Prep For Biology Exam - Silke Morin

The basic metric unit for measuring length is the meter. The meter is a fundamental unit of length in the International System of Units (SI) and is used to measure distances and dimensions. It is defined as the distance traveled by light in a vacuum during a specific time interval. The meter is widely used in scientific, engineering, and everyday measurements due to its simplicity and universal acceptance.

The basic metric unit for measuring mass is grams. Grams are commonly used to measure the weight or mass of objects. This unit is part of the International System of Units (SI) and is widely used in scientific and everyday measurements. It is a smaller unit compared to kilograms, making it suitable for measuring smaller objects or quantities.

Liters is the correct answer for the basic metric unit of measurement for volume. It is a unit commonly used to measure the capacity or volume of liquids. One liter is equivalent to 1000 milliliters. This unit is widely used in various fields such as science, cooking, and everyday measurements.

The given conversion is from milligrams to grams. To convert, we divide the value in milligrams by 1000 since there are 1000 milligrams in a gram. In this case, 0.025 milligrams divided by 1000 equals 0.000025 grams. Therefore, the correct answer is 0.000025 grams.

To convert kilometers to meters, you need to multiply the given value by 1000 since there are 1000 meters in one kilometer. In this case, 57 kilometers multiplied by 1000 equals 57000 meters. Therefore, the correct answer is 57000 meters.

Water's ability to dissolve substances is referred to as solvency. This property allows water to break down and disperse various solutes, making it a universal solvent. Due to its polar nature, water molecules can surround and separate ions or polar molecules, forming hydration shells. This solvency property is crucial for many biological and chemical processes, as it enables the transportation and chemical reactions of dissolved substances within living organisms. Solvency also plays a crucial role in weathering and erosion, as water can dissolve minerals and carry them away.

An isotonic solution is one in which the solute concentration is equal on both sides of a cell. This means that there is no net movement of water across the cell membrane, resulting in the cell maintaining its normal shape and size. In contrast, a hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration outside the cell, causing water to move out of the cell and potentially causing it to shrink. Hydrotonic is not a recognized scientific term and does not have a clear meaning in this context.

A monomer is the building block of a larger molecule. In the case of a carb, the monomer is a monosaccharide. Monosaccharides are simple sugars that cannot be broken down into smaller units. They are the basic units that make up more complex carbohydrates such as starch, cellulose, and glycogen. Nucleotide, on the other hand, is the monomer of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA, not carbohydrates. Therefore, the correct answer is monosaccharide.

The primary function of a chloroplast is to convert sunlight into glucose through the process of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy from the sun. This energy is then used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose, a form of sugar that can be used by the plant as an energy source. Glucose can be further converted into ATP, the main energy currency of cells, but the immediate product of photosynthesis is glucose.

Osmosis is the correct answer because it is the process of water molecules moving from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration through a semi-permeable membrane. This movement occurs in order to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane. Osmosis is a passive process and does not require energy. Active transport and facilitated diffusion, on the other hand, require energy and involve the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient.

During mitosis, the correct order of stages is prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. In prophase, the chromosomes condense and become visible, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the spindle fibers start to form. In metaphase, the chromosomes align along the equator of the cell. In anaphase, the sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell. Finally, in telophase, the chromosomes reach the poles, the nuclear envelope reforms, and the spindle fibers disassemble.

Milli is the smallest metric prefix because it represents a factor of 0.001, which is smaller than the factors represented by the other options. Hecto represents a factor of 100, centi represents a factor of 0.01, and kilo represents a factor of 1000. Therefore, milli is the correct answer as it represents the smallest value.

When molecules that contain polar covalent bonds are close to each other, they form hydrogen bonds between adjacent molecules. This is because polar covalent bonds create partial positive and negative charges within the molecule. The positive end of one molecule is attracted to the negative end of another molecule, resulting in the formation of hydrogen bonds. These bonds are relatively weak compared to covalent or ionic bonds, but they play a crucial role in various biological and chemical processes, such as the structure of DNA and the properties of water.

