točno" (True). The statement suggests that the regulator plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability of the system. If the regulator is not functioning properly or is not able to regulate the system effectively, it can lead to instability in the system. Therefore, the correct answer is "Točno" (True).

In the cascade control mode, the output of one controller is used to adjust the setpoint of another controller. This means that the output of the first controller acts as the setpoint for the second controller, effectively changing its operating point. Therefore, the statement "Kod kaskadnog načina vođenja izlaz jednog regulatora mijenja radnu točku drugoga" is correct, as it accurately describes the relationship between the controllers in cascade control.

The correct answer is "održati procesne varijable optimalnim vrijednostima". Regulatori are key components in an automatic control system and their task is to maintain the process variables at optimal values. This means that regulators are responsible for continuously adjusting and controlling the system to ensure that the process variables, such as temperature, pressure, or flow rate, are maintained at their optimal setpoints. By doing so, regulators help to improve the efficiency, stability, and performance of the system.

Based on the error signal from the comparator, the regulators calculate the necessary changes in the control variable.

The statement says "D regulator se koristi kao samostalni regulator," which translates to "The D regulator is used as an independent regulator." The correct answer is "Netočno," which means "False." Therefore, the explanation is that the D regulator is not used as an independent regulator.

The correct answer is "samo dva krajnja položaja on/off" which means that the dual-position regulator only has two extreme positions, either on or off. This implies that it can only switch between these two states and does not have any intermediate positions or levels of regulation.

The correct answer is "kontinuirani regulatori". This means that PID regulators are continuous regulators. Continuous regulators are able to continuously adjust the control signal based on the error between the desired setpoint and the actual process variable. They provide a smooth and continuous control action, making them suitable for systems that require precise and continuous control.

The correct answer includes P regulator, PI regulator, and PID regulator. These are all types of continuous regulators used in control systems. A P regulator (proportional regulator) adjusts the output based on the proportional relationship between the error and the control signal. A PI regulator (proportional-integral regulator) not only considers the error but also integrates it over time to improve the response. A PID regulator (proportional-integral-derivative regulator) further adds a derivative term to the control signal, which helps in anticipating and reacting to changes in the error.

The given answer "P regulatora" refers to a proportional controller. A proportional controller is a type of feedback control system that uses a gain factor to adjust the output response based on the difference between the desired setpoint and the actual process variable. The output of a proportional controller is directly proportional to the error signal, which is the difference between the setpoint and the process variable. This means that the controller's response is proportional to the error, leading to a steady-state error in the system.

The correct answer includes three types of regulators: dvopoložajni regulator (dual-position regulator), tropoložajni regulator (three-position regulator), and impulsni regulatori (pulse regulators). These types of regulators are characterized by their specific modes of operation and control strategies.

When disturbances occur at a faster rate than the regulatory loop can respond, cascade control is used. In cascade control, there are two or more control loops where the output of one loop is used as the setpoint for another loop. This allows for faster and more accurate control of the process.

The image shows the response and action of different types of controllers. The correct answer is "I regulatora" which refers to an Integral controller. An integral controller calculates the accumulated error over time and adjusts the system's output accordingly. This type of controller is used to eliminate steady-state errors and provides stability to the system.

Kaskadna regulacija se koristi kada je unutarnji krug barem tri puta brži od vanjskog kruga. To je važno jer omogućava da unutarnji krug brže reagira na promjene i pruža veću preciznost u regulaciji. Ako je unutarnji krug sporiji od vanjskog kruga, može doći do kašnjenja u odgovoru i gubitka stabilnosti u regulaciji. Stoga je važno osigurati da unutarnji krug bude dovoljno brz kako bi se postigla optimalna kaskadna regulacija.

The benefits of implementing cascade control are compensation for disturbances, faster response, isolation of non-linearities, and solving problems with regulating processes with fast disturbances. All of these benefits are mentioned in the given options, so the correct answer is "all of the above".

The correct answer is PID regulatora. The image shows the response and action of different types of controllers. The PID controller is a combination of proportional, integral, and derivative control actions. It is widely used in control systems as it provides a balance between stability and response speed. The proportional control action provides an immediate response to the error, the integral control action eliminates steady-state error, and the derivative control action helps in damping oscillations and improving stability.

The image shows the response and action of different types of controllers. The correct answer is "PI regulatora." A PI controller is a proportional-integral controller that combines the benefits of both proportional and integral control. It adjusts the output based on both the current error and the cumulative error over time. This type of controller is commonly used in control systems to improve stability and reduce steady-state error.

The explanation for the correct answer, P regulator, is that the proportional control action is expressed by a proportional area, which is defined as the necessary percentage change of the controller input variable e(t) in order to change the output variable by 100%. This means that the output response is directly proportional to the error signal, resulting in a linear relationship between the input and output.

A regulator s bimetalnom trakom refers to a type of temperature regulator that uses a bimetallic strip to control the temperature. The bimetallic strip is made up of two different metals with different rates of expansion when heated. As the temperature changes, the strip bends and activates or deactivates the electrical contacts, thereby regulating the temperature. A tropoložajni regulator is a type of regulator that has three operating positions, typically an off position, a low position, and a high position. Therefore, the correct answer is tropoložajnog regulatora.

The characteristics of a PD controller are that the dynamic response of the controller is significantly faster, there is a presence of static error, it is used when a static error is allowed in the control system, and the D component increases the speed of the controller's response.

The characteristics of a PID controller mentioned in the given answer options are that it completely eliminates static error, is suitable for systems with large delays that need to be eliminated quickly, can solve all control requirements, and has the most complex and extensive control action.

The characteristics of a P controller include a dynamic response where the controller can easily achieve a stable state. It also has a minimum regulatory action, meaning it does not require a large amount of control effort to achieve the desired output. However, it is important to note that a P controller still has a static error, meaning there will be a deviation between the desired and actual output. Despite this, a P controller is commonly used when a small static error is acceptable in the control system.

The characteristics of an I regulator are low speed of dynamic response, complete elimination of static error, and it is used when static error is allowed in the control system. It is also suitable for systems with low regulation requirements.

The characteristics of a PI controller are that it cannot achieve a very high response speed of the controller, most control requirements can be solved using this type of controller, it completely eliminates static error, and it provides a dynamic control response without static error. Additionally, it does not mention anything about a high dynamic response speed.