A&p 2113 @ Gwinnett Tech - Chapters 1,2,3 Test Review

The given string of DNA "ACCGTGCCTATAGAT" contains 15 nucleotides. Each group of three nucleotides, known as a codon, codes for a specific amino acid. Therefore, the string of DNA would code for 15/3 = 5 amino acids.

Nuclear pores are responsible for allowing various molecules to move in and out of the nucleus. These pores are large protein complexes that create passageways in the nuclear envelope, which surrounds the nucleus. They regulate the transport of molecules such as RNA, proteins, and signaling molecules, ensuring that essential substances can enter the nucleus for processes like gene expression, while waste materials and unnecessary molecules can exit. Therefore, nuclear pores play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and functionality of the nucleus.

The crista is not a part of the nucleus. The nuclear pores are small openings in the nuclear envelope that allow for the exchange of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The nuclear envelope is a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus and separates it from the cytoplasm. The perinuclear space is the space between the two layers of the nuclear envelope. On the other hand, the crista is a fold in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, which is not a part of the nucleus.

During meiosis, a cell undergoes two rounds of division resulting in the formation of four daughter cells. Each daughter cell contains half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. In this case, the original cell has 20 chromosomes, so after meiosis, each daughter cell would have 10 chromosomes. Therefore, the statement is true.

Contralateral refers to the opposite side of the body. In this scenario, the patient had a leg cut off on one side, and now they have to have a finger cut off on the opposite side. Therefore, the finger cut off is on the contralateral side to the leg that was previously cut off.

Hydrolysis is the process by which water is used to break down larger molecules into smaller ones. In this process, a water molecule is split into its constituent parts, a hydrogen ion (H+) and a hydroxide ion (OH-), which then interact with the molecule being broken down. This interaction causes the molecule to be cleaved into two or more smaller molecules. Hydrolysis is an important process in various biological and chemical reactions, such as digestion, where large food molecules are broken down into smaller, more easily absorbed nutrients.

The given equation shows the breakdown of starch into glucose molecules by the addition of water. This process is known as hydrolysis, which involves the cleavage of chemical bonds by the addition of water molecules. In hydrolysis, large molecules are broken down into smaller ones through the breaking of bonds with the help of water. Therefore, the reactants and products mentioned in the equation align with the process of hydrolysis.

When a polysaccharide is made from glucose, it involves the process of anabolism. Anabolism refers to the metabolic pathway in which complex molecules are built up from simpler ones, requiring energy input. In this case, glucose molecules are combined to form a polysaccharide, which is a larger and more complex molecule. This process requires energy and is therefore classified as an anabolic process. Catabolism, on the other hand, is the metabolic pathway in which complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones, releasing energy.

The space between the lungs is called the mediastinum. It is a central compartment in the thoracic cavity that contains the heart, great vessels, esophagus, trachea, and other structures. The mediastinum separates the two pleural cavities that house the lungs. The diaphragm is a muscular structure that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The pleura refers to the membrane that covers the lungs and lines the inner surface of the chest wall. The meninges are the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.

The visceral peritoneum is deep to the parietal peritoneum. This means that the visceral peritoneum is located underneath or beneath the parietal peritoneum.

Some ribosomes are free in the cytoplasm.

The pH of a solution is a measure of its acidity or alkalinity. It is calculated using the formula pH = -log[H+]. In this case, the concentration of H+ ions is given as 0.1M. Taking the negative logarithm of 0.1 gives a pH value of 1. This means that the solution is highly acidic.

During metaphase of mitosis, the centromeres line up along the equator of the cell. This is the stage where the chromosomes, consisting of two sister chromatids, are fully condensed and attached to spindle fibers. The centromeres are located at the center of each chromosome and are responsible for connecting the sister chromatids. The alignment of centromeres at the equator ensures that the sister chromatids will be separated correctly during the subsequent stage of mitosis, anaphase. This alignment is essential for the equal distribution of genetic material to the daughter cells.

The thoracic body cavity contains the lungs. The thoracic cavity is located between the neck and the diaphragm and is protected by the rib cage. It houses several vital organs including the heart, lungs, and other structures of the respiratory system. The lungs are responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body and are essential for the process of respiration.

When elements share a bond that is non-polar, it means that they have an equal sharing of electrons. This occurs when the electronegativity of both elements in the bond is the same or very similar. In a non-polar bond, there is no separation of charge, and the electrons are evenly distributed between the atoms. As a result, there is no significant difference in electronegativity, and the bond is non-polar.

Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of fructose and glucose molecules. When fructose and glucose molecules combine, they form a glycosidic bond, resulting in the formation of sucrose. Therefore, the correct answer is fructose + glucose.

Glycogen is the primary storage form of glucose in animals, including humans. It is a polysaccharide that is stored in the liver and muscles. When the body needs energy, glycogen is broken down into glucose to be used as fuel. Starch is the primary storage form of glucose in plants, while cellulose is a structural polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants.

The mitochondria is responsible for breaking down glucose using oxygen to produce ATP. ATP is the main source of energy for cellular processes. The other options listed, such as the nucleolus, ribosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum, are not directly involved in this process. The mitochondria have their own DNA and are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell due to their role in energy production.

Centrioles form the spindle apparatus in mitosis. The spindle apparatus is responsible for separating the chromosomes during cell division. Centrioles are cylindrical structures found in animal cells and are involved in the organization of microtubules, which make up the spindle fibers. These spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes and help in their movement towards opposite poles of the cell. Therefore, centrioles play a crucial role in ensuring the proper distribution of genetic material during mitosis.

Red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes, do not have a nucleus. During their maturation process, the nucleus is expelled to make more space for the oxygen-carrying protein called hemoglobin. This absence of a nucleus allows red blood cells to have a biconcave shape, which increases their surface area and enhances their ability to transport oxygen efficiently.

Extracellular fluid contains more Na+ because Na+ is the primary cation in extracellular fluid, while K+ is the primary cation in intracellular fluid. This is due to the sodium-potassium pump, which actively transports Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell, maintaining the concentration gradient. Therefore, it is true that extracellular fluid contains more Na+.

The muscular system is responsible for movement, generating heat, and contains skeletal muscles and associated tendons. However, it does not provide support and protection for other tissues. This is the opposite of what is stated in the question, which asks for what is NOT true about the muscular organ system.

The correct answer is dorsal. The dorsal body cavity consists of two cavities, the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity. Both cavities are lined by meninges and contain the brain and spinal cord. The term "dorsal" refers to the back or posterior side of the body, which is where the cranial and vertebral cavities are located.

When elements differ in their "pull" on electrons, it is called a polar covalent bond. In a polar covalent bond, one element has a greater electronegativity than the other, causing it to attract the shared electrons more strongly. This creates a partial positive charge on the less electronegative element and a partial negative charge on the more electronegative element. The unequal sharing of electrons results in a polar covalent bond.

Carbonic acid can lower the pH by giving up or releasing H+ ions. When carbonic acid dissociates, it releases H+ ions, which increases the concentration of H+ ions in the solution. This increase in H+ ions leads to a decrease in pH, making the solution more acidic. Therefore, carbonic acid plays a role in controlling pH by lowering it through the release of H+ ions.

Maltose is not a monosaccharide because it is a disaccharide. Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates and cannot be broken down into smaller units. Glucose, galactose, and fructose are all monosaccharides, as they consist of a single sugar unit. Maltose, on the other hand, is formed by the combination of two glucose molecules through a glycosidic bond, making it a disaccharide.

Lipids are a diverse group of molecules that serve various functions in the body. They are primarily known for their role in energy storage, as they can be broken down to release energy when needed. Lipids also act as structural components, providing support and protection to cells and organs. Additionally, lipids play a crucial role in hormone production, regulating various physiological processes. However, lipids do not function in relaying messages. This task is primarily performed by proteins and neurotransmitters.

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The correct answer is ventral because the body cavity consists of two main cavities, the ventral cavity and the dorsal cavity, which are separated by the diaphragm. The ventral cavity is located in the front of the body and contains organs such as the heart, lungs, and digestive organs. The dorsal cavity, on the other hand, is located in the back of the body and contains organs such as the brain and spinal cord. Therefore, the ventral cavity is the correct answer in this case.

The correct answer is cytoplasm. The cytoplasm refers to the gel-like substance that fills the cell and is contained within the cell membrane. It contains various organelles, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes, and is involved in various cellular processes, including metabolism and protein synthesis. The cytoplasm provides a medium for the transportation of molecules and supports the structure of the cell.

The nucleolus is a non-membranous organelle because it is not surrounded by a membrane. It is a distinct structure within the nucleus of a cell and is involved in the production and assembly of ribosomes. Unlike other organelles, such as the mitochondria or endoplasmic reticulum, the nucleolus does not have a membrane separating it from the rest of the nucleus.

