Psy Kev 101 6-10

1. Nelson feels that he has all the material possessions he needs in life and is now determined to devote all his energy to creative self-expression through music. Nelson's motivation is best accounted for by:Select one:

Instinct theories.

Drive theories.

Humanistic theories.

Homeostasis.

Nelson's motivation to devote all his energy to creative self-expression through music suggests that he is driven by the need for self-actualization and personal growth. This aligns with humanistic theories, which emphasize the importance of fulfilling one's potential and finding meaning and fulfillment in life. Nelson's focus on creative self-expression indicates a desire for self-fulfillment and the pursuit of personal goals, rather than being driven by basic instincts or physiological needs.

Explanation

Nelson's motivation to devote all his energy to creative self-expression through music suggests that he is driven by the need for self-actualization and personal growth. This aligns with humanistic theories, which emphasize the importance of fulfilling one's potential and finding meaning and fulfillment in life. Nelson's focus on creative self-expression indicates a desire for self-fulfillment and the pursuit of personal goals, rather than being driven by basic instincts or physiological needs.

2. According to attachment theory:Select one:

The quality of attachment plays an important role in determining an infant’s ability to thrive physically and psychologically

Attachment can be formed only between the infant and his or her mother.

The infant can form multiple attachment relationships, but only the mother-infant relationship is important.

While the attachment bond is important to psychological development, it has no effect on the infant’s physical development.

According to attachment theory, the quality of attachment plays a crucial role in determining an infant's ability to thrive both physically and psychologically. This means that the type of bond formed between the infant and their primary caregiver(s) has a significant impact on their overall well-being and development. A secure and nurturing attachment relationship provides a foundation for the child's emotional and social development, as well as their physical health and growth. Conversely, a lack of secure attachment can lead to various negative outcomes in both physical and psychological domains.

Explanation

According to attachment theory, the quality of attachment plays a crucial role in determining an infant's ability to thrive both physically and psychologically. This means that the type of bond formed between the infant and their primary caregiver(s) has a significant impact on their overall well-being and development. A secure and nurturing attachment relationship provides a foundation for the child's emotional and social development, as well as their physical health and growth. Conversely, a lack of secure attachment can lead to various negative outcomes in both physical and psychological domains.

3. Four-year-old Brooke throws a tantrum when her parents want to leave the playground and go home. Instead of punishing her, Brooke's parents patiently and lovingly try to teach Brooke a more acceptable way of coping with disappointment and frustration. Using Carl Rogers's terminology, Brooke is experiencing a high degree of _____ from her parents.

Conditional positive regard

Reciprocal determinism

Unconditional positive regard

Self-efficacy

Brooke is experiencing a high degree of unconditional positive regard from her parents because they are patiently and lovingly trying to teach her a more acceptable way of coping with disappointment and frustration instead of punishing her. Unconditional positive regard, a concept developed by Carl Rogers, refers to accepting and valuing a person regardless of their behavior or actions. In this case, Brooke's parents are demonstrating unconditional love and acceptance towards her, regardless of her tantrum, by guiding her towards better coping mechanisms.

Explanation

Brooke is experiencing a high degree of unconditional positive regard from her parents because they are patiently and lovingly trying to teach her a more acceptable way of coping with disappointment and frustration instead of punishing her. Unconditional positive regard, a concept developed by Carl Rogers, refers to accepting and valuing a person regardless of their behavior or actions. In this case, Brooke's parents are demonstrating unconditional love and acceptance towards her, regardless of her tantrum, by guiding her towards better coping mechanisms.

4. Psychological research has shown that, in general, people are most likely to marry:Select one:

Someone who is similar in physical attractiveness, status, ethnicity, beliefs, and values.

Someone who has very different personality traits.

Someone they have known since childhood.

Someone they met in high school or college.

Psychological research suggests that people are more likely to marry someone who is similar to them in terms of physical attractiveness, status, ethnicity, beliefs, and values. This can be attributed to the idea of homogamy, which refers to the tendency of individuals to form relationships with others who are similar to them. People often seek out partners who share similar characteristics and values as it provides a sense of familiarity, comfort, and compatibility in a relationship. This similarity in various aspects increases the likelihood of a successful and satisfying long-term partnership.

Explanation

Psychological research suggests that people are more likely to marry someone who is similar to them in terms of physical attractiveness, status, ethnicity, beliefs, and values. This can be attributed to the idea of homogamy, which refers to the tendency of individuals to form relationships with others who are similar to them. People often seek out partners who share similar characteristics and values as it provides a sense of familiarity, comfort, and compatibility in a relationship. This similarity in various aspects increases the likelihood of a successful and satisfying long-term partnership.

5. In Carl Rogers's personality theory, the term _____ refers to a condition in which a person's emotions and experiences are consistent with his sense of self.Select one:

Displacement

Conditional positive regard

Congruence

Unconditional positive regard

In Carl Rogers's personality theory, the term "congruence" refers to a condition in which a person's emotions and experiences are consistent with his sense of self. This means that there is a harmony between how a person feels and the way they perceive themselves. When a person is congruent, they are able to fully express and experience their true emotions and thoughts, without any conflict or incongruity between their inner self and their external experiences. This state of congruence is considered to be essential for personal growth and psychological well-being.

Explanation

In Carl Rogers's personality theory, the term "congruence" refers to a condition in which a person's emotions and experiences are consistent with his sense of self. This means that there is a harmony between how a person feels and the way they perceive themselves. When a person is congruent, they are able to fully express and experience their true emotions and thoughts, without any conflict or incongruity between their inner self and their external experiences. This state of congruence is considered to be essential for personal growth and psychological well-being.

6. Dr. Livingston maintains that unconscious mental processes and early childhood experiences are critical in the formation of personality. Dr. Livingston's beliefs reflect the _____ perspective of personality.Select one:

Trait

Social cognitive

Psychoanalytic

Humanistic

Dr. Livingston's belief that unconscious mental processes and early childhood experiences are crucial in shaping personality aligns with the psychoanalytic perspective. This perspective, developed by Sigmund Freud, emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind and childhood experiences in influencing behavior and personality development. It suggests that unresolved conflicts and unconscious desires from childhood can continue to impact an individual's personality throughout their life.

Explanation

Dr. Livingston's belief that unconscious mental processes and early childhood experiences are crucial in shaping personality aligns with the psychoanalytic perspective. This perspective, developed by Sigmund Freud, emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind and childhood experiences in influencing behavior and personality development. It suggests that unresolved conflicts and unconscious desires from childhood can continue to impact an individual's personality throughout their life.

7. Which of the following BEST defines a gene?Select one:

The observable traits or characteristics displayed by an organism.

A unit of DNA that encodes instructions for making a particular protein.

A type of highly specialized cell that directs the development of other cells.

One of several thousand different protein molecules.

A gene is defined as a unit of DNA that contains the instructions for making a specific protein. Genes are segments of DNA that are responsible for the inheritance of traits and characteristics in organisms. They provide the instructions for the synthesis of proteins, which are essential for various biological processes and functions.

Explanation

A gene is defined as a unit of DNA that contains the instructions for making a specific protein. Genes are segments of DNA that are responsible for the inheritance of traits and characteristics in organisms. They provide the instructions for the synthesis of proteins, which are essential for various biological processes and functions.

8. While Mary was reading a story about the Australian outback adventures of Billy and his dog, she had no problem visualizing the arid countryside, the unusual animals that lived there, and the various people that Billy and his dog met in their journeys. Mary is using:Select one:

Mental imagery.

A mental set.

An algorithm.

A heuristic.

Mary is able to visualize the arid countryside, unusual animals, and various people in her mind while reading the story. This indicates that she is using mental imagery, which involves creating mental representations of sensory experiences.

