Oral Surgery Dr.Bushara & Dr.Seang Santana 97+107qcm

The correct concentration of disinfectant agent for Ethyl or isopropyl alcohol is 70% - 90%. This range is considered effective for killing bacteria and viruses on surfaces. Concentrations below 70% may not be strong enough to effectively disinfect, while concentrations above 90% may evaporate too quickly and not have enough contact time to kill pathogens. Therefore, a concentration between 70% and 90% strikes a balance between effectiveness and practicality.

Blade No. 12 is the most common blade for incisions in the gingival sulcus and incisions on the posterior aspect of the teeth, especially in the maxillary tuberosity. This blade is specifically designed for making precise and controlled incisions in these areas. It has a curved shape that allows for better access and visibility in these difficult-to-reach areas. The size and shape of Blade No. 12 make it ideal for these specific types of incisions, making it the most commonly used blade in these situations.

Systemic diseases such as diabetes can have various negative effects on the body, including delaying wound healing, prolonging infection in the wound bed, and causing tissue necrosis. These conditions can impair the body's ability to heal wounds properly, leading to complications and potentially worsening the overall condition of the wound. Therefore, it is plausible that systemic diseases like diabetes could be factors contributing to all of the mentioned effects.

A black wound bed is not a sign of healthy tissue healing. Black coloration in a wound bed usually indicates the presence of necrotic tissue or eschar, which is dead tissue that needs to be removed for proper healing.

Wharton's duct is the major duct of the submandibular gland. It is responsible for draining saliva from the gland into the oral cavity. This duct is named after the English anatomist Thomas Wharton, who first described it. Stenson's duct is the major duct of the parotid gland, Bartholin's duct is associated with the vestibular glands in females, and lacrimal ducts are responsible for draining tears from the eyes. Therefore, the correct answer is Wharton's duct.

When an injection is given in the pterygo mandibular space, the lingual and inferior alveolar nerves are blocked. This blockage prevents the transmission of signals from these nerves, resulting in numbness and loss of sensation in the tongue and lower teeth, gums, and lower lip.

Bell's palsy is a type of facial paralysis that is caused by the dysfunction of the 7th cranial nerve, also known as the facial nerve. This nerve controls the muscles of the face, including those responsible for facial expressions, blinking, and smiling. When the 7th cranial nerve is affected, it can result in weakness or paralysis on one side of the face, difficulty closing the eye, drooping of the mouth, and other facial abnormalities. Therefore, the correct answer is the 7th cranial nerve.

A PA x-ray is used to see the condition of tooth injury damage. This type of x-ray provides a detailed view of the teeth and surrounding structures, allowing dentists to assess any damage or trauma to the teeth. It helps in identifying fractures, cracks, or other injuries that may require treatment or intervention. By examining the PA x-ray, dentists can determine the extent of the damage and plan appropriate treatment options.

The correct answer is dento-alveolar fracture assessment. OPG x-ray, also known as orthopantomogram, is a type of dental x-ray that provides a panoramic view of the upper and lower jaws, including the teeth, surrounding structures, and the temporomandibular joint. It is commonly used to assess dento-alveolar fractures, which are fractures involving the teeth and the surrounding bone. This type of x-ray allows for a comprehensive evaluation of the extent and location of the fracture, aiding in treatment planning and management.

OPG x-ray is used for pre-assessment before tooth extraction. This type of x-ray provides a panoramic view of the entire mouth, including the teeth, jawbone, and surrounding structures. It helps the dentist to evaluate the position and condition of the tooth to be extracted, assess the surrounding bone density, identify any potential complications or abnormalities, and plan the extraction procedure accordingly. This x-ray is particularly useful when multiple teeth need to be extracted or when there are complex dental issues involved.

A PA x-ray is used to see periapical infection of the tooth. This type of infection occurs at the tip of the tooth's root and can be caused by tooth decay or trauma. The x-ray allows the dentist to see any infection or inflammation in the surrounding bone and tissues, helping them to diagnose and treat the condition effectively.

The correct answer is Periapical xray. Periapical x-rays are dental x-rays that capture images of the entire tooth, from the crown to the root. These x-rays are used to detect and diagnose problems in the tooth's root structure, surrounding bone, and the surrounding tissues. They are commonly used in dentistry to identify issues such as tooth decay, abscesses, impacted teeth, and bone abnormalities.