A catabolic reaction refers to the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy in the process. Exergonic reactions release energy, making them the appropriate choice to complete the statement. Endergonic reactions, on the other hand, require energy input to occur. While digestion is a catabolic process, it does not directly describe the nature of the reaction itself.

Acidity is the measure of the concentration of H+ ions in a solution. When a solution has a high concentration of H+ ions, it is considered acidic. Acidity is often measured using the pH scale, where a lower pH value indicates a higher concentration of H+ ions and therefore a stronger acidity. This measure is important in understanding the chemical properties and behavior of different substances, as well as their effects on biological systems.

The endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for multiple functions within a cell. It is involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids, acting as a site for their production. Additionally, it functions as a storage organelle, holding various molecules and ions. The endoplasmic reticulum is also involved in the transport of proteins and lipids to different parts of the cell. Lastly, it plays a role in detoxification processes, aiding in the breakdown and removal of harmful substances. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" as the endoplasmic reticulum performs all these functions.

Lactose is made by dehydration synthesis of glucose + galactose. This process involves the removal of a water molecule to form a bond between the glucose and galactose molecules. This reaction occurs in the mammary glands of mammals, where lactose is produced and found in milk.

Bicarbonate can raise the pH by picking up or hiding H+ ions. When bicarbonate reacts with an acid, it can accept a hydrogen ion (H+) and form carbonic acid. This reaction reduces the concentration of H+ ions in the solution, leading to an increase in pH. Additionally, bicarbonate can act as a buffer, helping to maintain a stable pH by preventing drastic changes in acidity or alkalinity.

Amino acids must be a part of your diet because your body cannot make them. There are 10 essential amino acids that the body needs to obtain from food sources. These amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and play crucial roles in various bodily functions such as muscle repair, hormone production, and immune system function. Without an adequate intake of these essential amino acids, the body would not be able to synthesize proteins and perform these important functions.

N-N would form a non-polar covalent bond because both nitrogen atoms have the same electronegativity, meaning they have an equal attraction for the shared electrons. In a non-polar covalent bond, the electrons are shared equally between the atoms, resulting in a balanced distribution of charge and no partial charges.

The given reaction involves the combination of multiple glucose molecules to form starch and water. This process is known as dehydration synthesis or condensation reaction. Dehydration refers to the removal of water molecules during the formation of a larger molecule. In this case, the glucose molecules lose water molecules and join together to form starch. Therefore, the correct answer is dehydration.

Globular proteins are more likely to be soluble compared to fibrous proteins. This is because globular proteins have a compact and rounded structure, with hydrophilic (water-loving) amino acid residues on the surface that can interact with water molecules, allowing them to dissolve easily in water. On the other hand, fibrous proteins have a long and extended structure, with a high proportion of hydrophobic (water-repelling) amino acid residues, making them less soluble in water.

Rember, in RNA, the Thymine of DNA is changed to Uracil.

Peroxisomes are organelles found in eukaryotic cells that are involved in various metabolic processes, including the production and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). They contain enzymes called catalases that help break down H2O2 into water and oxygen. Additionally, peroxisomes are also responsible for the production of H2O2 as a byproduct of certain metabolic reactions. Therefore, it is correct to say that peroxisomes produce and break down H2O2.

When bicarbonate is added to a solution, it acts as a base and reacts with water to release hydroxide ions (OH-). The increase in hydroxide ions leads to an increase in the concentration of hydroxide ions relative to the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+), resulting in a higher pH. Therefore, adding bicarbonate to a solution causes the pH to go up.

Mitochondria can replicate on their own through a process called mitochondrial fission. This organelle has its own DNA and machinery to replicate and divide independently of the cell's nucleus. This ability is crucial for maintaining the proper functioning of cells, as mitochondria play a vital role in energy production through oxidative phosphorylation. Additionally, mitochondrial replication allows for the inheritance of functional mitochondria during cell division.

Lactose is a disaccharide composed of two monosaccharides, galactose and glucose. When galactose and glucose molecules combine through a glycosidic bond, they form lactose. Therefore, the correct answer is galactose + glucose.

Phagocytosis is not a method of passive transport. It is a form of active transport where cells engulf and ingest particles or microorganisms. In this process, the cell membrane surrounds the particle and forms a vesicle, which is then transported into the cell. Passive transport, on the other hand, does not require energy and includes processes like diffusion and osmosis.

