How Well Do You Know About Environment?

The correct answer is "Environment" because the 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) approach can help in conserving and protecting our environment. By reducing waste, reusing materials, and recycling resources, we can minimize the negative impact on the environment, such as pollution and depletion of natural resources. This can lead to the preservation of ecosystems, reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, and overall improvement in environmental sustainability.

Fertilizers are substances added to soil to provide essential nutrient elements for plant growth. They are specifically designed to enhance plant growth by replenishing the soil with nutrients that may be lacking. Fertilizers can contain a combination of macronutrients (such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) and micronutrients (such as iron, zinc, and copper) that are necessary for plants to grow and thrive. By supplying these nutrients, fertilizers help improve soil fertility and promote healthier plant growth.

The correct answer is "All of the above" because environmental science is a multidisciplinary field that studies various interactions between humans and the environment. It encompasses the study of how humans use natural resources, how human beings relate to the nonliving environment, and how human actions can alter the environment. By studying all these aspects, environmental science aims to understand the impact of human activities on the environment and find sustainable solutions.

The correct answer is "All of these" because population growth in the 20th century led to increased demand for resources, resulting in resource depletion. Additionally, the increase in population also led to higher levels of pollution as more people produced waste and consumed energy. Furthermore, the expansion of human settlements to accommodate the growing population caused habitat destruction, further exacerbating environmental stress. Therefore, all three options mentioned - resources depletion, pollution, and habitat destruction - were accelerated by population growth in the 20th century.

The correct answer is Biosphere. The biosphere refers to the part of the Earth where living organisms exist, which includes all ecosystems. It encompasses all the ecosystems on land, in water, and in the air. Therefore, the biosphere is the smallest unit that encompasses all living organisms and their interactions with each other and their environment.

The correct answer is Both 'A' & 'B'. Sediments are mainly classified into two categories: biogenic sediments and clastic sediments. Biogenic sediments are formed from the remains of plants and animals, such as shells, coral, and organic matter. Clastic sediments, on the other hand, are formed from the weathering and erosion of rocks and minerals. Therefore, sediments can be classified as both biogenic and clastic, hence the correct answer is both 'A' & 'B'.

The correct answer is Both 'A' & 'B'. In plant analysis, substances that are determined include both micronutrients and pesticides. Micronutrients are essential elements required by plants in small quantities for their growth and development. Pesticides, on the other hand, are chemicals used to control pests and diseases in plants. Therefore, both micronutrients and pesticides are important substances that are analyzed in plant analysis.

Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is known to be an irritant to the eyes. Exposure to PAN can cause irritation, redness, and discomfort in the eyes. This is because PAN is a reactive compound that can damage the delicate tissues of the eyes upon contact. It is important to protect the eyes from exposure to PAN to avoid any potential harm or discomfort.

Only 1% of the total earth's water resources are available as fresh water. This means that the majority of the earth's water is either saltwater or inaccessible, such as in ice caps and glaciers. The limited availability of fresh water highlights the importance of conservation and sustainable management of this valuable resource.

Fungicides are pesticides specifically designed to control the growth of fungi. They are used to prevent and treat fungal diseases in plants, crops, and other agricultural settings. Fungicides work by inhibiting the growth and reproduction of fungi, thus protecting plants from damage caused by fungal infections. Unlike insecticides, which are used to kill insects, and herbicides, which are used to kill weeds, fungicides are specifically targeted at controlling fungal pathogens. Therefore, the correct answer is "Control the growth of fungi."

Eutrophication is the correct answer because it refers to the process of nitrogen enrichment in aquatic ecosystems. It occurs when excessive amounts of nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, enter the water, leading to an overgrowth of algae and other aquatic plants. This excessive growth depletes the oxygen levels in the water, causing harm to fish and other organisms. Eutrophication is a significant environmental issue that can result from human activities such as agricultural runoff and wastewater discharge.

Acid rain is characterized by having a pH value less than 5. A pH value below 7 indicates acidity, and the lower the pH value, the more acidic the substance is. Acid rain is formed when pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide react with water vapor in the atmosphere, forming sulfuric acid and nitric acid. These acids lower the pH of rainwater, making it more acidic. Therefore, a pH value less than 5 is the correct range for acid rain.