The correct answer is "antibiotics kill bacteria." Bactericidal antibiotics are a type of antibiotic that directly kill bacteria by disrupting their cell walls or interfering with essential cellular processes. This is in contrast to bacteriostatic antibiotics, which only inhibit the growth and reproduction of bacteria without directly killing them. Bactericidal antibiotics are often used in cases of severe infections or when the immune system is compromised, as they provide a more immediate and effective means of eliminating bacterial pathogens.

The correct answer is "All above." Proteolytic enzymes are enzymes that break down proteins. They are also referred to as proteases, proteinases, and peptidases. All of these terms are used interchangeably to describe enzymes that have the ability to hydrolyze peptide bonds in proteins.

When bactericidal and bacteriostatic drugs are given together, they have opposite effects on the growth and survival of bacteria. Bactericidal drugs kill bacteria, while bacteriostatic drugs inhibit their growth. When used together, the bacteriostatic drug may interfere with the bactericidal drug's ability to kill bacteria, reducing its effectiveness. This results in an antagonistic effect, where the drugs work against each other and diminish the overall antimicrobial activity.

The correct answer is "Inferior dental nerve." The question is asking for a term that has the same meaning as the Inferior Alveolar Nerve (IAN). The Inferior Dental Nerve is a branch of the IAN, which provides sensory innervation to the lower teeth and lower lip. Therefore, the Inferior Dental Nerve is the most appropriate option as it is directly related to the IAN.

The correct answer is "All above." This means that autogenous teeth transplantation (ATT) is considered successful if it meets all of the mentioned criteria: decreased mobility, no pocket formation or loss of attachment, pulp obliteration, and no evidence of inflammation. These criteria serve as the gold standard for determining the success of ATT procedures.

An absolute contraindication for extraction of teeth is a recent myocardial infarction (MI) within the past 4 months. This is because the healing process after an MI takes time, and undergoing a tooth extraction procedure could potentially put additional stress on the cardiovascular system, increasing the risk of complications. It is important to allow sufficient time for the patient to recover from a recent MI before performing any non-essential dental procedures.

Extraoral assessment refers to the examination of the areas outside of the oral cavity. This includes inspecting the face, head, and neck for any abnormalities or signs of disease. By examining these areas, healthcare professionals can identify any potential issues such as swelling, asymmetry, or skin changes that may indicate underlying health problems. Therefore, the correct answer is face, head, and neck as these are the areas that are assessed during an extraoral examination.

High level of disinfection is a process that effectively kills or inactivates a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. It is used to ensure a high level of cleanliness and prevent the spread of infections. However, Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, is known to be highly resistant to disinfection. Therefore, high-level disinfection methods may not be effective in inactivating or killing Mycobacterium Tuberculosis.

Diabetes is not an infectious disease. It is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels due to the body's inability to produce or effectively use insulin. In contrast, Covid-19, Hepatitis, and AIDS are all infectious diseases caused by viruses that can be transmitted from person to person.

When symphysis occurs, it means that the mucoperiosteum is already separated from the bone, so there is no need to use scissors to reflect it further. Scissors are typically used to make the initial incision and start the reflection, but if symphysis occurs, the reflection can be continued without the need for scissors.

During the maturation (remodeling) phase of wound healing, the body continues to repair and strengthen the injured tissue. This process involves the reorganization of collagen fibers and the removal of excess scar tissue. The duration of this phase can vary depending on the extent and severity of the wound. It typically lasts from 21 days to 2 years, allowing enough time for the wound to fully heal and for the scar tissue to mature and become stronger.

All of the above options can be used to assess a retained foreign body from a wound bed. Direct visualization involves physically examining the wound to identify any foreign objects. Radiography (X-Ray) can be used to detect metallic or radiopaque foreign bodies. Ultrasound can help identify non-radiopaque foreign bodies or assess soft tissue damage. CT scan provides a detailed image of the wound site, allowing for accurate identification of foreign objects and assessment of surrounding tissues. Therefore, all of these methods can be utilized to assess a retained foreign body.