When HCl is added to distilled water, it dissociates into H+ and Cl- ions. The presence of H+ ions increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in the water, making it more acidic. As a result, the pH of the water decreases, indicating an increase in acidity. Therefore, the correct answer is "down".

A red blood cell is the correct answer because it has a unique shape that resembles an "inner tube" when viewed under a microscope. The cell is biconcave in shape, meaning it is thinner in the center and thicker at the edges, giving it a similar appearance to an inner tube. This shape allows the red blood cell to be flexible and squeeze through narrow blood vessels, delivering oxygen to tissues throughout the body.

The correct answer is perineal. The perineal region refers to the area between the genital and anus, including the perineum. It is the anatomical term used to describe this specific region of the body.

The Na/K pump actually pumps Na out of the cell and K into the cell. This is an active transport mechanism that maintains the concentration gradients of Na and K across the cell membrane. By pumping out Na and bringing in K, the Na/K pump helps to create a negative charge inside the cell and a positive charge outside, which is crucial for various cellular processes such as nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction.

The nucleolus is a non-membranous organelle located within the nucleus of a cell. It is responsible for the production and assembly of ribosomes, which are essential for protein synthesis. Unlike the other options mentioned, the nucleolus does not have a membrane surrounding it. This lack of a membrane distinguishes it as a non-membranous organelle.

When CO2 is added to water, it reacts with water molecules to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). This carbonic acid dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-). The increase in hydrogen ions leads to an increase in acidity, causing the pH of the water to decrease. Therefore, the correct answer is "go down."

Glucagon is the correct answer because it is a hormone that is released by the pancreas when the glucose level in the blood is too low. Glucagon helps to increase the glucose levels by stimulating the liver to break down glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream. This helps to restore the glucose balance in the body and maintain homeostasis.

The rate of diffusion depends on various factors such as distance, molecular size, temperature, and electrical forces. However, the statement states that the rate of diffusion does not depend on any of these variables. This means that all of the above factors (distance, molecular size, temperature, and electrical forces) are not influencing the rate of diffusion.

Water always moves from a hypotonic solution into a hypertonic one. In a hypertonic solution, there is a higher concentration of solutes compared to the hypotonic solution. As a result, water molecules tend to move from an area of lower solute concentration (hypotonic solution) to an area of higher solute concentration (hypertonic solution) in order to equalize the concentration on both sides of the membrane.

Anabolism is the correct answer because it refers to the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units. This process involves the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy input. Anabolism is the opposite of catabolism, which involves the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones. Metabolism, on the other hand, encompasses all the chemical reactions that occur in an organism, including both anabolism and catabolism.

The tertiary structure of a protein refers to its three-dimensional arrangement, which is determined by the interactions between amino acid residues that are far apart in the linear sequence. A protein with a "crumpled ball of paper" appearance suggests that it has a complex and compact folding pattern, with various regions of the protein folding back onto themselves. This folding is crucial for the protein to achieve its functional shape and perform its specific biological role. Therefore, the correct answer is tertiary.

The cell membrane is responsible for various functions, such as physical isolation, providing structural support, and controlling the entry and exit of substances. However, the synthesis of important proteins is not a function of the cell membrane. Protein synthesis occurs in the ribosomes, which are located either in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. The cell membrane mainly acts as a barrier and regulator of the movement of molecules in and out of the cell.

Compounds with lots of Carbon and Hydrogen are non-polar because carbon and hydrogen have similar electronegativities, meaning they share electrons equally in a covalent bond. As a result, there is no significant difference in charge distribution within the molecule, resulting in a non-polar molecule.

During prophase, the nuclear envelope disappears. This is because the chromatin condenses into chromosomes, causing the nuclear envelope to break down and disintegrate. This allows the chromosomes to move freely within the cell and prepares for the subsequent stages of mitosis.

The nucleolus is responsible for making ribosomal subunits. It is a small, dense region within the nucleus of a cell. It contains RNA and proteins, which are used to assemble ribosomes. Ribosomes are essential for protein synthesis in the cell, and they are composed of two subunits that are made in the nucleolus before being exported to the cytoplasm. Therefore, the nucleolus is the correct answer as it directly functions in the production of ribosomal subunits.