A monomer is the building block of a polymer. In the case of lipids, the monomers are either glycerol or fatty acids. Lipids are a diverse group of molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They play various roles in the body, including energy storage, insulation, and forming cell membranes. Glycerol is a three-carbon alcohol, while fatty acids are long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group at one end. When combined, glycerol and fatty acids form triglycerides, the most common type of lipid. Therefore, glycerol or fatty acid can be considered as the monomer of a lipid.

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) functions as an energy carrier in cells. It is a high-energy molecule that stores and transports energy within cells for various cellular processes. ATP releases energy when its phosphate bonds are broken, converting it into ADP (adenosine diphosphate). This energy is then used by cells for activities such as muscle contraction, active transport, and synthesis of molecules. ATP is often referred to as the "energy currency" of the cell due to its crucial role in providing energy for cellular functions.

The cell wall serves as a protective barrier that surrounds the cell, providing structural support and preventing the cell from bursting or collapsing under pressure. It acts as a barrier against external threats such as pathogens and physical damage. Additionally, the cell wall helps maintain the shape of the cell and provides rigidity to support the cell's structure. Therefore, the primary function of the cell wall is to protect and support the cell.

The primary function of a lysosome is to break down substances. Lysosomes contain enzymes that can break down various molecules, such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. This breakdown process, known as hydrolysis, helps to recycle cellular components, eliminate waste materials, and digest engulfed particles, such as bacteria or damaged organelles. By breaking down substances, lysosomes play a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and ensuring proper functioning of cells.

Active transport is a process that requires energy to move molecules or ions against their concentration gradient across a cell membrane. Unlike passive transport mechanisms such as osmosis and facilitated diffusion, active transport involves the use of specialized proteins called pumps, which actively transport molecules or ions from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. This energy requirement is necessary to maintain the concentration gradients required for various cellular processes, such as nutrient uptake and waste removal.

The correct answer is "concentration to less concentration." Diffusion is the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. This movement occurs spontaneously in an attempt to achieve equilibrium, where the concentration of molecules is equal throughout the system. Therefore, the molecules will naturally move from an area of higher concentration (concentration) to an area of lower concentration (less concentration) until equilibrium is reached.

The cell wall is a rigid structure that surrounds the plant cell and provides support and protection. It prevents the cell from bursting by maintaining its shape and preventing excessive expansion. The cell wall is made up of cellulose fibers, which are strong and resistant to stretching. This allows the cell to withstand high internal pressure without bursting. On the other hand, the plasma membrane, although also important for maintaining cell integrity, is a thin and flexible barrier that regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell, but it does not provide the same level of structural support as the cell wall.

A proton is a subatomic particle that carries a positive electrical charge. It is found in the nucleus of an atom and is one of the fundamental building blocks of matter. Electrons, on the other hand, carry a negative charge, while neutrons have no charge. Ions are atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons, resulting in a net positive or negative charge. Therefore, the correct answer is proton.

A hyper solution will have a higher percentage of solutes than the cell. This means that the concentration of solutes in the hyper solution is greater than the concentration of solutes inside the cell. As a result, water will tend to move out of the cell and into the hyper solution through osmosis, causing the cell to shrink or undergo plasmolysis.

The vacuole is the correct answer because it is an organelle found in plant cells that stores water and other substances. When the vacuole fills with water, it creates turgor pressure, which is the pressure exerted against the cell wall. This pressure helps maintain the rigidity and shape of the plant cell. Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis, while ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis, but neither of these organelles are directly responsible for filling with water and causing turgor pressure.

The basic structural and functional unit of living organisms is a cell. Cells are the smallest unit of life and are responsible for carrying out all the necessary functions to sustain life. They contain genetic material (DNA) and are capable of self-reproduction. Cells come in various forms and perform different functions in different organisms, but they all share the fundamental characteristics of being enclosed by a cell membrane and containing genetic material. Therefore, the correct answer is cell.