Anaphylactic reactions are the most dangerous type of allergic reactions. They are severe and can be life-threatening. Anaphylaxis occurs when the immune system overreacts to an allergen, releasing chemicals that cause a sudden and severe allergic response throughout the body. Symptoms can include difficulty breathing, swelling of the throat and tongue, rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, and loss of consciousness. Immediate medical attention and the administration of epinephrine are necessary to treat anaphylaxis. Urticarial, edema, and allergic asthma are also allergic reactions, but they are not as severe or life-threatening as anaphylactic reactions.

Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that can cause a range of symptoms. These symptoms typically include rash, cyanosis of limbs, and a painful sensation. However, urinary discharge is not typically associated with anaphylaxis. Therefore, the correct answer is urinary discharge.

During the first trimester of pregnancy, the fetus undergoes critical development, including the formation of major organs and systems. This is when the baby is most vulnerable to external factors, such as medications and radiation exposure. Dental procedures often involve the use of local anesthetics and X-rays, which can pose potential risks to the developing fetus. Therefore, it is important to avoid dental procedures during the first trimester to minimize any potential harm to the baby.

Stenson's duct is the main duct of the parotid gland, which is one of the major salivary glands. It opens into the mouth opposite the upper 2nd molar tooth. This means that saliva produced by the parotid gland is released into the oral cavity near the upper 2nd molar.

Electrocauterization is a quick and effective method for permanently sealing damaged capillaries. It involves using a high-frequency electrical current to heat a probe, which is then applied to the damaged area. The heat generated by the probe causes the tissue to coagulate and seal off the capillaries, preventing further bleeding. This technique is commonly used in surgical procedures to control bleeding and promote wound healing.

The trigeminal nerve is a cranial nerve that is responsible for providing sensory information from the face to the brain. It has three main branches: the ophthalmic branch, the maxillary branch, and the mandibular branch. Each branch innervates a specific region of the face, with the ophthalmic branch supplying sensation to the forehead, eyes, and nose, the maxillary branch supplying sensation to the upper lip, cheek, and teeth, and the mandibular branch supplying sensation to the lower lip, chin, and jaw. Therefore, the correct answer is 3 branches.

The correct answer is "Blood pressure should be monitored after, not before the surgery." This is because monitoring blood pressure after the surgery is not a preventive measure for patients with hypertension before a dental procedure. It is important to monitor blood pressure before the surgery to ensure that it is within a safe range and to identify any potential risks or complications. This allows the dental team to take appropriate measures and precautions during the procedure to ensure the patient's safety.

Trigeminal neuralgia is a chronic pain condition that affects the fifth cranial nerve, also known as the trigeminal nerve. This condition is characterized by sudden and severe facial pain, often triggered by simple actions like eating or talking. Nerve palsy refers to a weakness or paralysis of a nerve, while nerve damage is a broad term that can encompass various conditions affecting the nerves. Hyperventilation, on the other hand, refers to rapid and shallow breathing, which is not directly related to the fifth cranial nerve. Therefore, the correct answer is Trigeminal neuralgia.

Tooth impaction refers to the condition where a tooth does not fully emerge or erupt into its proper position in the dental arch during normal development. This can occur due to various reasons such as lack of space in the jaw, obstruction by other teeth, or abnormal tooth positioning. Impacted teeth may cause pain, discomfort, and can lead to other dental problems if left untreated.

The root tip elevator utilizes the principle of a wedge. A wedge is a simple machine that is used to separate or lift objects by applying force to a narrow edge. In the case of a root tip elevator, it is designed with a sharp, wedge-shaped tip that is inserted between the root and the surrounding tissue to lift or remove the root. This principle allows for effective and precise dental procedures involving root extraction.

The fifth cranial nerve, also known as the trigeminal nerve, is responsible for supplying sensation to the face. It is the largest cranial nerve and has three branches - ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular. The ophthalmic branch supplies sensation to the upper face, the maxillary branch supplies sensation to the middle face, and the mandibular branch supplies sensation to the lower face. Therefore, the correct answer is the fifth cranial nerve.

The correct answer is Naso-palatine canal. In the given x-ray, the mentioned spot corresponds to the naso-palatine canal. The naso-palatine canal is a small canal that connects the nasal cavity to the oral cavity. It is located in the midline of the hard palate, which is the bony structure that forms the roof of the mouth. The other options mentioned, such as maxillary bone canal, hard palate suture, and alveolar process, do not correspond to the mentioned spot in the x-ray.

