2.
A single subunit is called a _______________.
Explanation
A single subunit is called a monomer. This term is commonly used in chemistry and biochemistry to refer to the smallest unit of a larger molecule or polymer. Monomers can combine with other monomers to form larger structures, such as polymers. In this context, a monomer is the basic building block that can be repeated to create a larger molecule or material.
3.
The monomer of the polymer carbohydrates is _________________.
Explanation
Carbohydrates are polymers composed of monomers called monosaccharides. Monosaccharides are simple sugars that cannot be further hydrolyzed to yield simpler carbohydrates. Therefore, the correct answer is "monosaccharide" as it refers to the singular form of the monomer, which is the building block of carbohydrates. "Monosaccharides" refers to the plural form of monosaccharide and does not accurately represent the monomer of carbohydrates.
4.
The monomer of the polymer proteins is _________________.
Explanation
The monomer of the polymer proteins is amino acid or amino acids. Proteins are composed of long chains of amino acids that are linked together by peptide bonds. Each amino acid contains an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a unique side chain. These amino acids combine in various sequences to form different proteins with different structures and functions. Therefore, both amino acid and amino acids are correct answers as they represent the individual units that make up proteins.
5.
The monomer of the polymer nucleic acids is ___________________.
Explanation
The correct answer is nucleotide. Nucleic acids are polymers made up of repeating units called nucleotides. Nucleotides consist of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. These nucleotides join together through phosphodiester bonds to form the backbone of the nucleic acid polymer. Therefore, the monomer of nucleic acids is nucleotide.
6.
Mono means _________________.
Explanation
The term "mono" is derived from the Greek word "monos" which means "one". Therefore, when we say "mono", we are referring to something that is singular or existing in a single form or unit.
7.
Oligo means _______________.
Explanation
The term "oligo" is derived from the Greek word "oligos" which means "few" or "several". Therefore, the correct answer for this question is "several".
8.
Which macromolecules are also polymers? (don't use "and" in your answer, but do use commas)
9.
Amino acid is the monomer of the _____________ polymer.
Explanation
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Proteins are polymers made up of long chains of amino acids. Each amino acid has a unique side chain, and the sequence and arrangement of these amino acids determine the structure and function of the protein. Therefore, the correct answer is protein.
10.
In the drawing of the amino acid the left group is called the ___________ group.
Explanation
The left group in the drawing of the amino acid is called the amino group. This group consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms, and it is responsible for giving amino acids their characteristic properties and reactivity. The amino group plays a crucial role in the formation of peptide bonds and the overall structure and function of proteins.
11.
The specific bond that holds amino acids together is called a ______________ bond.
Explanation
The specific bond that holds amino acids together is called a peptide bond. This bond forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid, resulting in the formation of a peptide chain. This bond is a type of covalent bond, as it involves the sharing of electrons between the atoms involved in the bond.
12.
A _____________ bond is a form of covalent bond.
Explanation
A peptide bond is a form of covalent bond. Peptide bonds are formed between amino acids during protein synthesis. This type of bond involves the sharing of electrons between the carbon and nitrogen atoms of adjacent amino acids, creating a strong and stable bond. Peptide bonds play a crucial role in the structure and function of proteins, as they link amino acids together to form the linear backbone of the protein chain. Therefore, the correct answer is peptide.
13.
What type of bond holds the monomers of polymers together?
Explanation
Covalent bonds hold the monomers of polymers together. In a covalent bond, two atoms share electrons, creating a strong bond between them. In the case of polymers, monomers are joined together through covalent bonds to form long chains or networks. This type of bond allows for the formation of large and complex molecules, giving polymers their unique properties.
14.
The covalent bond that holds the monomers of polymers together is formed by the chemical process called _______________.
Explanation
Dehydration synthesis is the correct answer because it is the chemical process by which monomers are joined together to form polymers. During dehydration synthesis, a water molecule is removed as the monomers react and form a covalent bond. This process is essential for the formation of larger molecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates, where smaller units are linked together to create a polymer chain.