A pH of 3 indicates a high concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution. The pH scale is logarithmic, meaning that each unit represents a tenfold difference in concentration. Therefore, a pH of 3 corresponds to a molarity of 0.001M for H+ ions.

Squamous cells are a type of epithelial cell that are flat and scale-like in shape. These cells are found on the outermost layer of the skin and play a crucial role in providing a protective barrier against external factors such as pathogens, UV radiation, and physical damage. Therefore, the statement "squamous cells build a scale like layer of protection on the surface of the skin" is true.

The antebrachial is distal to the antecubital. Distal refers to a position farther away from the point of reference, in this case, the antecubital. Therefore, the correct answer is distal.

When HCl is added to the buffered solution, it will release H+ ions. The weak base in the buffer will then react with these H+ ions, forming water and removing them from the solution. This reaction helps to maintain the pH of the solution at 7. Therefore, the weak base of the buffer will remove H+ ions to keep the pH at 7.

Maltose is a disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules linked together. Therefore, the correct answer is glucose + glucose.

DNA replication begins in the interphase. Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle, and it is the period of preparation before cell division occurs. During interphase, the cell grows, carries out normal metabolic activities, and duplicates its DNA in preparation for cell division. This is when DNA replication takes place, ensuring that each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic information. Therefore, interphase is the correct phase in which DNA replication begins.

The centrosome is not a membranous organelle. It is a small region near the nucleus of a cell that contains a pair of centrioles. While it plays a crucial role in cell division and the organization of microtubules, it does not have a membrane surrounding it like other organelles such as the lysosome, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, and vacuole.

Diffusion is the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, driven by their kinetic energy. The factors that significantly affect the rate of diffusion include temperature (higher temperatures increase kinetic energy and thus the speed of diffusion), surface area (larger surface areas facilitate faster diffusion), and the concentration gradient (the greater the difference in concentration, the faster diffusion occurs). The color of the diffusing substance has no impact on diffusion, as it is unrelated to molecular movement or energy.

During metaphase, the cell's chromosomes align in the middle of the cell. Each chromosome is attached to a spindle fiber by a structure called a centromere. Since a cell with 46 chromosomes would have 2 copies of each chromosome, it would also have 2 centrosomes, one at each end of the cell, each responsible for organizing the spindle fibers and ensuring proper chromosome alignment during cell division.

During telophase, the final phase of mitosis, the chromosomes start to uncoil and become less condensed. This is because the nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes, separating them from the cytoplasm. As the nuclear envelope forms, the chromosomes begin to decondense and return to their more relaxed, thread-like state. This uncoiling allows the genetic material to become accessible for gene expression and other cellular processes that occur during interphase, the phase between cell divisions.

Enzymes actually decrease the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction. They act as catalysts, speeding up the reaction by lowering the energy barrier required for the reaction to occur. This allows the reaction to happen more easily and quickly.

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is not a way for the cell to take in random proteins. Instead, it is a highly specific process where specific receptors on the cell surface bind to specific ligands, such as hormones or growth factors, resulting in the internalization of these specific molecules into the cell. This process allows the cell to regulate and control the uptake of specific substances that it needs for various cellular processes.

The ATP from ADP reaction occurs by hydrolysis. Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction that involves the breaking of a bond using water. In this reaction, a phosphate group is added to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) to form ATP (adenosine triphosphate) by breaking a high-energy bond and releasing a molecule of water. This process releases energy that can be used by cells for various biological processes. Dehydration, on the other hand, involves the removal of water molecules and is not the mechanism by which ATP is formed from ADP.

During anaphase of mitosis, the sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell. This movement is facilitated by the action of spindle fibers. As the sister chromatids separate, a cleavage furrow begins to form at the equator of the cell. The cleavage furrow is a contractile ring composed of actin and myosin filaments, which eventually leads to the division of the cytoplasm and the formation of two daughter cells. Therefore, the correct answer is Anaphase.

Microvilli are primarily made up of actin filaments, not microtubules. Actin filaments are responsible for the structural support and movement of microvilli, while microtubules play a role in cell division and intracellular transport. Therefore, the statement is false.

Filtration is the movement of solutes and water from high pressure to low pressure. In this process, a pressure gradient is created, causing the movement of substances through a selectively permeable membrane. Unlike osmosis, which involves the movement of water molecules across a membrane, filtration involves the movement of both solutes and water. Diffusion, on the other hand, is the movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, while facilitated diffusion refers to the movement of specific molecules across a membrane with the help of transport proteins.