The basic principles of extraction involve expanding the bony socket, applying lever and fulcrum, and inserting a wedge. However, the principle of "no trauma to bone and mucosa" is not a correct principle of extraction. During the extraction process, some level of trauma to the bone and mucosa is unavoidable. Therefore, the correct answer is "No trauma to bone and mucosa."

Using Bone Rongeur forceps for tooth extraction and removing a large amount of bone in a single bite is contraindicated. This is because the forceps are not designed to handle such a large amount of bone removal in one bite and may cause damage to surrounding tissues. It is safer and more efficient to use other instruments or techniques for this purpose.

Controlling patient's anxiety is not a step in the surgical extraction of a tooth. While it is important to ensure that the patient is calm and comfortable during the procedure, it is not a specific step involved in the actual extraction process. The other three options - removal of bone, creation of flap, and removal of the infected tooth - are all essential steps in the surgical extraction procedure.

Neutrophils are the cells with the highest activity at the early phase of inflammation. Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that are among the first to arrive at the site of infection or injury. They are highly mobile and capable of engulfing and destroying pathogens through a process called phagocytosis. Neutrophils release various substances, such as enzymes and reactive oxygen species, to combat the infection and promote tissue healing. Their high activity during the early phase of inflammation helps to control and eliminate the initial threat. Macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts also play important roles in inflammation, but neutrophils are the most active during the early phase.

The correct answer is "Deep carries and pulpitis." Surgical tooth extraction is typically indicated for cases such as partial impacted tooth, tooth with severe periodontal destruction, and tooth with root(s) fracture. Deep carries and pulpitis can usually be treated with other dental procedures such as fillings or root canal therapy, so surgical extraction is not necessary in these cases.

The parotid gland is the largest salivary gland in the oral cavity. It is located in front of the ear and extends downwards towards the neck. This gland produces saliva, which helps in the digestion process by moistening the food and breaking it down. The parotid gland also plays a role in lubricating the oral cavity, preventing dryness and aiding in speech.

Vasoconstrictor refers to a substance or process that causes the narrowing of blood vessels. This narrowing reduces the diameter of the vessels, resulting in a decrease in blood flow through them. As a result, blood pressure increases and the blood supply to various tissues and organs may be restricted. This can have implications for various physiological processes and conditions, such as regulating blood pressure, reducing bleeding, and managing certain types of headaches.

The correct answer is Supra periosteal. When injecting LA solution in the maxilla on the buccal side, the supra periosteal technique is used. This involves injecting the solution just above the periosteum, which is the connective tissue covering the bone. This technique allows for effective anesthesia of the area while minimizing the risk of damaging the underlying structures.

The disto-buccal root of the upper 1st molar is supplied by the posterior superior alveolar nerve. This nerve is responsible for providing sensory innervation to the maxillary molars and premolars. It originates from the maxillary nerve and enters the maxillary sinus to supply the roots of these teeth. The middle superior alveolar nerve supplies the mesiobuccal root of the upper 1st molar, not the disto-buccal root. The buccal nerve supplies the buccal gingiva and mucosa of the cheek, while the mental nerve supplies the lower premolars and anterior teeth.

The principle of using antibiotics involves using a specific, narrow spectrum antibiotic and determining the antibiotic sensitivity. This means that instead of using a broad spectrum antibiotic that can kill a wide range of bacteria, a narrow spectrum antibiotic is chosen that targets specific types of bacteria. Additionally, determining the antibiotic sensitivity helps in identifying the most effective antibiotic for a particular bacterial infection, ensuring that the chosen antibiotic will be effective in treating the infection.

The correct answer is 3 levels: Level A, B, C. This means that there are three levels of precaution when using antibiotics, which are categorized as Level A, Level B, and Level C. It is important to follow these levels of precaution to ensure the safe and effective use of antibiotics.

The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) refers to the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial drug that is needed to prevent the visible growth of bacteria. This means that at concentrations below the MIC, the drug is not effective in inhibiting bacterial growth, while at or above the MIC, the drug is able to prevent the growth of bacteria. The MIC is an important measure used in determining the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs and helps in determining the appropriate dosage for treatment.

Antibiotic prophylaxis refers to the use of antimicrobial therapy to prevent complications from infections. It involves administering antibiotics to individuals who are at high risk of developing an infection, such as before surgery or dental procedures. This preventive measure helps to reduce the risk of infection and its associated complications. Antibiotic prophylaxis aims to prevent the occurrence of infections rather than treating them after they have already developed.