15.
When 2 amino acids join together through dehydration synthesis they form a _____________.
Explanation
When two amino acids join together through dehydration synthesis, they form a dipeptide. Dehydration synthesis is a chemical reaction where water is removed, allowing the amino acids to bond together. In this case, the bond formed is known as a peptide bond, and the resulting molecule is called a dipeptide. A dipeptide consists of two amino acids linked together by a peptide bond. This process can continue to form longer chains of amino acids, known as polypeptides or proteins.
16.
The process by which the covalent bonds between monomers are broken is called __________.
Explanation
Hydrolysis is the process in which the covalent bonds between monomers are broken. This process involves the addition of water molecules to the polymer, causing the bonds to break and the polymer to be broken down into its individual monomers. Hydrolysis is a fundamental process in many biological and chemical reactions, including digestion, the breakdown of complex molecules, and the synthesis of new molecules.
17.
_____________ amino acids make up the proteins in the human body.
Explanation
Proteins in the human body are made up of a specific set of amino acids. The number of amino acids that make up proteins is 20. In the question, both the numerical value "20" and its written form "twenty" are provided as options, indicating that there are 20 amino acids in total.
18.
The 3 monosaccharides we need to know are _____________, _____________, and _____________. (don't use "and" in your answer, but do use commas)
Explanation
The three monosaccharides that we need to know are glucose, fructose, and galactose.
19.
The molecular formula for the 3 monosaccharides we need to know is _______________.
Explanation
The molecular formula for the three monosaccharides we need to know is c6h12o6 or C6H12O6. The molecular formula represents the types and numbers of atoms present in a molecule. In this case, the formula indicates that there are 6 carbon atoms (C6), 12 hydrogen atoms (H12), and 6 oxygen atoms (O6) in each monosaccharide molecule. The lowercase or uppercase letters used in the formula do not affect the meaning or representation of the formula.
20.
2 monosaccharides joined together by a covalent bond is called a _______________.
Explanation
When two monosaccharides are joined together by a covalent bond, they form a disaccharide. Disaccharides are a type of carbohydrate composed of two sugar units. Examples of disaccharides include sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
21.
The disaccharide maltose is formed when you add ____________ + _____________ together. (don't use "and" in your answer, but do use commas)
Explanation
Maltose is a disaccharide formed by the combination of two glucose molecules. When glucose molecules are joined together through a condensation reaction, a glycosidic bond is formed, resulting in the formation of maltose.
22.
The disaccharide sucrose is formed when you add ___________ + ____________ together. (don't use "and" in your answer, but do use commas)
Explanation
Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of two monosaccharides, glucose and fructose. When glucose and fructose are combined through a condensation reaction, a glycosidic bond is formed, resulting in the formation of sucrose.
23.
The disaccharide lactose is formed when you add _____________ + _____________ together. (don't use "and" in your answer, but do use commas)
Explanation
Lactose, a disaccharide, is formed when glucose and galactose are combined.
24.
____________, _____________, and ____________ are all examples of homopolysaccharides. (don't use "and" in your answer, but do use commas)
25.
Which monosaccharide repeats in a long chain to form the homopolysaccharides starch, glycogen, OR cellulose?
Explanation
Glucose is the correct answer because it is a monosaccharide that repeats in a long chain to form the homopolysaccharides starch, glycogen, and cellulose. Starch and glycogen are storage polysaccharides found in plants and animals respectively, while cellulose is a structural polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants. Glucose molecules bond together through glycosidic linkages to form these polysaccharides, providing energy storage and structural support in living organisms.
26.
____________ has only one monomer: glucose; structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls; is the most abundant organic molecule on earth; non-nutrient (not digestible by many animals including humans v. grazing animals) (think corn kernels skin) and serves as dietary fiber.
Explanation
Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls. It is composed of glucose monomers and is the most abundant organic molecule on earth. It is considered a non-nutrient as it is not easily digestible by many animals, including humans. Cellulose serves as dietary fiber and can be found in foods such as corn kernels' skin.
