Principles Of Biology - Quiz On Chapter 3 (Lecture Handouts: Part Of 4 and 5)

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Glucose is the correct answer because it is a monosaccharide that repeats in a long chain to form the homopolysaccharides starch, glycogen, and cellulose. Starch and glycogen are storage polysaccharides found in plants and animals respectively, while cellulose is a structural polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants. Glucose molecules bond together through glycosidic linkages to form these polysaccharides, providing energy storage and structural support in living organisms.

Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls. It is composed of glucose monomers and is the most abundant organic molecule on earth. It is considered a non-nutrient as it is not easily digestible by many animals, including humans. Cellulose serves as dietary fiber and can be found in foods such as corn kernels' skin.

Hydrophilic is a term used to describe substances or molecules that have an affinity or attraction towards water. The prefix "hydro-" refers to water, while "philic" means to have a love or affinity for something. Therefore, hydrophilic means to "love water" or have a strong attraction to water molecules.

The term "hydrophobic" refers to the fear or aversion towards water. This term is commonly used in chemistry and biology to describe substances or materials that repel or do not mix with water. The prefix "hydro" means water, and the suffix "phobic" means fear or aversion. Therefore, "hydrophobic" accurately describes the concept of fearing water.

Hemoglobin is a protein made up of four polypeptide chains. It is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body's tissues and removing carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. The four polypeptide chains in hemoglobin consist of two alpha chains and two beta chains. This structure allows hemoglobin to bind to oxygen molecules and transport them efficiently throughout the body.

The primary structure refers to the specific sequence and number of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. It is the first level of protein structure and plays a crucial role in determining the protein's overall shape and function. The primary structure is determined by the sequence of nucleotides in the gene that codes for the protein, and any changes or mutations in this sequence can have significant effects on the protein's structure and function. Therefore, the primary structure is essential for understanding the protein's properties and how it interacts with other molecules in the cell.

A long chain of repeating subunits is called a polymer. Polymers are large molecules made up of repeating units called monomers. These monomers are linked together through chemical bonds to form a long chain structure. Polymers can be found in various materials such as plastics, rubber, and proteins. They have a wide range of properties and are used in many applications due to their versatility and ability to be tailored for specific purposes.

A single subunit is called a monomer. This term is commonly used in chemistry and biochemistry to refer to the smallest unit of a larger molecule or polymer. Monomers can combine with other monomers to form larger structures, such as polymers. In this context, a monomer is the basic building block that can be repeated to create a larger molecule or material.

Carbohydrates are polymers composed of monomers called monosaccharides. Monosaccharides are simple sugars that cannot be further hydrolyzed to yield simpler carbohydrates. Therefore, the correct answer is "monosaccharide" as it refers to the singular form of the monomer, which is the building block of carbohydrates. "Monosaccharides" refers to the plural form of monosaccharide and does not accurately represent the monomer of carbohydrates.

The monomer of the polymer proteins is amino acid or amino acids. Proteins are composed of long chains of amino acids that are linked together by peptide bonds. Each amino acid contains an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a unique side chain. These amino acids combine in various sequences to form different proteins with different structures and functions. Therefore, both amino acid and amino acids are correct answers as they represent the individual units that make up proteins.

The correct answer is nucleotide. Nucleic acids are polymers made up of repeating units called nucleotides. Nucleotides consist of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. These nucleotides join together through phosphodiester bonds to form the backbone of the nucleic acid polymer. Therefore, the monomer of nucleic acids is nucleotide.

The term "mono" is derived from the Greek word "monos" which means "one". Therefore, when we say "mono", we are referring to something that is singular or existing in a single form or unit.

The term "oligo" is derived from the Greek word "oligos" which means "few" or "several". Therefore, the correct answer for this question is "several".

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Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Proteins are polymers made up of long chains of amino acids. Each amino acid has a unique side chain, and the sequence and arrangement of these amino acids determine the structure and function of the protein. Therefore, the correct answer is protein.

The left group in the drawing of the amino acid is called the amino group. This group consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms, and it is responsible for giving amino acids their characteristic properties and reactivity. The amino group plays a crucial role in the formation of peptide bonds and the overall structure and function of proteins.