The mental foramen is the correct answer because it is the opening through which the inferior alveolar nerve exits the mandible. The inferior alveolar nerve is responsible for providing sensation to the lower teeth and jaw, and it passes through the mental foramen, which is located on the anterior surface of the mandible near the premolar teeth. The other options listed, infraorbital foramen, rotundum foramen, and ovale foramen, are not associated with the inferior alveolar nerve.

When a forcep is used for the removal of a tooth, the first direction in which the forcep should be applied is apically. This means that the forcep should be positioned in a way that the force is directed towards the apex or the root of the tooth. Applying force in this direction helps in loosening the tooth from its socket and facilitates its extraction.

When multiple adjacent teeth need to be extracted, using an elevator can be advantageous. The elevator is a dental instrument that helps in the gentle and controlled removal of teeth. By using an elevator, the dentist can apply force to multiple teeth simultaneously, making the extraction process more efficient and reducing the time required. This is especially useful when several teeth need to be extracted in a single session, as it minimizes trauma to the surrounding tissues and improves patient comfort.

Cowhorn forceps are specifically designed to extract mandibular molars. These forceps have a curved shape resembling the horns of a cow, which allows for better access and grip on the tooth. The design of the forceps enables the dentist to apply controlled pressure and leverage to safely remove mandibular molars without causing damage to surrounding structures.

The given answer is "Healthy with proteins, vit. A, Vit. C, Zn, Fe." This is because proteins, vitamin A, vitamin C, zinc, and iron are all important factors that contribute to wound healing. They play a crucial role in the formation of new tissue, collagen synthesis, and immune function. Infection, systemic diseases, and ionizing radiation, on the other hand, can all impair the healing process by causing inflammation, compromising the immune system, and damaging cells.

Ethylene oxide gas is an ineffective method of sterilization because it is a slow process and requires a long exposure time to be effective. It is also highly flammable and toxic, posing a risk to both the environment and the individuals involved in the sterilization process. Additionally, ethylene oxide gas may leave residues on sterilized items, which can be harmful if not properly removed. Therefore, other methods such as gamma radiation, UV radiation, and autoclaving are more commonly used for sterilization purposes due to their efficiency and safety.

Blade No. 15 is the most common surgical blade used for incision of mucoperiosteum flap. This blade is commonly used in oral and maxillofacial surgery as it provides a good balance between sharpness and maneuverability. It has a small curved shape that allows for precise incisions and is ideal for creating mucoperiosteal flaps. Other blades, such as No. 10, No. 12, and No. 11, may also be used in certain situations, but Blade No. 15 is the most commonly used blade for this specific procedure.

The given answer is the exception because it involves the removal of part of the lingual bone to luxate the root lingually. The other options describe different techniques for removing the root, such as making a window on the buccal bone, creating a groove on the root surface after removing buccal bone, and creating a groove between the root and bone for elevator access. These techniques do not involve removing part of the lingual bone.

The lamina propria is a layer of connective tissue located below the basal lamina in various mucous membranes, including the oral mucosa. It provides support and nourishment to the epithelium, which is the outermost layer of the oral mucosa. The lamina propria contains blood vessels, nerves, and immune cells, which help maintain the integrity and function of the oral mucosa. In contrast, the other options (skin, smooth muscle, and parotid gland) do not have a lamina propria located below their basal lamina.

Diabetic hyperglycemia is a condition where there is high blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes. It is characterized by symptoms such as coma, dyspnea, and fatigue. Diplopia, which refers to double vision, is not typically associated with diabetic hyperglycemia. Therefore, the correct answer is "Diplopia."

Eschar refers to dead, avascular tissue that forms on the surface of a wound. It is typically black in color and is a result of tissue necrosis. Therefore, the correct answer is tissue necrosis of the black wound bed, as this is where eschar can be found. Eschar is not present in an infected wound bed with pus, fibrin clot, or granulation tissue covering the wound bed.

Absorbable sutures are suitable for a variety of purposes, including ligaturing arteries and veins, closing off tissue spaces like the subcutaneous space, and internal organs or tissues where the suture does not need to be removed. These sutures are designed to naturally break down and be absorbed by the body over time, eliminating the need for removal. Therefore, all of the options mentioned above are appropriate uses for absorbable sutures.