The primary function of a ribosome is to synthesize proteins. Ribosomes are responsible for translating the genetic information encoded in mRNA into a specific sequence of amino acids, which then form proteins. This process occurs in all living cells and is essential for various cellular functions, including growth, repair, and regulation of biochemical processes. Ribosomes accomplish this task by binding to mRNA and using transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to bring the corresponding amino acids to the growing protein chain. Therefore, the correct answer is "make proteins."

Plasmolysis is the correct answer because it refers to the process in which a plant cell loses water and the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall. This occurs when the plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, causing water to move out of the cell. As a result, the cell becomes shrunken and the vacuole collapses. Crenation is the process of cell shrinkage in animal cells, while lysis refers to the bursting of a cell due to excessive water intake.

Cellular respiration is considered aerobic because it requires oxygen. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, which is a crucial step in generating ATP, the energy currency of cells. Without oxygen, cellular respiration would not be able to efficiently produce ATP, leading to a decrease in energy production. Therefore, the presence of oxygen is essential for the aerobic nature of cellular respiration.

An atom is the smallest bit of matter that retains the properties of a specific element. It consists of a nucleus, which contains protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons. Atoms are the building blocks of all matter and combine to form molecules. Electrons are subatomic particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom. Protons are also subatomic particles found in the nucleus, carrying a positive charge. However, while protons and electrons are components of an atom, they do not possess the properties of a specific element on their own. Therefore, the correct answer is atom.

The correct answer is "gcu" because the anticodon of tRNA is complementary to the codon on mRNA. In this case, the codon "cga" on mRNA requires a tRNA with the anticodon "gcu" to form a complementary base pairing. This complementary pairing ensures that the correct amino acid is added to the growing protein chain during translation.

Atoms with 1 electron in the outermost shell tend to give up an electron to another atom that has a strong attraction to electrons. This is because atoms with 1 electron in the outermost shell are highly reactive and unstable. By giving up an electron to an atom with a strong attraction to electrons, they can achieve a more stable electron configuration by forming a bond. This process is known as ionization or the formation of ions.

Metabolism refers to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living cell. It includes both catabolism, which involves the breakdown of complex molecules to release energy, and anabolism, which involves the synthesis of complex molecules using energy. Therefore, metabolism encompasses the entire range of chemical processes necessary for maintaining life and carrying out various cellular functions.

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is composed of adenine, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphates. Adenine is a nitrogenous base, ribose sugar is a five-carbon sugar, and the three phosphates are high-energy phosphate groups. These components are bonded together to form ATP, which is the primary energy currency of cells. The presence of three phosphates allows ATP to store and release energy efficiently through the breaking and forming of phosphate bonds.

After nuclear division, cytokinesis occurs. Cytokinesis is the process in which the cytoplasm of the cell divides, resulting in the formation of two separate daughter cells. This division ensures that each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic material and other cellular components. Therefore, cytokinesis is the correct answer as it describes the next step after nuclear division.

The active site is the specific location on an enzyme where substrates bind and undergo a chemical reaction. It is a region with a unique shape and chemical properties that allow it to accommodate the substrates and facilitate their reaction. The active site provides a suitable environment for the substrates to come together and interact, allowing the enzyme to catalyze the reaction efficiently.

Small cells are likely to have an adequate surface area for exchanging nutrients and wastes. This is because as cells increase in size, their volume increases at a faster rate than their surface area. A larger surface area allows for more efficient exchange of nutrients and wastes with the external environment. Therefore, smaller cells are more likely to have a surface area-to-volume ratio that is suitable for their metabolic needs.

When water moves into an animal cell, it can cause the cell to burst or undergo a process called lysis. This is because the cell membrane is permeable to water, allowing it to pass through. When there is a higher concentration of solutes inside the cell compared to outside, water moves into the cell through a process called osmosis. As water enters the cell, the internal pressure increases, potentially causing the cell to swell and burst. This is particularly likely to occur in a hypotonic solution where the concentration of solutes outside the cell is lower than inside.