Acid rain is primarily caused by the emission of nitrogen oxides (Nox) and sulfur oxides (Sox) into the atmosphere. These pollutants are released from various sources such as industrial activities, power plants, and vehicle emissions. When Nox and Sox react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals in the atmosphere, they form nitric acid and sulfuric acid, which then fall to the ground as acid rain. Antarctica, MgSo4, and sewer are not the main sources of acid rain.

Biological indicators are classified based on pollution, habitat, behavior, and physiology. This means that when studying and monitoring the environment, scientists use these indicators to assess the impact of pollution on organisms, understand how different habitats affect species, observe behavioral patterns, and analyze physiological responses to environmental changes. Therefore, all of these factors are taken into consideration when classifying biological indicators.

The correct answer is "All of above" because sludge can be applied to agriculture soil, forest soil, and dedicated land disposal sites. Sludge, which is a semi-solid residue generated during wastewater treatment, can be beneficially used as a soil amendment in agriculture to improve soil fertility and structure. It can also be applied to forest soil to enhance nutrient cycling and promote plant growth. Additionally, sludge can be disposed of in dedicated land disposal sites designed to safely contain and manage the waste material. Therefore, sludge can be applied to all of the mentioned options.

The correct answer is Mesosphere. The mesosphere is the layer of the atmosphere above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere. It is located approximately 50 to 85 kilometers above the Earth's surface. In this layer, the temperature decreases with increasing altitude, reaching extremely low temperatures. The mesosphere is also the layer where meteoroids burn up upon entering the Earth's atmosphere, creating shooting stars.

COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) is a measure of the amount of oxygen required to chemically oxidize organic and inorganic substances in water. Strong oxidizing agents are used in the COD measurement because they are capable of rapidly oxidizing the organic and inorganic compounds present in the water sample. The use of acidic conditions helps to enhance the oxidation process by providing a suitable environment for the oxidizing agent to react with the substances present. This allows for a more accurate determination of the COD value.

Secondary treatment uses micro-organisms to consume waste. Micro-organisms, such as bacteria and fungi, are capable of breaking down organic matter present in wastewater. This process, known as biological treatment, involves the use of aerobic or anaerobic conditions to facilitate the growth and activity of these micro-organisms. Through their metabolic processes, micro-organisms consume and convert organic pollutants into simpler and less harmful substances, ultimately purifying the wastewater. Chemicals and filtration may be used in other stages of wastewater treatment but are not specifically used in secondary treatment for consuming waste.

Heavy metals are metallic chemical elements that have a high density, meaning they are heavy for their size. They are also persistent, meaning they do not break down easily in the environment and can accumulate over time. Additionally, heavy metals are toxic and poisonous, posing a risk to human health and the environment. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of these" because heavy metals possess all of these characteristics.

The number 12 is referred to as the "dirty dozen" in this context. This suggests that there is a specific group or category of things that are being referred to as the "dirty dozen," and the number 12 is used to represent this group.

Alum is commonly used as a coagulant in the purification of potable water. It helps in the removal of suspended particles, organic matter, and impurities by causing them to clump together and settle at the bottom. Alum works by neutralizing the negative charges on particles, allowing them to come together and form larger, heavier particles that can be easily removed through filtration or sedimentation. Its effectiveness, availability, and low cost make alum a popular choice for water treatment processes.

Sediments can form in water bodies due to a combination of factors. Gravitational settling occurs when heavier particles sink to the bottom of the water body under the force of gravity. Erosional activities, such as the movement of water over land, can also contribute to the formation of sediments by eroding and carrying away particles. Additionally, transportation of small particles by natural actions, such as currents and waves, can further contribute to sediment formation. Therefore, all of these factors can play a role in the formation of sediments in water bodies.

The main pollutant of leather tanneries in the wastewater is chromium(VI). This is because chromium(VI) is commonly used in the tanning process to convert animal hides into leather. However, it is highly toxic and can cause serious environmental and health hazards. When the wastewater from tanneries is not properly treated, it can release chromium(VI) into water bodies, leading to contamination and adverse effects on aquatic life and human health. Therefore, controlling and treating the discharge of chromium(VI) from leather tanneries is crucial to minimize its environmental impact.