Stenson's duct is the major duct of the parotid gland. It is responsible for draining saliva from the parotid gland into the oral cavity. This duct starts from the gland and opens into the cheek, near the upper second molar tooth. It plays a crucial role in the production and transportation of saliva, aiding in the process of digestion and maintaining oral health.

During a myocardial infarction (heart attack), the blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked, leading to tissue damage. This can cause severe chest pain, which is the primary symptom of a heart attack. The pain can radiate to the arms, jaw, neck, or back. Other common symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and perspiration, as the body responds to the stress and pain. However, dilation of pupils is not typically associated with a heart attack. Pupil dilation is more commonly seen in conditions such as drug use, certain medications, or neurological disorders.

Bupivacaine is a long-acting local anesthetic. It is commonly used for procedures that require prolonged pain relief, such as surgeries or epidurals. Bupivacaine works by blocking nerve signals in a specific area, numbing the region and providing long-lasting pain relief. Compared to other local anesthetics like lidocaine or benzocaine, bupivacaine has a slower onset but a longer duration of action, making it suitable for procedures that require extended pain control. Articaine is a local anesthetic with intermediate duration of action, while benzocaine is a short-acting local anesthetic commonly used in topical preparations.

The vasoconstrictor in local anesthetics solution reduces the toxic effects of the LA. This means that it helps to minimize any harmful or adverse reactions that may occur as a result of using the local anesthetic. By constricting the blood vessels, the vasoconstrictor helps to limit the absorption and distribution of the LA, reducing the risk of toxicity. This can be particularly important in certain procedures or in individuals who may be more susceptible to the toxic effects of LA. Overall, the inclusion of a vasoconstrictor in the LA solution helps to enhance the safety profile of the anesthetic.

All three terms, protease, proteinase, and peptidase, are correct and can be used interchangeably to refer to proteolytic enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for breaking down proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids. Proteases specifically refer to enzymes that cleave peptide bonds in proteins, while proteinases and peptidases are broader terms that encompass a wider range of enzymes involved in protein digestion. Therefore, the answer "All are corrects" is appropriate as all three terms accurately describe proteolytic enzymes.

A concussion refers to a head injury that typically occurs due to a blow or jolt to the head, resulting in temporary loss of brain function. The given answer states that a concussion is characterized by "without displacement, pain to percussion." This means that there is no movement or shifting of the skull bones, but there is tenderness or pain when the affected area is tapped or pressed. This explanation suggests that a concussion can be identified by these specific symptoms.

An extrusive injury refers to a dental injury where a tooth is displaced in the occlusal direction. This means that the tooth is pushed out of its socket in a way that it protrudes above the normal level of the surrounding teeth. This type of injury can occur due to a traumatic impact to the tooth, such as a fall or a blow to the face. It is important to seek immediate dental attention in such cases to assess the extent of the injury and determine the appropriate treatment.

PA x-ray is commonly used to visualize the eruption of teeth. It provides a clear view of the teeth, their position, and the stage of eruption. This helps in assessing the growth and development of teeth, identifying any abnormalities or impaction, and planning appropriate dental treatments. Therefore, PA x-ray is a valuable tool in monitoring the eruption process of teeth.

OPG x-ray, also known as orthopantomogram, is a type of dental x-ray that provides a panoramic view of the upper and lower jaws. It is commonly used for dental injury pre-assessment, as it allows dentists to evaluate the extent of the injury and plan appropriate treatment. This type of x-ray can also be used to spot detailed problems in the teeth, such as cavities or impacted teeth. However, it is not typically used for measuring the inferior dental nerve to the root of the third molar or for sinus assessment.

Stage 3 and 4 of root development are the best stages for transplantation because at this point, the roots have developed enough to be able to withstand the stress of being transplanted. They have formed a strong root system and are capable of absorbing nutrients and water effectively. Transplanting at earlier stages (stage 1 and 2) may result in weaker root systems that are more prone to damage, while transplanting at later stages (stage 5 and 6) may cause more stress to the plant and disrupt its growth. Therefore, stage 3 and 4 are considered the optimal stages for successful transplantation.