27.
____________ means to "love water"
Explanation
Hydrophilic is a term used to describe substances or molecules that have an affinity or attraction towards water. The prefix "hydro-" refers to water, while "philic" means to have a love or affinity for something. Therefore, hydrophilic means to "love water" or have a strong attraction to water molecules.
28.
____________ means to "fear water"
Explanation
The term "hydrophobic" refers to the fear or aversion towards water. This term is commonly used in chemistry and biology to describe substances or materials that repel or do not mix with water. The prefix "hydro" means water, and the suffix "phobic" means fear or aversion. Therefore, "hydrophobic" accurately describes the concept of fearing water.
29.
_____________ is a protein made up of 4 polypeptide chains.
Explanation
Hemoglobin is a protein made up of four polypeptide chains. It is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body's tissues and removing carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. The four polypeptide chains in hemoglobin consist of two alpha chains and two beta chains. This structure allows hemoglobin to bind to oxygen molecules and transport them efficiently throughout the body.
30.
_____________ is the sequence and number of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
Explanation
The primary structure refers to the specific sequence and number of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. It is the first level of protein structure and plays a crucial role in determining the protein's overall shape and function. The primary structure is determined by the sequence of nucleotides in the gene that codes for the protein, and any changes or mutations in this sequence can have significant effects on the protein's structure and function. Therefore, the primary structure is essential for understanding the protein's properties and how it interacts with other molecules in the cell.
31.
Poly means _______________.
Explanation
Poly is a prefix derived from the Greek word "polys," meaning "many." It is commonly used in English to indicate the presence of multiple or many elements of something.
32.
Which of the 4 macromolecules is not a polymer?
Explanation
Lipids are not considered polymers because they are not made up of repeating subunits. Unlike proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates, lipids do not have a specific structure or monomeric unit that is repeated to form a polymer. Lipids are diverse molecules that include fats, oils, waxes, and steroids, and they serve various functions in the body such as energy storage, insulation, and structural components of cell membranes. Therefore, lipids are not classified as polymers.
33.
There are _________ macromolecules.
Explanation
The question asks for the number of macromolecules, and the answer provided is "four" and "4". Both "four" and "4" represent the same numerical value. Therefore, the correct answer is four or 4, indicating that there are four macromolecules.
34.
_____________ has only one monomer: glucose; is used as energy storage by plants and stains purple with iodine as an indicator.
Explanation
Starch is a polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers. It serves as an energy storage molecule in plants. When iodine is used as an indicator, starch reacts with it to form a purple color. Therefore, starch is the correct answer as it fits all the given criteria: it consists of glucose monomers, is used as energy storage by plants, and stains purple with iodine.
35.
In the drawing of the amino acid the right group is called the ___________ group.
Explanation
The correct answer is "carboxyl." In the drawing of the amino acid, the right group is referred to as the carboxyl group. The carboxyl group consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group. It is an important functional group found in many organic compounds, including amino acids. This group plays a crucial role in the formation of peptide bonds and the overall structure and function of proteins.
36.
___________ has only one monomer: glucose; is more highly branched in structure than starch; animals use this for energy storage and it is stored in the liver and skeletal muscle.
Explanation
Glycogen is a polysaccharide that consists of only one type of monomer, which is glucose. It has a highly branched structure compared to starch. Animals use glycogen as a form of energy storage, and it is primarily stored in the liver and skeletal muscle.
37.
What distinguishes one amino acid from another?
Explanation
The correct answer is the R group or side group. The R group is a variable part of the amino acid structure that differs among different amino acids. It is responsible for giving each amino acid its unique properties and characteristics. The R group can be a simple hydrogen atom or a complex organic molecule, and it determines the amino acid's polarity, acidity, and other chemical properties. Therefore, the R group is what distinguishes one amino acid from another.
38.
In the drawing of the amino acid the "R" stands for the _____________.