The correct answer is "Refrigeration-> Freezing->Addition of acid-> Addition of Bacterecide." This is the correct stepwise storage procedure because refrigeration is the first step to lower the temperature, followed by freezing to further preserve the product. The addition of acid helps to maintain the pH level and prevent bacterial growth, and the addition of Bacterecide further ensures the elimination of any bacteria.

Titration is not a part of instrumental methods used for the monitoring of pollutants. Instrumental methods involve the use of advanced equipment and techniques to analyze and measure pollutants, such as electromegnatical methods (which may refer to electromagnetic methods), atomic absorption methods, and electrophoresis. Titration, on the other hand, is a chemical method used for determining the concentration of a substance in a solution by reacting it with a known concentration of another substance. Therefore, titration does not fall under instrumental methods for monitoring pollutants.

Nitrification is the process involved in getting back nitrogen in the atmosphere. Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonia or ammonium ions to nitrite followed by the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate. This process is carried out by nitrifying bacteria in the soil, which convert nitrogen compounds back into a gaseous form that can be released into the atmosphere. Hydration and decomposition are not directly involved in the process of returning nitrogen to the atmosphere.

POPs stands for Persistent Organic Pollutant. This term refers to toxic chemicals that persist in the environment, bioaccumulate in living organisms, and pose a risk to human health and the environment. These pollutants are resistant to degradation and can travel long distances through air and water, affecting ecosystems globally. The term "Poly oxidized pollutant" and "Poly organic pollutant" are not accurate definitions for POPs.

Lead is the correct answer because it is a highly toxic metal that poses significant health risks, especially when ingested or inhaled. Road dust is a common source of lead contamination, as it can contain particles from vehicle exhaust, paint, and other sources. Exposure to lead can lead to various health issues, particularly in children, including developmental delays, cognitive impairments, and behavioral problems. Therefore, the presence of lead in road dust is a major concern and requires proper management and mitigation strategies.

The correct answer is "Dispersion of microscopic solid or liquid particles." Aerosol refers to the dispersion of tiny solid or liquid particles in a gas or air. These particles are usually so small that they can remain suspended in the air for a long time. Examples of aerosols include smoke, dust, and mist.

Pumping a sample mixture at high pressure through a column with a stationary phase (S.P) refers to high pressure/performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In HPLC, the mobile phase is a liquid and the stationary phase can be either a solid or a liquid. The high pressure allows for faster and more efficient separation of the sample components. Gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and gas solid chromatography (GSC) involve the use of a gas as the mobile phase, while ion exchange chromatography involves the separation of charged particles using an ion exchange resin.

Secondary water treatment utilizes the biological oxidation process to remove suspended material. This process involves the use of microorganisms to break down organic matter and convert it into simpler, more stable compounds. These microorganisms consume the suspended material as a food source, resulting in its removal from the water. Mechanical processes, biological reduction, and chemical reduction are not typically used in secondary water treatment for the removal of suspended material.

The decrease of temperature with increasing altitude is called a positive lapse rate. This means that as altitude increases, the temperature decreases. This is a common phenomenon in the Earth's atmosphere, where the air becomes less dense at higher altitudes and therefore cannot hold as much heat. The positive lapse rate is important for understanding weather patterns and atmospheric stability.

Calcium hardness is a measure of the concentration of calcium ions (Ca2+) in water. It is not affected by the presence of magnesium ions (Mg2+), calcium ions (Ca+), or silicates. Therefore, the correct answer is Ca2+ ions only.

Condensation is the correct answer because atmospheric sampling of gaseous pollutants often involves the collection of air samples and subsequent cooling. When the air is cooled, the water vapor present in the air condenses into liquid form. This condensation process allows for the capture and analysis of gaseous pollutants that may be dissolved or trapped within the liquid droplets. Therefore, condensation is a crucial step in atmospheric sampling to effectively measure and study gaseous pollutants in the air.

Paul Anastas is known as the "Father of Green Chemistry" because of his significant contributions to the development and promotion of environmentally friendly chemical processes. He has been instrumental in advocating for the use of sustainable and less harmful chemicals in industry, as well as the reduction of waste and pollution. His work has helped to shape the field of green chemistry and has had a lasting impact on the way chemicals are produced and used worldwide.

The given answer "All of above" is correct because plants do sample time recommendations for tree and plant growth through diurnal variation, which refers to the daily fluctuations in environmental conditions such as light and temperature. They also respond to seasonal variation, which includes changes in temperature, precipitation, and day length throughout the year. Additionally, plants can adapt their growth patterns based on year-to-year variation, which involves variations in climate and weather conditions from one year to another. Therefore, all of these variations play a role in influencing the timing of tree and plant growth.