Explanation

Mary is able to visualize the arid countryside, unusual animals, and various people in her mind while reading the story. This indicates that she is using mental imagery, which involves creating mental representations of sensory experiences.

9. In Piaget's theory, when a child demonstrates conservation, he or she:Select one:

Understands the importance of protecting environmental resources.

Becomes aware of cultural differences.

In Piaget's theory, when a child demonstrates conservation, it means that the child understands that two equal quantities remain equal, even if the appearance of one is changed, as long as nothing is added or subtracted. This shows that the child has developed the cognitive ability to understand that physical transformations do not alter the fundamental properties of objects. This is an important milestone in a child's cognitive development, as it signifies the ability to think logically and understand the concept of conservation.

Explanation

In Piaget's theory, when a child demonstrates conservation, it means that the child understands that two equal quantities remain equal, even if the appearance of one is changed, as long as nothing is added or subtracted. This shows that the child has developed the cognitive ability to understand that physical transformations do not alter the fundamental properties of objects. This is an important milestone in a child's cognitive development, as it signifies the ability to think logically and understand the concept of conservation.

10. As you are taking this exam, you are actively retrieving information that you have learned and stored in your long-term memory. The information that you are able to consciously recall is an example of which subsystem of long-term memory?Select one:

Explicit memory

Implicit memory

Anterograde memory

Flashbulb memory

Explicit memory refers to the conscious recollection of information that has been learned and stored in long-term memory. In this scenario, as the individual is actively retrieving information during the exam, they are consciously recalling information from their long-term memory, which aligns with the characteristics of explicit memory. Implicit memory refers to the unconscious or automatic retrieval of information, anterograde memory refers to the inability to form new memories after an event, and flashbulb memory refers to vivid and emotionally significant memories of specific events.

Explanation

Explicit memory refers to the conscious recollection of information that has been learned and stored in long-term memory. In this scenario, as the individual is actively retrieving information during the exam, they are consciously recalling information from their long-term memory, which aligns with the characteristics of explicit memory. Implicit memory refers to the unconscious or automatic retrieval of information, anterograde memory refers to the inability to form new memories after an event, and flashbulb memory refers to vivid and emotionally significant memories of specific events.

11. When parents are consistently warm and responsive to their infant, the infant is likely to develop a(n) _____ attachment to the parents.Select one:

Altruistic

Ambiguous

Collectivistic

Secure

When parents consistently provide warmth and responsiveness to their infant, it creates a sense of security and trust in the child. This secure attachment allows the child to feel safe exploring their environment and seeking comfort from their parents when needed. The child develops a strong emotional bond with their parents, which is crucial for their social and emotional development.

Explanation

When parents consistently provide warmth and responsiveness to their infant, it creates a sense of security and trust in the child. This secure attachment allows the child to feel safe exploring their environment and seeking comfort from their parents when needed. The child develops a strong emotional bond with their parents, which is crucial for their social and emotional development.

12. Overall, researchers have found that the _____ style of parenting is associated with children who are well-adjusted, competent, receive higher grades, and are less likely than their peers to get into trouble.Select one:

Authoritarian

Permissive-indulgent

Permissive-indifferent

Authoritative

Research has consistently shown that the authoritative style of parenting is associated with positive outcomes in children. This style is characterized by setting clear expectations and rules, while also being responsive and supportive. Children raised by authoritative parents tend to be well-adjusted, competent, and have higher academic achievement. They are also less likely to engage in risky behaviors or get into trouble compared to their peers. This parenting style strikes a balance between discipline and warmth, providing children with structure and guidance while also allowing them to develop autonomy and independence.

Explanation

Research has consistently shown that the authoritative style of parenting is associated with positive outcomes in children. This style is characterized by setting clear expectations and rules, while also being responsive and supportive. Children raised by authoritative parents tend to be well-adjusted, competent, and have higher academic achievement. They are also less likely to engage in risky behaviors or get into trouble compared to their peers. This parenting style strikes a balance between discipline and warmth, providing children with structure and guidance while also allowing them to develop autonomy and independence.

13. Dr. Wilkerson has given her new patient several psychological tests. What approach should Dr. Wilkerson take in interpreting the test results?Select one:

She should assume that the tests tell her everything she needs to know about her new patient.

She should assume that the test results are likely to contradict her patient’s self-concept.

She should assume that the Rorschach and TAT tests will provide the most reliable insights into her patient’s personality traits.

Dr. Wilkerson should combine her knowledge of the test results with behavioral observations and information from other sources, including the patient himself. This approach is important because psychological tests alone cannot provide a complete understanding of a patient's personality or mental state. By considering other factors such as the patient's behavior, observations, and their own input, Dr. Wilkerson can obtain a more comprehensive and accurate assessment of the patient's psychological condition. This approach ensures that the interpretation of the test results is not solely based on the tests themselves, but also takes into account the broader context of the patient's life and experiences.

Explanation

Dr. Wilkerson should combine her knowledge of the test results with behavioral observations and information from other sources, including the patient himself. This approach is important because psychological tests alone cannot provide a complete understanding of a patient's personality or mental state. By considering other factors such as the patient's behavior, observations, and their own input, Dr. Wilkerson can obtain a more comprehensive and accurate assessment of the patient's psychological condition. This approach ensures that the interpretation of the test results is not solely based on the tests themselves, but also takes into account the broader context of the patient's life and experiences.

14. Who was one of the first scientists to systematically study emotional expression, including the facial expressions and body language used to express different emotions?Select one:

Paul Ekman

Charles Darwin

Joseph LeDoux

Abraham Maslow

Charles Darwin was one of the first scientists to systematically study emotional expression, including the facial expressions and body language used to express different emotions. He believed that emotions have evolutionary significance and can be understood through the principles of natural selection. Darwin's work on emotional expression laid the foundation for future research in the field, and his ideas continue to influence our understanding of emotions and their expression today.

Explanation

Charles Darwin was one of the first scientists to systematically study emotional expression, including the facial expressions and body language used to express different emotions. He believed that emotions have evolutionary significance and can be understood through the principles of natural selection. Darwin's work on emotional expression laid the foundation for future research in the field, and his ideas continue to influence our understanding of emotions and their expression today.

15. Many people were convinced that Ethan had psychic abilities after he identified the park where the body of a missing person was eventually found. However, they failed to take into account the hundreds of times he made predictions that were false. This example illustrates the:Select one:

Belief-bias effect.

Confirmation bias.

Extrinsic motivation effect.

Fallacy of positive instances.

The fallacy of positive instances refers to the tendency to focus on and give more weight to examples that confirm a belief or hypothesis, while ignoring or downplaying examples that contradict it. In this case, people were convinced that Ethan had psychic abilities based on one successful prediction, but they ignored the numerous times he made false predictions. This illustrates the fallacy of positive instances because they only considered the positive instance that supported their belief and disregarded the negative instances that contradicted it.

Explanation

The fallacy of positive instances refers to the tendency to focus on and give more weight to examples that confirm a belief or hypothesis, while ignoring or downplaying examples that contradict it. In this case, people were convinced that Ethan had psychic abilities based on one successful prediction, but they ignored the numerous times he made false predictions. This illustrates the fallacy of positive instances because they only considered the positive instance that supported their belief and disregarded the negative instances that contradicted it.

16. Based on the research and survey findings discussed in your text, which of the following conclusions about sexuality throughout the lifespan is most accurate?Select one

Single people have the most active and satisfying sex lives.

American adults strongly prefer kinky or unusual sexual practices.

The correct answer suggests that based on research and survey findings, most adults tend to follow traditional patterns of sexual behavior and are generally satisfied with their relationship with their sexual partner. This conclusion implies that the majority of adults are content with their sexual lives and have a stable and fulfilling relationship with their partner.

Explanation

The correct answer suggests that based on research and survey findings, most adults tend to follow traditional patterns of sexual behavior and are generally satisfied with their relationship with their sexual partner. This conclusion implies that the majority of adults are content with their sexual lives and have a stable and fulfilling relationship with their partner.

17. Shannon is in the seventh week of her pregnancy.In terms of prenatal development, Shannon's pregnancy is in the _____ period.Select one:

Zygotic

Embryonic

Germinal

Fetal

Shannon's pregnancy is in the embryonic period because it is in the seventh week, which falls within the embryonic stage of prenatal development. During this period, the major organs and systems of the embryo begin to form, and the embryo is most vulnerable to external influences.

Explanation

Shannon's pregnancy is in the embryonic period because it is in the seventh week, which falls within the embryonic stage of prenatal development. During this period, the major organs and systems of the embryo begin to form, and the embryo is most vulnerable to external influences.

18. In the 1920s, psychologist Karl Lashley:Select one:

Began the first systematic study of forgetting using nonsense syllables.

Measured the duration of visual sensory memory.

Began searching for the brain changes associated with the formation of a long-term memory.

In the 1920s, psychologist Karl Lashley started searching for the brain changes associated with the formation of a long-term memory. This suggests that Lashley was interested in understanding how memories are formed and stored in the brain. He likely conducted experiments or studies to investigate the physical changes that occur in the brain during the process of creating long-term memories. This research would have contributed to our understanding of memory and the brain's role in it.

Explanation

In the 1920s, psychologist Karl Lashley started searching for the brain changes associated with the formation of a long-term memory. This suggests that Lashley was interested in understanding how memories are formed and stored in the brain. He likely conducted experiments or studies to investigate the physical changes that occur in the brain during the process of creating long-term memories. This research would have contributed to our understanding of memory and the brain's role in it.

19. List in the correct sequence the five stages in the dying process that were identified by Kübler-Ross.Select one:

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance, denial

Anxiety, denial, depression, bargaining, fear

Fear, bargaining, depression, anger, anxiety

The correct answer is denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance. This sequence of stages in the dying process was identified by Kübler-Ross. Initially, individuals may deny the reality of their impending death, followed by feelings of anger towards their situation. They may then enter a stage of bargaining, where they try to negotiate with a higher power or seek alternative solutions. This is often followed by a period of depression, as individuals come to terms with their situation. Finally, acceptance is reached, where individuals find peace and come to accept their impending death.

Explanation

The correct answer is denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance. This sequence of stages in the dying process was identified by Kübler-Ross. Initially, individuals may deny the reality of their impending death, followed by feelings of anger towards their situation. They may then enter a stage of bargaining, where they try to negotiate with a higher power or seek alternative solutions. This is often followed by a period of depression, as individuals come to terms with their situation. Finally, acceptance is reached, where individuals find peace and come to accept their impending death.

20. Benjamin Whorf 's belief that language determines perception and the structure of thought:Select one:

Has been supported by numerous cross-cultural studies.

Has not been supported by empirical evidence, although language does seem to influence perception and thought.

Is accurate if a person is an expert in a particular topic

Is true only for Native American languages.

The correct answer states that Benjamin Whorf's belief that language determines perception and the structure of thought has not been supported by empirical evidence. However, it acknowledges that language does seem to influence perception and thought to some extent. This suggests that while language may have an impact on how we perceive and think about the world, it does not completely determine these aspects.

Explanation

The correct answer states that Benjamin Whorf's belief that language determines perception and the structure of thought has not been supported by empirical evidence. However, it acknowledges that language does seem to influence perception and thought to some extent. This suggests that while language may have an impact on how we perceive and think about the world, it does not completely determine these aspects.

21. When a test has the ability to measure what it is intended to measure, it is said to be:Select one:

Reliable.

Valid.

Standardized.

Representative.

A test is said to be valid when it has the ability to measure what it is intended to measure. Validity refers to the extent to which a test accurately measures the construct or trait it is designed to assess. In other words, a valid test is one that accurately measures what it claims to measure, providing meaningful and accurate results.

Explanation

A test is said to be valid when it has the ability to measure what it is intended to measure. Validity refers to the extent to which a test accurately measures the construct or trait it is designed to assess. In other words, a valid test is one that accurately measures what it claims to measure, providing meaningful and accurate results.

22. About four months ago, 16-year-old Amanda went on a drastic diet that caused her to drop from her normal weight of 120 pounds to less than 90 pounds. Although her weight is dangerously low, she continues to undereat because she thinks she looks fat. Amanda suffers from:Select one:

Binge-eating disorder.

Obesity.

Bulimia nervosa.

Anorexia nervosa.

Amanda's drastic weight loss, despite being dangerously low, and her belief that she looks fat despite being underweight indicate that she may be suffering from anorexia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image, and extreme efforts to maintain a low body weight.

Explanation

Amanda's drastic weight loss, despite being dangerously low, and her belief that she looks fat despite being underweight indicate that she may be suffering from anorexia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image, and extreme efforts to maintain a low body weight.

23. _____ is the process of accessing information stored in long-term memory.Select one:

Encoding

Storage

Consolidation

Retrieval

Retrieval is the process of accessing information stored in long-term memory. This involves recalling or remembering previously learned information or experiences. During retrieval, the brain retrieves the stored information and brings it back into conscious awareness. This process is essential for tasks such as recalling facts, events, or memories, and is crucial for learning, problem-solving, and decision-making.

Explanation

Retrieval is the process of accessing information stored in long-term memory. This involves recalling or remembering previously learned information or experiences. During retrieval, the brain retrieves the stored information and brings it back into conscious awareness. This process is essential for tasks such as recalling facts, events, or memories, and is crucial for learning, problem-solving, and decision-making.

24. As you are reading this question right now, you are consciously processing the meaning of the words in which stage of memory?Select one:

Sensory memory

Short-term memory

Long-term memory

Episodic memory

When reading and consciously processing the meaning of words, it occurs in the short-term memory stage. Short-term memory is responsible for temporarily holding and manipulating information that is currently being processed. This type of memory allows us to retain information for a short period of time, typically around 20-30 seconds, before it either gets transferred to long-term memory or is forgotten.

Explanation

When reading and consciously processing the meaning of words, it occurs in the short-term memory stage. Short-term memory is responsible for temporarily holding and manipulating information that is currently being processed. This type of memory allows us to retain information for a short period of time, typically around 20-30 seconds, before it either gets transferred to long-term memory or is forgotten.

25. In psychology, the term personality refers to:Select one:

A person’s skill in making others feel good about themselves.

The socially desirable characteristics that a person typically displays.

The way people perceive a particular person.

An individual’s unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

This answer is correct because in psychology, personality refers to an individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. It encompasses the various traits, behaviors, and characteristics that make each person distinct and consistent across different situations and over time. Personality is not solely about making others feel good, displaying socially desirable characteristics, or how others perceive a person, but rather about the internal and consistent aspects of an individual's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

Explanation

This answer is correct because in psychology, personality refers to an individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. It encompasses the various traits, behaviors, and characteristics that make each person distinct and consistent across different situations and over time. Personality is not solely about making others feel good, displaying socially desirable characteristics, or how others perceive a person, but rather about the internal and consistent aspects of an individual's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

26. The term used to describe the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge is:Select one:

Cognition.

Perception.

Mental imagery.

Sensation.

Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge. It encompasses various activities such as perception, memory, thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making. Perception, on the other hand, is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information. Mental imagery involves creating mental representations of objects, events, or experiences. Sensation refers to the process of detecting and receiving information from the environment through our senses. Therefore, cognition is the most appropriate term to describe the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge.