Somatic cells, also known as body cells, contain 46 chromosomes. These chromosomes are organized into 23 pairs, with one member of each pair coming from each parent. On the other hand, gametes, also known as sex cells, contain 23 chromosomes. This is because during the process of meiosis, the number of chromosomes is halved in order to produce haploid cells, which are necessary for sexual reproduction.

The given chemical reaction, h2co3 - h+ & hco3, shows decomposition. In this reaction, the compound H2CO3 (carbonic acid) breaks down into H+ (a hydrogen ion) and HCO3- (bicarbonate ion). This is an example of decomposition because a single compound is breaking down into two or more simpler substances.

The process in which DNA makes an identical copy of itself is called replication. During replication, the DNA molecule unwinds and separates into two strands, and each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. This results in two identical copies of the original DNA molecule. Duplication refers to making a copy of something, but it does not specifically refer to the process of DNA replication. Transcription, on the other hand, is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.

The subatomic particle that has a negative charge is an electron. Electrons are found outside the nucleus of an atom and they orbit around the positively charged protons. They have a fundamental negative charge and are responsible for the flow of electricity in conductive materials. Protons, on the other hand, have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge, and ions are atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons, resulting in a positive or negative charge.

The property of water that refers to the fact that it absorbs a lot of heat without changing its temperature is called high heat capacity. This means that water can absorb a large amount of heat energy before its temperature starts to rise. This property is important for regulating temperature in living organisms and also helps to stabilize the Earth's climate.

Diffusion is the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, without the need for energy. This movement occurs due to the random motion of molecules. In diffusion, molecules spread out and mix with each other until they reach a state of equilibrium. Unlike exocytosis and active transport, diffusion does not require the input of energy or the involvement of cellular machinery. Therefore, diffusion is the correct answer as it is the only process mentioned that does not require energy.

Glycolysis is the initial step in cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate. During this process, a net of 2 ATP molecules are produced. This occurs through substrate-level phosphorylation, where ATP is generated by transferring a phosphate group from a high-energy molecule to ADP. Therefore, the correct answer is 2 ATP molecules.

Cohesion refers to the property of water where water molecules are attracted to other water molecules. This attraction is due to the hydrogen bonding between water molecules. These hydrogen bonds create a strong cohesive force, causing water molecules to stick together. This property is essential for many biological processes, such as the transportation of water in plants and the formation of surface tension.

A hypo solution will cause the cell to swell because it has a lower solute concentration compared to the inside of the cell. In this type of solution, water will move into the cell through osmosis, causing it to expand and swell.

A hyper solution will cause a cell to shrink because it has a higher concentration of solutes compared to the cell's cytoplasm. This creates a concentration gradient that causes water to move out of the cell through osmosis, leading to cell shrinkage.

When ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is used as an energy source, it releases energy by breaking the phosphate bonds. ATP consists of three phosphate groups, and when two of these phosphate bonds are broken, it forms ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and releases energy. This process is known as hydrolysis, where water is used to break the bonds. The energy released from ATP is then utilized by cells for various cellular activities such as muscle contraction, active transport, and synthesis of macromolecules.

Glycolysis is the process that produces pyruvate. It is the initial step in cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate. This process occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and does not require oxygen. Pyruvate is then further processed in the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to produce energy in the form of ATP. Fermentation is an alternative pathway that can occur in the absence of oxygen, but it does not directly produce pyruvate. Therefore, the correct answer is glycolysis.

During prophase 1 of meiosis, crossing over occurs. This is the stage where homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material, leading to genetic variation. The process of crossing over involves the breaking and rejoining of DNA strands between non-sister chromatids. This exchange of genetic material results in the shuffling of genes, increasing genetic diversity. Therefore, prophase 1 is the correct stage where crossing over occurs.

Isotopes are atoms of an element that have the same number of protons (which determines the element) but different numbers of neutrons. The number of electrons in an atom can vary, but it does not affect the identity of the element. Therefore, the correct answer is "atoms of that element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons."