Poziom Operacyjny - Podstawowe Systemy Nawigacyjne

Autopilot to urządzenie, które zapewnia utrzymanie statku na zadanym kursie. It means that the autopilot device helps in maintaining the ship on a specified course.

A free gyroscope is a gyroscope that has three degrees of freedom, meaning it can rotate freely in three different directions. This means that it is not fixed or constrained and can move independently in three axes.

Wykorzystanie autopilota powoduje oszczędności w eksploatacji statku. Autopilot jest systemem, który może samodzielnie sterować statkiem, co pozwala załodze zaoszczędzić czas i wysiłek potrzebny do ręcznego sterowania. Dzięki temu można zmniejszyć ilość zużywanego paliwa, co przekłada się na oszczędności finansowe związane z eksploatacją statku. Autopilot może również pomagać w utrzymaniu stałej prędkości, co może przyczynić się do bardziej efektywnego i ekonomicznego pływania.

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A gyroscope placed inside a floating ball obtains three degrees of freedom. This means that it can move independently in three different directions: pitch, roll, and yaw. These degrees of freedom allow the gyroscope to maintain its orientation and stability while the ball is floating. It can adjust its position in response to any external forces acting on it, ensuring that it remains balanced and aligned with respect to the Earth's gravitational field.

The correct answer is "ruch obrotowy Ziemi" (the Earth's rotational motion). This is because the gyroscope, which is used to determine the course, relies on the Earth's rotation to provide accurate readings. As the Earth rotates, the gyroscope remains fixed in space, allowing it to measure changes in orientation and provide navigation information. The other options, such as the Earth's magnetic field and the North Star, may be used for navigation purposes, but they are not directly related to the use of a gyroscope.

The correct answer is "w lewo lub w prawo w zależności m.in. od typu i budowy statku" which means that the ship will change its course either to the left or to the right depending on factors such as the type and construction of the ship. The wind hitting the ship from the starboard side will create a force that will cause the ship to veer off its original course, but the direction in which it will veer will depend on various factors including the ship's design and characteristics.

Wyznaczanie kursu za pomocą żyrokompasu wykorzystuje zarówno ruch obrotowy Ziemi, jak i przyciąganie ziemskie. Ruch obrotowy Ziemi wpływa na działanie żyrokompasu, który wykorzystuje tę informację do określenia kierunku. Przyciąganie ziemskie również odgrywa rolę, ponieważ wpływa na stabilność i działanie żyrokompasu. Dzięki połączeniu tych dwóch czynników możliwe jest dokładne określenie kursu.

When a gyroscope is subjected to a moment of force, it rotates around an axis perpendicular to the direction of the applied force. This is due to the gyroscopic effect, which causes the gyroscope to resist any changes in its orientation. As a result, the correct answer is that the gyroscope rotates around an axis perpendicular to the direction of the applied force.

The correct answer is "ruchu statku ze stałą prędkością i kursem" (movement of the ship with constant speed and course). This is because ballistic deflection occurs when there is a change in the ship's velocity or course. In this scenario, since the ship is moving with a constant speed and course, there are no changes happening that could cause ballistic deflection.

This answer states that a steady course ship is a ship that, after deviating from its course due to external factors, continues to move along the new course when the rudder is lying in the diametrical plane. This means that despite disturbances caused by waves or wind, the ship maintains its new course without changing it.

The correct answer is "wykonuje wahania nietłumione" which translates to "performs undamped oscillations." This means that the gyroscope with a lowered center of gravity will continue to swing back and forth without any decrease in amplitude or energy loss. This is because the lowered center of gravity helps to maintain the stability of the gyroscope and allows it to oscillate freely without any external damping forces.

The correct answer is "ustawia się wzdłuż południka." A gyroscope with a lowered center of gravity and an oil damper aligns itself along the meridian due to the Earth's rotation. This is because the gyroscope experiences a torque caused by the rotation of the Earth, which causes it to align itself in the north-south direction, or along the meridian.

Changing the sensitivity setting (yaw) causes a change in the range of the dead zone of the controller, which is related to the ship's yawing. This means that adjusting the sensitivity setting will affect the range in which the controller does not respond to small movements, known as the dead zone, and can help reduce any unwanted oscillations or instability in the ship's yawing motion.

The correct answer is "długości geograficznej" (geographical longitude). Dewiacja prędkościowa, or speed deviation, is a term used in navigation to describe the difference between the indicated speed of a ship and its actual speed through the water. It is affected by factors such as the speed and course of the ship, as well as the geographical latitude (szerokość geograficzna). However, geographical longitude (długość geograficzna) does not have any direct influence on speed deviation.

The integral component in a PID controller takes into account the factors that cause a constant deviation of the ship from its course. This means that it considers the cumulative effect of these factors over time and adjusts the control signal accordingly to minimize the steady-state error. By integrating the error signal, the integral component can gradually reduce the steady-state error and bring the ship closer to the desired course.

The correct answer is "prędkość odchylania się statku od kursu (prędkość kątową)". In a PID controller, the differential component takes into account the rate of change of the ship's deviation from the desired course. This is represented by the angular velocity or angular rate, which measures how quickly the ship is deviating from the desired course. By considering this velocity, the PID controller can adjust the control signal to quickly counteract any deviations and bring the ship back on course.

The correct answer is "odchylenie statku od kursu (uchyb kursowy)". In a PID controller, the proportional component considers the error between the desired and actual values of the system. In this case, it refers to the difference between the desired course and the actual course of the ship. This error, also known as the "uchyb kursowy" in Polish, is used by the proportional component to determine the control action needed to minimize the error and bring the ship back on course. The other options mentioned, such as the angular velocity and the Coriolis force, are not directly related to the proportional component in a PID controller.

Changing the integral coefficient (trim) setting affects the range of constant, automatic rudder deflection.

Changing the gain setting of the rudder affects the angle of the rudder deflection as well as the duration the rudder remains in extreme deflection.