Explanation

Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge. It encompasses various activities such as perception, memory, thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making. Perception, on the other hand, is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information. Mental imagery involves creating mental representations of objects, events, or experiences. Sensation refers to the process of detecting and receiving information from the environment through our senses. Therefore, cognition is the most appropriate term to describe the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge.

27. Whe shown photographs of facial expressions of basic emotions, people from 21 different countries:Select one:

Were able to accurately identify each of the emotions being expressed.

Were only able to accurately identify the facial expressions for fear and disgust.

Were able to accurately identify happiness, surprise, and disgust, but not anger, fear, or sadness.

Varied greatly in their ability to correctly identify the different emotions being expressed.

The given answer states that people from 21 different countries were able to accurately identify each of the emotions being expressed when shown photographs of facial expressions of basic emotions. This implies that regardless of their cultural background or nationality, individuals were able to correctly recognize and identify the emotions displayed in the photographs.

Explanation

The given answer states that people from 21 different countries were able to accurately identify each of the emotions being expressed when shown photographs of facial expressions of basic emotions. This implies that regardless of their cultural background or nationality, individuals were able to correctly recognize and identify the emotions displayed in the photographs.

28. Which of the following represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?Select one:

Sensorimotor, concrete operations, preoperational, formal operations

Preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operations, formal operations

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations

Concrete operations, sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operations

Piaget's stages of cognitive development are sequential and represent the different ways in which children think and understand the world around them. The correct order of Piaget's stages is sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations. In the sensorimotor stage, infants learn through their senses and motor actions. In the preoperational stage, children develop symbolic thinking and language skills. In the concrete operations stage, children begin to think logically and understand the concept of conservation. Finally, in the formal operations stage, adolescents and adults can think abstractly and engage in hypothetical reasoning.

Explanation

Piaget's stages of cognitive development are sequential and represent the different ways in which children think and understand the world around them. The correct order of Piaget's stages is sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations. In the sensorimotor stage, infants learn through their senses and motor actions. In the preoperational stage, children develop symbolic thinking and language skills. In the concrete operations stage, children begin to think logically and understand the concept of conservation. Finally, in the formal operations stage, adolescents and adults can think abstractly and engage in hypothetical reasoning.

29. Problem solving is defined as:Select one:

Thinking and behavior directed toward attaining a goal that is not readily available

The mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge

The mental activities that involve learning rules and features

The tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or customary way.

The correct answer is "thinking and behavior directed toward attaining a goal that is not readily available." This definition of problem solving implies that it involves actively seeking solutions and taking action to achieve a desired outcome, even when the solution is not immediately apparent or easily accessible. Problem solving requires critical thinking, creativity, and the ability to approach challenges from different angles in order to overcome obstacles and reach the desired goal.

Explanation

The correct answer is "thinking and behavior directed toward attaining a goal that is not readily available." This definition of problem solving implies that it involves actively seeking solutions and taking action to achieve a desired outcome, even when the solution is not immediately apparent or easily accessible. Problem solving requires critical thinking, creativity, and the ability to approach challenges from different angles in order to overcome obstacles and reach the desired goal.

30. Kyle is studying how language abilities change throughout childhood, and Kelly is studying cognitive changes in late adulthood. Both Kyle and Kelly are conducting studies in which area of psychology?Select one:

Clinical psychology

Humanistic psychology

Comparative psychology

Developmental psychology

Kyle and Kelly are studying how language abilities change throughout childhood and cognitive changes in late adulthood, respectively. Both of these topics fall under the domain of developmental psychology, which focuses on the study of human development and changes across the lifespan. This field examines how individuals grow, learn, and change physically, cognitively, and emotionally from infancy to old age.

Explanation

Kyle and Kelly are studying how language abilities change throughout childhood and cognitive changes in late adulthood, respectively. Both of these topics fall under the domain of developmental psychology, which focuses on the study of human development and changes across the lifespan. This field examines how individuals grow, learn, and change physically, cognitively, and emotionally from infancy to old age.

31. According to the activity theory of aging:Select one:

As people move from middle adulthood to older adulthood, they should greatly increase their level of activity.

Older adults gradually disengage from their social, vocational and relationship roles.

Older adults should postpone retirement for as long as possible in order to maintain their physical health.

Older adults will achieve the highest level of life satisfaction if they maintain their previous level of activity.

According to the activity theory of aging, older adults will achieve the highest level of life satisfaction if they maintain their previous level of activity. This theory suggests that individuals should continue to engage in activities and roles that they enjoyed and found fulfilling throughout their lives. By staying active and involved, older adults can maintain a sense of purpose, social connections, and overall well-being. This theory promotes the idea that aging does not necessarily mean disengagement from life, but rather an opportunity for continued growth and fulfillment.

Explanation

According to the activity theory of aging, older adults will achieve the highest level of life satisfaction if they maintain their previous level of activity. This theory suggests that individuals should continue to engage in activities and roles that they enjoyed and found fulfilling throughout their lives. By staying active and involved, older adults can maintain a sense of purpose, social connections, and overall well-being. This theory promotes the idea that aging does not necessarily mean disengagement from life, but rather an opportunity for continued growth and fulfillment.

32. Ever since the beginning of the new school year, Jason spent thirty minutes every afternoon drilling Joshua, his younger brother who is in the fourth grade, on basic multiplication and division problems. Three months later, Joshua responds almost instantly with the answer to basic multiplication and division problems. Considering what you've read in chapter 6 on the biological basis of memory, which of the following has probably happened to Joshua?Select one:

State-dependent retrieval has occurred.

Structural and functional changes have occurred in the specific neurons involved in his new memories.

Imagination inflation has reversed the course of normal forgetting.

The repeated practice sessions successfully blocked long-term potentiation from occurring, allowing the new memories to consolidate.

Based on the information provided, Jason has been consistently drilling Joshua on basic multiplication and division problems for three months. This consistent practice would likely lead to structural and functional changes in the specific neurons involved in Joshua's new memories. Through repetition and practice, the neural pathways associated with these mathematical concepts would become stronger and more efficient, resulting in Joshua being able to respond almost instantly with the correct answers. This aligns with the concept of neuroplasticity, which suggests that the brain can change and adapt based on experience and learning.

Explanation

Based on the information provided, Jason has been consistently drilling Joshua on basic multiplication and division problems for three months. This consistent practice would likely lead to structural and functional changes in the specific neurons involved in Joshua's new memories. Through repetition and practice, the neural pathways associated with these mathematical concepts would become stronger and more efficient, resulting in Joshua being able to respond almost instantly with the correct answers. This aligns with the concept of neuroplasticity, which suggests that the brain can change and adapt based on experience and learning.

33. _____ means that the test is given to a large representative sample of people under uniform conditions for the purpose of establishing norms.Select one:

Validity

Reliability

Availability

Standardization

Standardization refers to the process of administering a test to a large and diverse group of people in a consistent and controlled manner. This is done in order to establish norms or benchmarks against which individual test scores can be compared. By using a representative sample and uniform conditions, standardization ensures that the test results are reliable and valid, allowing for accurate interpretation and comparison of individual scores.

Explanation

Standardization refers to the process of administering a test to a large and diverse group of people in a consistent and controlled manner. This is done in order to establish norms or benchmarks against which individual test scores can be compared. By using a representative sample and uniform conditions, standardization ensures that the test results are reliable and valid, allowing for accurate interpretation and comparison of individual scores.

34. Jonathan is a very bright ten-year-old with a mental age of twelve. If tested on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, his IQ score would most likely be:Select one:

100

83

120

160

Jonathan's mental age of twelve indicates that he performs at a level typically expected of a twelve-year-old. The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale measures intelligence quotient (IQ) by comparing an individual's mental age to their chronological age. Since Jonathan's mental age is higher than his chronological age of ten, his IQ score would most likely be above average. The closest option to reflect this is 120.

Explanation

Jonathan's mental age of twelve indicates that he performs at a level typically expected of a twelve-year-old. The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale measures intelligence quotient (IQ) by comparing an individual's mental age to their chronological age. Since Jonathan's mental age is higher than his chronological age of ten, his IQ score would most likely be above average. The closest option to reflect this is 120.

35. Mike began studying for his exam the night before the test, reading his textbook chapter for the first time. Ebbinghaus would predict that:Select one:

Mike would rapidly forget most of the material that he learned.

Mike would remember most of the new material for several months, then rapidly forget most of it.

Mike would gradually forget the new material over a period of several months.

Mike's memory of the new material would remain remarkably stable for a lengthy period of time.

Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve suggests that memory rapidly decays over time if there is no effort to retain the information. Since Mike only studied the night before the test and read the textbook chapter for the first time, he did not have enough time to consolidate the information in his memory. Therefore, Ebbinghaus would predict that Mike would rapidly forget most of the material that he learned.

Explanation

Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve suggests that memory rapidly decays over time if there is no effort to retain the information. Since Mike only studied the night before the test and read the textbook chapter for the first time, he did not have enough time to consolidate the information in his memory. Therefore, Ebbinghaus would predict that Mike would rapidly forget most of the material that he learned.

36. When people are shown two pictures of a person and asked to distinguish between the "true" smile of joy and the smile that is masking negative emotions, they:Select one:

Are usually unable to do so and guess randomly.

Can easily distinguish between the two.

Usually think the “fake” smile is the “true” smile.

Usually think the “true” smile is the “fake” smile.

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

37. Oh, man, that was awesome! Let's do it again!" Marcela said as she climbed out of the front roller coaster seat. Which category of motivational theories would best explain Marcela's behavior?Select one:

Arousal theories

Incentive theories

Drive theories

Humanistic theories

Marcela's behavior of finding the roller coaster ride awesome and wanting to do it again can be best explained by arousal theories. Arousal theories suggest that individuals are motivated by the desire to maintain an optimal level of arousal or excitement. Marcela's excitement and enjoyment of the roller coaster ride indicate that she is seeking a high level of arousal, which motivates her to repeat the experience.

Explanation

Marcela's behavior of finding the roller coaster ride awesome and wanting to do it again can be best explained by arousal theories. Arousal theories suggest that individuals are motivated by the desire to maintain an optimal level of arousal or excitement. Marcela's excitement and enjoyment of the roller coaster ride indicate that she is seeking a high level of arousal, which motivates her to repeat the experience.

38. Most five-year-olds cannot correctly solve the classic "conservation task" involving equal amounts of water in different-sized containers because their thinking is characterized by:Select one:

Egocentrism and reversibility.

Object permanence and formal operations.

Irreversibility and centration.

Logic and symbolic thought.

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

39. Hans bought a chess software program and practices every day because he is highly motivated to become the top player on his college chess team. Hans's behavior and goal reflect a high level of:Select one:

Achievement motivation.

Competence motivation.

Curiosity.

Sensation seeking.

Hans's behavior of buying a chess software program and practicing every day, along with his goal of becoming the top player on his college chess team, reflects a high level of achievement motivation. Achievement motivation is the drive to excel, accomplish goals, and strive for success. In this case, Hans's motivation to become the top player on his college chess team demonstrates his desire for achievement and success in the field of chess.

Explanation

Hans's behavior of buying a chess software program and practicing every day, along with his goal of becoming the top player on his college chess team, reflects a high level of achievement motivation. Achievement motivation is the drive to excel, accomplish goals, and strive for success. In this case, Hans's motivation to become the top player on his college chess team demonstrates his desire for achievement and success in the field of chess.

40. Which of the following illustrates egocentrism?Select one:

The child creates a “treasure chest” from an old shoe box.

The correct answer illustrates egocentrism because the child is not able to understand that the person on the other end of the phone cannot see the fingers he is holding up. This demonstrates a lack of perspective-taking and an inability to consider the other person's point of view.

Explanation

The correct answer illustrates egocentrism because the child is not able to understand that the person on the other end of the phone cannot see the fingers he is holding up. This demonstrates a lack of perspective-taking and an inability to consider the other person's point of view.

41. Vicki was sitting in the rocking chair and playing with her doll.She dropped the doll, which landed out of view behind the rocking chair.A few moments later, Vicki climbed down and retrieved the doll.Vicki's behavior suggests that she has acquired the cognitive understanding of _____.Select one:

Object permanence

Abstract reasoning

Conservation

Egocentrism

Vicki's behavior suggests that she has acquired the cognitive understanding of object permanence. Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight or cannot be perceived. In this scenario, Vicki demonstrates this understanding by recognizing that the doll still exists even though it landed out of view behind the rocking chair and actively retrieving it. This indicates that she has developed the concept of object permanence.

Explanation

Vicki's behavior suggests that she has acquired the cognitive understanding of object permanence. Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight or cannot be perceived. In this scenario, Vicki demonstrates this understanding by recognizing that the doll still exists even though it landed out of view behind the rocking chair and actively retrieving it. This indicates that she has developed the concept of object permanence.

42. Dr. Duran showed his patient Adam a series of cards, each of which depicted an ambiguous scene, such as two people talking on a park bench, or an older woman looking over a young woman's shoulder. Dr. Duran asked Adam to tell him a story about the picture. What test is Dr. Duran using?Select one:

The Thematic Apperception Test

The Thematic Inkblot Test

The Rorschach Inkblot Test

The Minnesota Multiphasic Test

Dr. Duran is using the Thematic Apperception Test. This test involves showing the patient ambiguous scenes and asking them to create a story based on the picture. The purpose of this test is to gain insight into the patient's thoughts, feelings, and motivations, as well as their ability to construct a coherent narrative.

Explanation

Dr. Duran is using the Thematic Apperception Test. This test involves showing the patient ambiguous scenes and asking them to create a story based on the picture. The purpose of this test is to gain insight into the patient's thoughts, feelings, and motivations, as well as their ability to construct a coherent narrative.

43. Kaitlin is a personality theorist who believes that a person's conscious thoughts in a particular situation are likely to influence his or her goals and behavior. Kaitlin is most likely to agree with which of the following perspectives on personality?Select one:

The social cognitive perspective

The behavioral genetic perspective

The psychosexual perspective

The psychoanalytic perspective

Kaitlin's belief that a person's conscious thoughts in a particular situation can influence their goals and behavior aligns with the social cognitive perspective on personality. This perspective emphasizes the role of cognitive processes, such as perception, interpretation, and self-efficacy, in shaping personality and behavior. It suggests that individuals actively engage with their environment, learn from their experiences, and use their thoughts and beliefs to guide their actions. This perspective also recognizes the importance of social influences and the reciprocal relationship between individuals and their social context in shaping personality.

Explanation

Kaitlin's belief that a person's conscious thoughts in a particular situation can influence their goals and behavior aligns with the social cognitive perspective on personality. This perspective emphasizes the role of cognitive processes, such as perception, interpretation, and self-efficacy, in shaping personality and behavior. It suggests that individuals actively engage with their environment, learn from their experiences, and use their thoughts and beliefs to guide their actions. This perspective also recognizes the importance of social influences and the reciprocal relationship between individuals and their social context in shaping personality.