DDT is a synthetic pesticide. DDT, also known as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, is a chemical compound that was widely used as an insecticide in the past. It was effective in killing various insects, including mosquitoes, which transmit diseases like malaria. However, DDT is also known for its harmful effects on the environment and human health. Due to its persistence in the environment and its ability to accumulate in the food chain, DDT was banned in many countries.

Mosses and lichens are bio-indicators that accumulate heavy metals. Bio-indicators are organisms that can provide information about the environmental conditions of an area. Mosses and lichens have the ability to absorb and retain heavy metals from their surroundings, making them useful indicators of pollution levels. The accumulation of heavy metals in mosses and lichens can indicate the presence of pollutants in the air or soil, making them valuable tools for monitoring environmental quality.

Primary treatment is the first step in the wastewater treatment process. It involves the physical removal of large solids through processes such as screening and sedimentation. The primary treatment process can remove about 60% of solids from the wastewater. Additionally, it can also remove approximately 35% of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), which is a measure of the organic pollutants present in the wastewater.

The correct answer is hypoxia. BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) is a measure of the amount of oxygen required by microorganisms to decompose organic matter in water. When BOD levels are high, it indicates a high level of organic pollution in the water, leading to a depletion of oxygen. Hypoxia refers to a condition where there is a severe lack of oxygen in the environment, which can have detrimental effects on aquatic life. Therefore, the dramatic depletion of BOD can result in hypoxia.

Pedology is the correct answer because it is the study of soil sciences. Limnology is the study of freshwater systems, Ornthology is the study of birds, and Entomology is the study of insects. Therefore, Pedology is the only option that aligns with the study of soil sciences.

The Minamata incident is related to the heavy metal mercury (Hg). The incident occurred in the 1950s and 1960s in Minamata, Japan, where a chemical company released industrial wastewater containing methylmercury into the Minamata Bay. This toxic substance contaminated the seafood consumed by the local population, leading to severe health issues, including neurological disorders and birth defects. The incident highlighted the devastating effects of mercury pollution on human health and the environment.

The correct answer is 300 & 400 L. This range is suggested as the average amount of water utilized by each person for domestic purposes. It indicates that people typically use between 300 and 400 liters of water for activities such as drinking, cooking, cleaning, and bathing.

Ozone is used for disinfecting water to avoid the formation of toxic compounds with chlorine. Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent that can effectively kill bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms in water. It reacts with organic and inorganic substances, including chlorine, to form non-toxic byproducts. This process helps to ensure the safety and purity of the water supply without introducing harmful chemicals or residues.

The practice of using a bicycle for traveling a small distance instead of using a petrol-based vehicle does not directly relate to green chemistry. Green chemistry focuses on the design and development of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. While using a bicycle contributes to environmental sustainability, it is not directly related to chemical processes or the reduction of hazardous substances.

Approximately 1-2% of waste water ends up as wet sludge. This means that only a small percentage of the total waste water generated is converted into wet sludge. The majority of waste water is likely treated and processed through various methods to remove impurities and contaminants before being discharged or reused. This low percentage suggests that wastewater treatment processes are effective in minimizing the amount of sludge produced.

The C-Horizon is the layer of weathered parent rock that lies beneath the A and B horizons. It is composed of partially weathered rock fragments and minerals. This layer is often characterized by a lack of organic matter and a high concentration of weathered material. It is considered the least fertile layer of soil and is not suitable for plant growth without significant amendments.

Atomic spectrophotometric methods are favored for the determination of metals in water because these methods allow for the analysis of trace amounts of metals with high sensitivity and accuracy. These methods involve measuring the absorption or emission of light by the metal atoms, which provides information about their concentration in the water sample. By using atomic spectrophotometry, various metals present in water can be detected and quantified, making it a suitable technique for the determination of metals in water.

COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) measures the amount of oxygen that would be removed from waste in order to oxidize pollution. It is a commonly used parameter to assess the organic pollution level in water. The test determines the oxygen required to chemically oxidize the organic matter present in the waste. Therefore, the given answer accurately describes the purpose and significance of COD measurement.