The correct answer is "All above." This means that for a preoperative evaluation for third molar transplant, all of the mentioned factors should be considered. These factors include having no infection or pericoronitis, good position that makes it easy to remove, appropriate size, shape, crown and root position, and good oral hygiene.

The blue black spots on the neck of the patient after complete mouth extraction indicate postoperative ecchymosis. Ecchymosis is the medical term for bruising, which occurs when there is bleeding under the skin. In this case, the extraction procedure may have caused some minor bleeding, resulting in the appearance of these spots on the neck. It is a common and expected side effect after surgery or dental procedures.

The ideal concentration of Betadine (Povidone-iodine) as a disinfectant agent for the skin is 1%. This concentration is effective in killing bacteria, viruses, and fungi on the skin without causing irritation or damage. Higher concentrations may be too strong and can lead to skin irritation, while lower concentrations may not be as effective in killing microorganisms. Therefore, a 1% concentration is considered to be the optimal balance for effective disinfection without causing harm to the skin.

Periosteal elevators are dental instruments commonly used for various purposes, such as isolating the periosteum from the bone, lifting full thickness soft tissue flaps, and elevating tissue from the bone. However, they are not typically used for extracting root fragments. Root fragment extraction usually requires specialized dental instruments like forceps or elevators specifically designed for that purpose.

Hemostats are surgical clamps that are used to avoid bleeding by temporarily occluding the vessel. This means that they are used to block or close off blood vessels temporarily to prevent bleeding during surgical procedures. The other options mentioned in the question are incorrect definitions of hemostats. Hemostats do not involve removing the blood vessel or promoting platelet aggregation, nor are they surgical techniques to induce natural coagulation.

Macrophages are immune cells that play a crucial role in the body's defense against pathogens. They are responsible for phagocytosis, the process of engulfing and destroying foreign particles. Macrophages also secrete cytokines, which are signaling molecules that regulate immune responses. Additionally, they secrete growth factors that promote tissue repair and regeneration. However, macrophages do not produce blood clotting factors. These factors are primarily produced by platelets and liver cells.

Diabetic hypoglycemia is a condition where blood sugar levels drop too low in individuals with diabetes. Symptoms of hypoglycemia include sweating, coma, and vertigo. However, feeling thirsty is not a characteristic symptom of diabetic hypoglycemia. Instead, excessive thirst is more commonly associated with hyperglycemia, where blood sugar levels are too high. Therefore, the correct answer is "Thirsty."

The intraoral wounds healing occurs faster than wound healing of the skin because the oral mucosa has a higher regenerative capacity compared to the skin. The oral mucosa is constantly exposed to mechanical stress, microbial colonization, and chemical irritants, which necessitates a faster healing process. Additionally, the oral cavity has a rich blood supply, which aids in delivering nutrients and oxygen to the wound site, promoting faster healing.

Aspirin is considered to be responsible for most allergic reactions because it belongs to a class of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which are known to cause allergic reactions in some individuals. These reactions can range from mild symptoms like hives and itching to more severe reactions like difficulty breathing and anaphylaxis. Acetaminophen, codeine, and morphine are not typically associated with as many allergic reactions as aspirin.

The most common suturing technique is the interrupted suture. This technique involves individually tying each stitch, which provides better wound edge approximation and allows for easier removal of the sutures. It is commonly used for wounds that require precise alignment of the tissue edges. The interrupted suture technique also allows for better control of tension and reduces the risk of wound dehiscence compared to other techniques.

The majority of the serous saliva is secreted from the parotid gland. The parotid gland is the largest of the salivary glands and is located near the ear. It produces a watery secretion that is rich in enzymes, such as amylase, which helps in the breakdown of carbohydrates. The serous saliva from the parotid gland also helps in lubricating the food and initiating the process of digestion in the mouth. The submandibular gland and sublingual gland also secrete saliva, but the parotid gland is responsible for the majority of the serous saliva production.

The sublingual gland is the correct answer because it is responsible for secreting the majority of the mucous saliva. The sublingual gland is located underneath the tongue and produces a thick, sticky saliva that helps with lubrication and swallowing. The submandibular gland, located below the jaw, produces a mixture of both mucous and serous saliva. The parotid gland, located near the ear, primarily produces serous saliva. Therefore, the sublingual gland is the main gland responsible for secreting mucous saliva.