44. Olivia is taking advanced placement biology in high school because she loves science and is fascinated by biology. Jacob is taking advanced placement biology in high school because his guidance counselor told him he had to if he intended to apply to a pre-med program at a competitive university. Olivia is motivated by _____, while Jacob is motivated by _____.Select one:

Basic needs; self-actualization

Intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation

A drive; sensation-seeking

Competence; autonomy

Olivia is motivated by intrinsic motivation because she loves science and is fascinated by biology. This means that she is driven by her own internal interest and enjoyment of the subject. On the other hand, Jacob is motivated by extrinsic motivation because his guidance counselor told him he had to take advanced placement biology in order to apply to a pre-med program at a competitive university. His motivation is coming from an external source, rather than from his own personal interest or enjoyment.

Explanation

Olivia is motivated by intrinsic motivation because she loves science and is fascinated by biology. This means that she is driven by her own internal interest and enjoyment of the subject. On the other hand, Jacob is motivated by extrinsic motivation because his guidance counselor told him he had to take advanced placement biology in order to apply to a pre-med program at a competitive university. His motivation is coming from an external source, rather than from his own personal interest or enjoyment.

45. In terms of emotional experience,Select one:

Women experience more frequent and more intense emotions than men.

Men experience more frequent and more intense emotions than women.

Men and women are very similar in their experience of emotions.

Men experience emotion more frequently but women experience emotions more intensely.

The correct answer suggests that men and women have similar experiences when it comes to emotions. This means that there is no significant difference between the frequency and intensity of emotions experienced by men and women. This implies that emotional experiences are not determined by gender, but rather by individual differences and personal factors.

Explanation

The correct answer suggests that men and women have similar experiences when it comes to emotions. This means that there is no significant difference between the frequency and intensity of emotions experienced by men and women. This implies that emotional experiences are not determined by gender, but rather by individual differences and personal factors.

46. Christina believes that learning experiences play a critical role in the development of personality, especially in the development of a person's goals and beliefs about one's abilities. Christina's beliefs reflect the _____ perspective of personality.Select one:

Psychoanalytic

Trait

Social cognitive

Humanistic

Christina's belief that learning experiences are crucial in shaping personality, including one's goals and beliefs about their abilities, aligns with the social cognitive perspective of personality. This perspective emphasizes the influence of social interactions, observational learning, and cognitive processes on personality development. It suggests that individuals learn and acquire behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs through observing and imitating others, as well as through their own cognitive processes such as self-evaluation, self-regulation, and self-reflection.

Explanation

Christina's belief that learning experiences are crucial in shaping personality, including one's goals and beliefs about their abilities, aligns with the social cognitive perspective of personality. This perspective emphasizes the influence of social interactions, observational learning, and cognitive processes on personality development. It suggests that individuals learn and acquire behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs through observing and imitating others, as well as through their own cognitive processes such as self-evaluation, self-regulation, and self-reflection.

47. Which stage of memory enables us to perceive the world around us as continuous, rather than as a series of disconnected visual images or disjointed sounds?Select one:

Short-term memory

Long-term memory

Sensory memory

Working memory

Sensory memory is the stage of memory that enables us to perceive the world around us as continuous, rather than as a series of disconnected visual images or disjointed sounds. Sensory memory holds information from our senses for a very brief period of time, allowing us to retain a continuous and coherent perception of the environment. It acts as a buffer, capturing sensory information before it is transferred to short-term memory for further processing and storage.

Explanation

Sensory memory is the stage of memory that enables us to perceive the world around us as continuous, rather than as a series of disconnected visual images or disjointed sounds. Sensory memory holds information from our senses for a very brief period of time, allowing us to retain a continuous and coherent perception of the environment. It acts as a buffer, capturing sensory information before it is transferred to short-term memory for further processing and storage.

48. One-year-old Brendan has a loving, close relationship with his mother, his father, and his grandmother, who cares for him during the day while his parents work outside the home.Brendan is likely to have formed an attachment relationship with:Select one:

His mother and grandmother, but not his father.

His mother and father, but not his grandmother.

His mother, father, and grandmother.

His mother, but not his father or grandmother.

Brendan is likely to have formed an attachment relationship with his mother, father, and grandmother because he has a loving and close relationship with all three of them. The fact that his grandmother cares for him during the day while his parents work outside the home suggests that she plays a significant role in his life and is involved in his care and upbringing. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that Brendan has formed attachments with all three of these important caregivers.

Explanation

Brendan is likely to have formed an attachment relationship with his mother, father, and grandmother because he has a loving and close relationship with all three of them. The fact that his grandmother cares for him during the day while his parents work outside the home suggests that she plays a significant role in his life and is involved in his care and upbringing. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that Brendan has formed attachments with all three of these important caregivers.

49. As part of his homework assignment, Kenny memorized the names of all the planets in the solar system, learned the distance between the Earth and the Sun, decided what items he still needed to research in the library, and spent some time daydreaming about space travel. In the most general sense, Kenny was engaged in: Select one:

Thinking.

Functional fixedness.

Constructing an algorithm.

Developing a heuristic

Kenny's actions of memorizing, learning, deciding, and daydreaming all involve cognitive processes and mental activities. These activities are indicative of thinking, as he is using his mind to process information, make decisions, and imagine possibilities. Therefore, the most appropriate explanation for Kenny's actions is that he is engaged in thinking.

Explanation

Kenny's actions of memorizing, learning, deciding, and daydreaming all involve cognitive processes and mental activities. These activities are indicative of thinking, as he is using his mind to process information, make decisions, and imagine possibilities. Therefore, the most appropriate explanation for Kenny's actions is that he is engaged in thinking.

50. Your textbook describes the classic "conservation task" in which a 5-year-old child observes equal amounts of liquid in two identical short, wide containers.The child watches as liquid is poured from one short, wide container into a tall, thin container, and is then asked which container holds more water.How does a typical 5-year-old respond?Select one:

“The tall, thin container has more water.”

“The short, wide container has more water.”

“Both containers have the same amount of water.”

“I have to go to the bathroom.”

A typical 5-year-old would respond by saying "The tall, thin container has more water." This is because at this age, children often focus on the height of an object rather than its volume. They may think that because the tall, thin container appears taller, it must have more water. They have not yet developed the concept of conservation, which is the understanding that the amount of a substance remains the same even if its appearance changes.

Explanation

A typical 5-year-old would respond by saying "The tall, thin container has more water." This is because at this age, children often focus on the height of an object rather than its volume. They may think that because the tall, thin container appears taller, it must have more water. They have not yet developed the concept of conservation, which is the understanding that the amount of a substance remains the same even if its appearance changes.

51. The _____ is the strong tendency to search for information or evidence that confirms a belief, while making little or no effort to search for information that might disprove the belief.Select one:

Belief-bias effect

Confirmation bias

Fallacy of positive instances

Overestimation effect

Confirmation bias refers to the strong tendency to search for information or evidence that confirms a belief, while making little or no effort to search for information that might disprove the belief. This bias can lead individuals to selectively interpret or remember information in a way that supports their preexisting beliefs, while disregarding or dismissing contradictory evidence. It can hinder objective and rational decision-making by influencing the way information is processed and evaluated.

Explanation

Confirmation bias refers to the strong tendency to search for information or evidence that confirms a belief, while making little or no effort to search for information that might disprove the belief. This bias can lead individuals to selectively interpret or remember information in a way that supports their preexisting beliefs, while disregarding or dismissing contradictory evidence. It can hinder objective and rational decision-making by influencing the way information is processed and evaluated.

52. Selecting just a few aspects of all the environmental information that's being very briefly registered is a process that initially occurs in:Select one:

Short-term memory.

Sensory memory.

Long-term memory.

Working memory.

Sensory memory is the initial process where only a few aspects of environmental information are briefly registered. It is the first stage of memory where information from the senses is held for a very short duration. This stage allows us to briefly perceive and process sensory information before it either fades away or gets transferred to short-term memory for further processing.