The specific bond that holds amino acids together is called a peptide bond. This bond forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid, resulting in the formation of a peptide chain. This bond is a type of covalent bond, as it involves the sharing of electrons between the atoms involved in the bond.

A peptide bond is a form of covalent bond. Peptide bonds are formed between amino acids during protein synthesis. This type of bond involves the sharing of electrons between the carbon and nitrogen atoms of adjacent amino acids, creating a strong and stable bond. Peptide bonds play a crucial role in the structure and function of proteins, as they link amino acids together to form the linear backbone of the protein chain. Therefore, the correct answer is peptide.

Covalent bonds hold the monomers of polymers together. In a covalent bond, two atoms share electrons, creating a strong bond between them. In the case of polymers, monomers are joined together through covalent bonds to form long chains or networks. This type of bond allows for the formation of large and complex molecules, giving polymers their unique properties.

Dehydration synthesis is the correct answer because it is the chemical process by which monomers are joined together to form polymers. During dehydration synthesis, a water molecule is removed as the monomers react and form a covalent bond. This process is essential for the formation of larger molecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates, where smaller units are linked together to create a polymer chain.

When two amino acids join together through dehydration synthesis, they form a dipeptide. Dehydration synthesis is a chemical reaction where water is removed, allowing the amino acids to bond together. In this case, the bond formed is known as a peptide bond, and the resulting molecule is called a dipeptide. A dipeptide consists of two amino acids linked together by a peptide bond. This process can continue to form longer chains of amino acids, known as polypeptides or proteins.

Hydrolysis is the process in which the covalent bonds between monomers are broken. This process involves the addition of water molecules to the polymer, causing the bonds to break and the polymer to be broken down into its individual monomers. Hydrolysis is a fundamental process in many biological and chemical reactions, including digestion, the breakdown of complex molecules, and the synthesis of new molecules.

Proteins in the human body are made up of a specific set of amino acids. The number of amino acids that make up proteins is 20. In the question, both the numerical value "20" and its written form "twenty" are provided as options, indicating that there are 20 amino acids in total.

The three monosaccharides that we need to know are glucose, fructose, and galactose.

The molecular formula for the three monosaccharides we need to know is c6h12o6 or C6H12O6. The molecular formula represents the types and numbers of atoms present in a molecule. In this case, the formula indicates that there are 6 carbon atoms (C6), 12 hydrogen atoms (H12), and 6 oxygen atoms (O6) in each monosaccharide molecule. The lowercase or uppercase letters used in the formula do not affect the meaning or representation of the formula.

When two monosaccharides are joined together by a covalent bond, they form a disaccharide. Disaccharides are a type of carbohydrate composed of two sugar units. Examples of disaccharides include sucrose, lactose, and maltose.

Maltose is a disaccharide formed by the combination of two glucose molecules. When glucose molecules are joined together through a condensation reaction, a glycosidic bond is formed, resulting in the formation of maltose.

Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of two monosaccharides, glucose and fructose. When glucose and fructose are combined through a condensation reaction, a glycosidic bond is formed, resulting in the formation of sucrose.

Lactose, a disaccharide, is formed when glucose and galactose are combined.

Poly is a prefix derived from the Greek word "polys," meaning "many." It is commonly used in English to indicate the presence of multiple or many elements of something.

Starch is a polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers. It serves as an energy storage molecule in plants. When iodine is used as an indicator, starch reacts with it to form a purple color. Therefore, starch is the correct answer as it fits all the given criteria: it consists of glucose monomers, is used as energy storage by plants, and stains purple with iodine.

Lipids are not considered polymers because they are not made up of repeating subunits. Unlike proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates, lipids do not have a specific structure or monomeric unit that is repeated to form a polymer. Lipids are diverse molecules that include fats, oils, waxes, and steroids, and they serve various functions in the body such as energy storage, insulation, and structural components of cell membranes. Therefore, lipids are not classified as polymers.

The question asks for the number of macromolecules, and the answer provided is "four" and "4". Both "four" and "4" represent the same numerical value. Therefore, the correct answer is four or 4, indicating that there are four macromolecules.

