Animal Psychology Advanced - Qp8

Explanation
The given statement suggests that many researchers believe that it is necessary to attribute human-like emotions to animals when discussing their emotions. These researchers also agree that animals and humans have several common traits, including emotions. Therefore, the correct answer is true.

Explanation
Emotions play a crucial role in animal behavior as they enable animals to adapt and respond flexibly to different situations. Emotions allow animals to exhibit a range of behavior patterns that are appropriate for various contexts and environments. This adaptability and flexibility ultimately enhance an animal's chances of survival and success in their respective habitats. Therefore, it can be concluded that the statement is true.

Explanation
The word "emotion" dates back to 1579 when it was adapted from the French word "émuvoir," which means "to stir up." This suggests that the concept of emotions and the word to describe them have been around for centuries, highlighting the importance and universality of human emotions.

Explanation
Emotions are not necessarily lengthy in duration and do not always consist of a coordinated set of responses. Emotions can be brief and may not involve all three mechanisms mentioned (physiological, behavioral, and neural). Therefore, the statement is false.

Explanation
Complex emotions are emotions that involve a combination of different feelings and thoughts. Anger and disgust are considered basic emotions, while jealousy, contempt, and sympathy are examples of complex emotions. Jealousy is a complex emotion that involves a combination of feelings such as envy, insecurity, and fear of losing something or someone. Contempt is a complex emotion that includes feelings of superiority, disdain, and disrespect towards someone or something. Sympathy is a complex emotion that involves feeling compassion, understanding, and concern for others who are experiencing suffering or hardship.

Explanation
Darwin's work, "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals," focused on the evolution of human psychology and its continuity with the behavior of animals.

Explanation
The statement is true because spindle cells are specialized neurons found in the brain that play a crucial role in various cognitive functions. They are involved in conceptualization, decision-making, learning, memory, and recognition of the surrounding environment. These cells have been particularly linked to social cognition and empathy, as they are more abundant in species with complex social structures. Research has shown that damage or dysfunction of spindle cells can lead to impairments in these cognitive processes. Therefore, the statement is correct.

Explanation
Mirror neurons are a type of neuron that fires when an animal performs an action and when it observes the same action being performed by another. They are involved in understanding and imitating the actions of others, but they do not directly explain feelings such as sympathy. Therefore, the statement is false.