Explanation
The "R" in the drawing of the amino acid represents the side group or side groups. The side group is a variable component of an amino acid that differentiates one amino acid from another. It is attached to the central carbon atom of the amino acid and can vary in size, shape, and chemical properties. The side group plays a crucial role in determining the characteristics and functions of the amino acid in protein synthesis and structure.
39.
The disaccharide sucrose is another name for _______________.
Explanation
Sucrose is a disaccharide made up of glucose and fructose molecules. It is commonly known as table sugar and is a sweet-tasting crystalline substance that is commonly used as a sweetener in food and beverages.
40.
Milkshakes and malt liquor are made from the disaccharide _____________.
Explanation
Milkshakes and malt liquor are made from the disaccharide maltose. Maltose is a type of sugar composed of two glucose molecules linked together. It is commonly found in grains, such as barley, and is produced during the malting process. In the case of milkshakes, maltose can be derived from malted milk powder or malt extract, which adds a distinctive flavor. Similarly, malt liquor is made by fermenting grains, like barley, that contain maltose. Maltose serves as a source of fermentable sugar for yeast during the brewing process, resulting in the production of alcohol.
41.
Long chains of repeating monosaccharides are called ________________.
Explanation
Long chains of repeating monosaccharides are called polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made up of many monosaccharide units bonded together. They serve as a storage form of energy in plants and animals and also play important structural roles. Examples of polysaccharides include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
42.
One type of monomer is _____________.
Explanation
The correct answer for this question is "amino acid, amino acids" because the question asks for one type of monomer, and an amino acid is a type of monomer. However, it is important to note that amino acids can also be referred to in the plural form as "amino acids" since there are multiple types of amino acids.
43.
Through dehydration synthesis a _________________ bond is formed.
Explanation
Dehydration synthesis is a chemical reaction in which two molecules are joined together by the removal of a water molecule. In the context of this question, dehydration synthesis results in the formation of a covalent peptide bond. Therefore, both "covalent peptide" and "peptide" are correct answers as they accurately describe the type of bond formed through dehydration synthesis.
44.
The organic molecules that make up the cell are called _________________.
Explanation
The term "macromolecules" refers to large organic molecules that are essential components of cells. These molecules include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, which play crucial roles in various cellular processes such as metabolism, DNA replication, and cell signaling. Therefore, macromolecules accurately describe the organic molecules that make up the cell.
45.
The disaccharide lactose is another name for ______________.
Explanation
Lactose is a type of sugar found in milk, hence it is commonly referred to as "milk sugar".
46.
_________________ all consist of only one monosaccharide that repeats.
Explanation
Homopolysaccharides are carbohydrates that are made up of a single type of monosaccharide unit, which repeats throughout the structure. In this case, both "homopolysaccharides" and "homopolysaccharide" are correct answers because they refer to the same concept of a polysaccharide composed of a single monosaccharide unit.
47.
True or False: Some proteins may require several polypeptide chains for their complete structure?
Explanation
Some proteins, known as multimeric proteins, are composed of multiple polypeptide chains that come together to form a functional structure. These chains can interact with each other through various bonding interactions, such as hydrogen bonds or disulfide bonds, to create a stable protein structure. Therefore, it is true that some proteins may require several polypeptide chains for their complete structure.
48.
True or False: A protein may be complete when it consists of a single polypeptide chain?
Explanation
A protein can indeed be complete when it consists of a single polypeptide chain. Proteins are made up of one or more polypeptide chains, which are formed by the bonding of amino acids. A single polypeptide chain can fold and interact with itself to form a functional protein. Therefore, it is possible for a protein to be complete with just one polypeptide chain.
49.
True or False: Are proteins a polymer?
Explanation
Proteins are indeed polymers. A polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating subunits called monomers, and proteins are composed of amino acids, which act as the monomers. These amino acids are linked together through peptide bonds to form a long chain, resulting in the formation of a protein. Therefore, proteins can be classified as polymers.