Glycogen is a polysaccharide that consists of only one type of monomer, which is glucose. It has a highly branched structure compared to starch. Animals use glycogen as a form of energy storage, and it is primarily stored in the liver and skeletal muscle.

The correct answer is the R group or side group. The R group is a variable part of the amino acid structure that differs among different amino acids. It is responsible for giving each amino acid its unique properties and characteristics. The R group can be a simple hydrogen atom or a complex organic molecule, and it determines the amino acid's polarity, acidity, and other chemical properties. Therefore, the R group is what distinguishes one amino acid from another.

The correct answer is "carboxyl." In the drawing of the amino acid, the right group is referred to as the carboxyl group. The carboxyl group consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group. It is an important functional group found in many organic compounds, including amino acids. This group plays a crucial role in the formation of peptide bonds and the overall structure and function of proteins.

Milkshakes and malt liquor are made from the disaccharide maltose. Maltose is a type of sugar composed of two glucose molecules linked together. It is commonly found in grains, such as barley, and is produced during the malting process. In the case of milkshakes, maltose can be derived from malted milk powder or malt extract, which adds a distinctive flavor. Similarly, malt liquor is made by fermenting grains, like barley, that contain maltose. Maltose serves as a source of fermentable sugar for yeast during the brewing process, resulting in the production of alcohol.

Long chains of repeating monosaccharides are called polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made up of many monosaccharide units bonded together. They serve as a storage form of energy in plants and animals and also play important structural roles. Examples of polysaccharides include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

The "R" in the drawing of the amino acid represents the side group or side groups. The side group is a variable component of an amino acid that differentiates one amino acid from another. It is attached to the central carbon atom of the amino acid and can vary in size, shape, and chemical properties. The side group plays a crucial role in determining the characteristics and functions of the amino acid in protein synthesis and structure.

Sucrose is a disaccharide made up of glucose and fructose molecules. It is commonly known as table sugar and is a sweet-tasting crystalline substance that is commonly used as a sweetener in food and beverages.

The correct answer for this question is "amino acid, amino acids" because the question asks for one type of monomer, and an amino acid is a type of monomer. However, it is important to note that amino acids can also be referred to in the plural form as "amino acids" since there are multiple types of amino acids.

Dehydration synthesis is a chemical reaction in which two molecules are joined together by the removal of a water molecule. In the context of this question, dehydration synthesis results in the formation of a covalent peptide bond. Therefore, both "covalent peptide" and "peptide" are correct answers as they accurately describe the type of bond formed through dehydration synthesis.

Lactose is a type of sugar found in milk, hence it is commonly referred to as "milk sugar".

The term "macromolecules" refers to large organic molecules that are essential components of cells. These molecules include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, which play crucial roles in various cellular processes such as metabolism, DNA replication, and cell signaling. Therefore, macromolecules accurately describe the organic molecules that make up the cell.

Homopolysaccharides are carbohydrates that are made up of a single type of monosaccharide unit, which repeats throughout the structure. In this case, both "homopolysaccharides" and "homopolysaccharide" are correct answers because they refer to the same concept of a polysaccharide composed of a single monosaccharide unit.

Some proteins, known as multimeric proteins, are composed of multiple polypeptide chains that come together to form a functional structure. These chains can interact with each other through various bonding interactions, such as hydrogen bonds or disulfide bonds, to create a stable protein structure. Therefore, it is true that some proteins may require several polypeptide chains for their complete structure.

A protein can indeed be complete when it consists of a single polypeptide chain. Proteins are made up of one or more polypeptide chains, which are formed by the bonding of amino acids. A single polypeptide chain can fold and interact with itself to form a functional protein. Therefore, it is possible for a protein to be complete with just one polypeptide chain.

Proteins are indeed polymers. A polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating subunits called monomers, and proteins are composed of amino acids, which act as the monomers. These amino acids are linked together through peptide bonds to form a long chain, resulting in the formation of a protein. Therefore, proteins can be classified as polymers.

Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. One property of carbohydrates is that they are water soluble, meaning they can dissolve in water. This property allows carbohydrates to be easily transported and utilized in the body. Another property of carbohydrates is that they taste sweet. This is because when carbohydrates are broken down during digestion, they release sugars which activate taste receptors on the tongue, resulting in a sweet taste.