Explanation

Sensory memory is the initial process where only a few aspects of environmental information are briefly registered. It is the first stage of memory where information from the senses is held for a very short duration. This stage allows us to briefly perceive and process sensory information before it either fades away or gets transferred to short-term memory for further processing.

53. In problem solving, an algorithm is defined as:Select one

A problem-solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions and eliminating those that do not work.

A problem-solving strategy that involves following a specific rule, procedure, or method, which inevitably produces the correct solution.

A problem-solving strategy that involves following a general rule of thumb to reduce the number of possible solutions.

The sudden realization of how a problem can be solved.

The given correct answer states that an algorithm is a problem-solving strategy that involves following a specific rule, procedure, or method, which inevitably produces the correct solution. This means that an algorithm is a systematic approach to problem-solving that guarantees a correct solution if followed correctly. It emphasizes the importance of having a step-by-step process or set of instructions to solve a problem, ensuring that the solution is achieved in a reliable and consistent manner.

Explanation

The given correct answer states that an algorithm is a problem-solving strategy that involves following a specific rule, procedure, or method, which inevitably produces the correct solution. This means that an algorithm is a systematic approach to problem-solving that guarantees a correct solution if followed correctly. It emphasizes the importance of having a step-by-step process or set of instructions to solve a problem, ensuring that the solution is achieved in a reliable and consistent manner.

54. The _____ occurs when people accept only the evidence that conforms to their belief, rejecting or ignoring any evidence that does not.Select one:

Confirmation bias

Fallacy of positive instances

Belief-bias effect

Overestimation effect

The belief-bias effect refers to the tendency of individuals to accept or favor evidence that aligns with their existing beliefs, while dismissing or ignoring evidence that contradicts their beliefs. This cognitive bias can lead to flawed reasoning and decision-making, as it prevents individuals from considering alternative viewpoints or objectively evaluating evidence.

Explanation

The belief-bias effect refers to the tendency of individuals to accept or favor evidence that aligns with their existing beliefs, while dismissing or ignoring evidence that contradicts their beliefs. This cognitive bias can lead to flawed reasoning and decision-making, as it prevents individuals from considering alternative viewpoints or objectively evaluating evidence.

55. Janeen touches her newborn's cheek.Her baby turns toward Janeen's hand and opens her mouth.Janeen has triggered which reflex?Select one:

The sucking reflex

The Moro reflex

The rooting reflex

The grasping reflex

When Janeen touches her newborn's cheek, the baby turns towards her hand and opens her mouth. This behavior is characteristic of the rooting reflex. The rooting reflex is an automatic response in newborns where they turn their head and open their mouth in the direction of a touch on their cheek or mouth. This reflex helps the baby find the mother's nipple for feeding.

Explanation

When Janeen touches her newborn's cheek, the baby turns towards her hand and opens her mouth. This behavior is characteristic of the rooting reflex. The rooting reflex is an automatic response in newborns where they turn their head and open their mouth in the direction of a touch on their cheek or mouth. This reflex helps the baby find the mother's nipple for feeding.

56. According to Maslow's humanistic theory of motivation, what must people do before they can strive for the realization of their personal potential and creative abilities?Select one:

Achieve homeostasis

Recognize and deal with unconscious psychological conflicts

Satisfy basic needs and psychological needs

Learn to suppress their basic needs, such as for food and water

According to Maslow's humanistic theory of motivation, people must satisfy their basic needs and psychological needs before they can strive for the realization of their personal potential and creative abilities. This means that individuals need to have their physiological needs like food, water, and shelter met, as well as their psychological needs for safety, love, and belonging. Once these needs are fulfilled, individuals can then focus on higher-level needs such as self-esteem and self-actualization.

Explanation

According to Maslow's humanistic theory of motivation, people must satisfy their basic needs and psychological needs before they can strive for the realization of their personal potential and creative abilities. This means that individuals need to have their physiological needs like food, water, and shelter met, as well as their psychological needs for safety, love, and belonging. Once these needs are fulfilled, individuals can then focus on higher-level needs such as self-esteem and self-actualization.

57. Both Bonnie and Brendan spend a lot of time in the sun. Bonnie has freckles but her brother Brendan doesn't have freckles.You can safely assume that:Select one:

Bonnie and Brendan have the same genotype, even though their phenotypes differ.

Bonnie and Brendan have inherited different alleles for the trait of freckles

Bonnie wears sunscreen but Brendan doesn’t.

Bonnie and Brendan have different genomes.

Bonnie and Brendan have inherited different alleles for the trait of freckles. This means that they have different versions of the gene responsible for freckles. Bonnie has the allele that causes freckles, while Brendan has a different allele that does not cause freckles. This explains why Bonnie has freckles while Brendan does not, even though they spend a lot of time in the sun.

Explanation

Bonnie and Brendan have inherited different alleles for the trait of freckles. This means that they have different versions of the gene responsible for freckles. Bonnie has the allele that causes freckles, while Brendan has a different allele that does not cause freckles. This explains why Bonnie has freckles while Brendan does not, even though they spend a lot of time in the sun.

58. Dr. Mathias believes that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs that "push" us to behave in certain ways. Dr. Mathias's views are most consistent with _____ theories of motivation.Select one:

Instinct

Incentive

Humanistic

Drive

Dr. Mathias's views are most consistent with drive theories of motivation. Drive theories propose that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs. According to this perspective, individuals are "pushed" to behave in certain ways in order to satisfy these needs and restore homeostasis. Drive theories focus on the role of physiological factors in motivating behavior, rather than external incentives or individual growth and self-actualization (humanistic theories) or innate, instinctual behaviors (instinct theories).

Explanation

Dr. Mathias's views are most consistent with drive theories of motivation. Drive theories propose that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs. According to this perspective, individuals are "pushed" to behave in certain ways in order to satisfy these needs and restore homeostasis. Drive theories focus on the role of physiological factors in motivating behavior, rather than external incentives or individual growth and self-actualization (humanistic theories) or innate, instinctual behaviors (instinct theories).

59. Rhonda feels confident in her ability to dance the part of Clara in The Nutcracker ballet. Albert Bandura would say that Rhonda is showing a high level of:Select one:

Emergenic thinking

Unconditional positive regard

Self-efficacy

Sublimation

Albert Bandura is a psychologist known for his work on self-efficacy, which refers to an individual's belief in their own ability to succeed in specific situations. In this case, Rhonda feeling confident in her ability to dance the part of Clara in The Nutcracker ballet demonstrates a high level of self-efficacy. She believes in her own skills and feels confident that she can perform well in this role.

Explanation

Albert Bandura is a psychologist known for his work on self-efficacy, which refers to an individual's belief in their own ability to succeed in specific situations. In this case, Rhonda feeling confident in her ability to dance the part of Clara in The Nutcracker ballet demonstrates a high level of self-efficacy. She believes in her own skills and feels confident that she can perform well in this role.

60. Neurobiologist Simon LeVay found that a tiny cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus of homosexual males was about:Select one:

Half the size of that in heterosexual men.

Half the size of that in heterosexual women.

Twice the size of that in heterosexual men.

Twice the size of that in heterosexual women.

The correct answer is half the size of that in heterosexual men. This is based on the research conducted by neurobiologist Simon LeVay, who found that a small cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus, known as the INAH3, was significantly smaller in homosexual males compared to heterosexual males. This finding suggests that there may be biological differences in the brain structure of homosexual individuals, providing evidence for a biological basis of sexual orientation.

Explanation

The correct answer is half the size of that in heterosexual men. This is based on the research conducted by neurobiologist Simon LeVay, who found that a small cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus, known as the INAH3, was significantly smaller in homosexual males compared to heterosexual males. This finding suggests that there may be biological differences in the brain structure of homosexual individuals, providing evidence for a biological basis of sexual orientation.