Bartholin's duct is the major duct of the sublingual gland. The sublingual gland is a salivary gland located beneath the tongue, and it secretes saliva into the oral cavity. Bartholin's duct is responsible for carrying the saliva from the sublingual gland to the mouth. It is named after Caspar Bartholin the Younger, a Danish anatomist who first described it in the 17th century.

The least basic surgical goal for management of an oral pathological lesion is study purpose. This means that the primary objective of the surgery is not to gain knowledge or understanding about the lesion, but rather to address other concerns such as eradicating the lesion, improving aesthetics, or making a diagnosis. Study purpose may involve conducting further research or analysis on the lesion after it has been removed or treated.

Enucleation of a lesion refers to the surgical removal of the entire lesion without causing any rupture. This procedure involves carefully dissecting and excising the lesion, ensuring that it is completely removed without any damage or breakage. Enucleation is commonly performed for cysts or tumors, aiming to preserve the surrounding tissues and prevent any spread or contamination of the lesion. This technique is particularly useful when dealing with delicate or encapsulated lesions, where the goal is to remove them intact and prevent any potential complications or recurrence.

Myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, is characterized by symptoms such as burning sensation, extreme tightness, and pressure in the chest. These symptoms typically last longer than 5 to 10 minutes. Therefore, the pain lasting from 5 to 10 minutes is not a characteristic of myocardial infarction.

The removal of #28 tooth requires blocking the PSA (Posterior Superior Alveolar) nerve and the GP (Greater Palatine) nerve. These nerves supply the maxillary molars and part of the palate. Blocking these nerves will help in achieving anesthesia and ensuring a painless extraction process. The SA (Supraperiosteal Anesthesia) technique can also be used to numb the area around the tooth. Additionally, the Inferior Alveolar nerve and Infraorbital nerve are not directly involved in the removal of #28 tooth, so they do not need to be blocked.

Luxation refers to the complete dislocation or displacement of a joint or bone from its normal position. It can occur in different directions, including extrusive (outward displacement), intrusive (inward displacement), or lateral direction displacement. The answer suggests that luxation can occur in any of these directions, indicating that it is not limited to a specific type of displacement.

The coupling phenomenon refers to the resorption-apposition system of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation, while osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption. In the coupling phenomenon, these two cell types work together in a coordinated manner to maintain bone homeostasis. Osteoclasts resorb old or damaged bone tissue, while osteoblasts deposit new bone tissue in the resorbed areas. This process ensures the continuous remodeling and renewal of bone tissue throughout life.

The correct answer is "Coronal view." A coronal view is a type of medical imaging technique that displays the body from front to back, dividing it into slices from top to bottom. This view is commonly used in radiology to examine structures and organs in the head, chest, and abdomen. It provides a clear visualization of the body's anatomy in the coronal plane, allowing healthcare professionals to identify any abnormalities or diagnose certain conditions.

Inflammatory resorption refers to the process of resorption or breakdown of tissue due to inflammation. Based on the given options, option B is indicated as the correct answer. However, without additional context or information, it is difficult to provide a specific explanation for why option B is the correct answer.

Supernumerary teeth are extra teeth that can develop in addition to the normal set of teeth. The term "supernumerary" means exceeding the normal or usual number. Therefore, the correct answer is "Supernumerary teeth" as it accurately describes the condition of having additional teeth.

The principle of using antibiotic does not depend on the cost of the antibiotic. The effectiveness of an antibiotic is determined by its ability to target and kill the specific bacteria causing the infection, not by its price. Therefore, the cost of the antibiotic is not a valid principle to consider when deciding which antibiotic to use.

The principle of using the least toxic antibiotic is based on the idea that it is important to minimize the potential harm to the patient while still effectively treating the infection. Antibiotics can have various side effects and toxicities, so choosing the least toxic option helps reduce the risk of adverse reactions. Additionally, using the least toxic antibiotic can help prevent the development of antibiotic resistance, as it minimizes the selective pressure on bacteria. Overall, this principle prioritizes patient safety and the long-term effectiveness of antibiotics.

The correct answer is "Objects which enter normally sterile tissue or the vascular system." This classification refers to objects that come into direct contact with tissues or organs that are normally free from microorganisms, such as the bloodstream or sterile body cavities. These objects require sterilization to prevent the introduction of harmful bacteria or other pathogens into these sensitive areas.