61. When LaToya got her new computer, she carefully followed the steps described in the manual, and by the end of the evening her new computer was up and running. LaToya used:Select one:

An algorithm.

A heuristic

Insight.

Trial and error.

LaToya carefully followed the steps described in the manual to set up her new computer. This suggests that she used a systematic and step-by-step approach to solve the problem, which aligns with the concept of an algorithm. Algorithms are precise and well-defined procedures or instructions that can be followed to solve a specific problem. In this case, following the manual's instructions can be considered as using an algorithm to successfully set up the computer.

Explanation

LaToya carefully followed the steps described in the manual to set up her new computer. This suggests that she used a systematic and step-by-step approach to solve the problem, which aligns with the concept of an algorithm. Algorithms are precise and well-defined procedures or instructions that can be followed to solve a specific problem. In this case, following the manual's instructions can be considered as using an algorithm to successfully set up the computer.

62. Cross-cultural research on color names and color perception has shown that:Select one

Colors are perceived and classified differently in the languages spoken in remote, isolated areas.

Cross-cultural research on color names and color perception has consistently found that colors are perceived and classified in a similar manner across different languages and societies, regardless of whether the language is written or unwritten, or the society is industrialized or unindustrialized. This suggests that there is a universal aspect to color perception that transcends cultural and linguistic differences.

Explanation

Cross-cultural research on color names and color perception has consistently found that colors are perceived and classified in a similar manner across different languages and societies, regardless of whether the language is written or unwritten, or the society is industrialized or unindustrialized. This suggests that there is a universal aspect to color perception that transcends cultural and linguistic differences.

63. Emily created a new sentence that she had never heard before: "The chinless human-factors-interface-technician roamed the halls of academia looking for a lobotomized bureaucrat to interface with." This example illustrates the _____ property of language.Select one:

Generative

Biased

Rigid

Convergent

The term "generative" refers to the ability of language to create new and unique sentences that have never been heard before. In this example, Emily creates a sentence that she had never heard before, demonstrating the generative property of language.

Explanation

The term "generative" refers to the ability of language to create new and unique sentences that have never been heard before. In this example, Emily creates a sentence that she had never heard before, demonstrating the generative property of language.

64. For his Eastern history class, Hamilton had to memorize a lengthy list of Chinese emperors. To do so, he imagined each of them sitting in a chair in a different room of his family home. Hamilton was using a technique called:

The method of loci.

The misinformation effect.

Imagination inflation.

The peg-word method.

The method of loci is a mnemonic technique that involves associating information with specific locations or objects in a familiar place, such as Hamilton's family home. By mentally placing each Chinese emperor in a different room, Hamilton is able to create a visual and spatial representation of the information he needs to remember. This technique utilizes the brain's natural ability to remember spatial relationships and can be an effective way to enhance memory and recall.

Explanation

The method of loci is a mnemonic technique that involves associating information with specific locations or objects in a familiar place, such as Hamilton's family home. By mentally placing each Chinese emperor in a different room, Hamilton is able to create a visual and spatial representation of the information he needs to remember. This technique utilizes the brain's natural ability to remember spatial relationships and can be an effective way to enhance memory and recall.

65. Binet's intelligence test was translated and adapted by American psychologist Lewis Terman. Terman called this test the:Select one:

Terman Intelligence Scale (TIS).

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children (WISC).

Lewis Terman, an American psychologist, translated and adapted Binet's intelligence test. He named this test the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. Therefore, the correct answer is Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.

Explanation

Lewis Terman, an American psychologist, translated and adapted Binet's intelligence test. He named this test the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. Therefore, the correct answer is Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.

66. The prologue to Chapter 10 described the story of the twins, Julian and Kenneth. Using Freud's terminology, which component of personality was dominating Julian's behavior when he tried to rob the drugstore?

The id

The superego

Eros

The ego

In Freud's terminology, the id represents the primitive and instinctual part of the personality that seeks immediate gratification of desires and operates on the pleasure principle. Julian's behavior of trying to rob the drugstore can be seen as impulsive and driven by his immediate desires, which aligns with the characteristics of the id.

Explanation

In Freud's terminology, the id represents the primitive and instinctual part of the personality that seeks immediate gratification of desires and operates on the pleasure principle. Julian's behavior of trying to rob the drugstore can be seen as impulsive and driven by his immediate desires, which aligns with the characteristics of the id.

67. Logan and Chelsea were debating what would happen to society if the government collapsed and the military and police were disbanded. Logan was convinced that society would collapse and that chaos would occur, as there would be nothing to hold back the destructive, hostile tendencies of people. Logan's views are most similar to those of:Select one:

Sigmund Freud.

Carl Rogers.

Alfred Adler.

Albert Bandura.

Logan's belief that society would collapse and chaos would occur if the government collapsed and the military and police were disbanded suggests a pessimistic view of human nature. This is similar to Sigmund Freud's perspective, as he believed that humans have aggressive and destructive instincts that need to be controlled by societal institutions. Freud argued that without these institutions, individuals would revert to their primitive and aggressive tendencies, leading to chaos and conflict.

Explanation

Logan's belief that society would collapse and chaos would occur if the government collapsed and the military and police were disbanded suggests a pessimistic view of human nature. This is similar to Sigmund Freud's perspective, as he believed that humans have aggressive and destructive instincts that need to be controlled by societal institutions. Freud argued that without these institutions, individuals would revert to their primitive and aggressive tendencies, leading to chaos and conflict.

68. Carter believes that people are basically good and that each person will naturally strive to fulfill his or her unique potential. Carter's beliefs reflect the _____ perspective of personality.Select one:

Trait

Social cognitive

Psychoanalytic

Humanistic

Carter's belief that people are basically good and have an innate drive to fulfill their unique potential aligns with the humanistic perspective of personality. The humanistic perspective emphasizes the individual's capacity for personal growth, self-actualization, and the pursuit of personal goals. It focuses on the positive aspects of human nature and the belief that individuals have the ability to make choices and take responsibility for their actions, ultimately striving for personal fulfillment and self-improvement.

Explanation

Carter's belief that people are basically good and have an innate drive to fulfill their unique potential aligns with the humanistic perspective of personality. The humanistic perspective emphasizes the individual's capacity for personal growth, self-actualization, and the pursuit of personal goals. It focuses on the positive aspects of human nature and the belief that individuals have the ability to make choices and take responsibility for their actions, ultimately striving for personal fulfillment and self-improvement.

69. Harrison is 15 years old and has gained both height and weight, some body hair, and a deeper voice during the past year. These changes are examples of:Select one:

The preoperational stage.

Primary sex characteristics.

Generativity.

Secondary sex characteristics.

During puberty, adolescents experience various physical changes, such as increased height, weight gain, development of body hair, and a deeper voice. These changes are referred to as secondary sex characteristics, as they are not directly related to reproduction but are indicators of sexual maturity. The primary sex characteristics, on the other hand, include the development of reproductive organs. The preoperational stage and generativity are unrelated to the physical changes described in the question.

Explanation

During puberty, adolescents experience various physical changes, such as increased height, weight gain, development of body hair, and a deeper voice. These changes are referred to as secondary sex characteristics, as they are not directly related to reproduction but are indicators of sexual maturity. The primary sex characteristics, on the other hand, include the development of reproductive organs. The preoperational stage and generativity are unrelated to the physical changes described in the question.

70. The Focus on Neuroscience feature described a study in which love-struck young adults underwent an fMRI brain scan while they looked at a photo of their beloved or at a photo of a friend. The results of this study indicated:Select one:

That looking at a photo of their lover produced a marked reduction in brain activity, especially in the left hemisphere.

No significant differences, as both photos activated the same visual areas of the brain.

The study described in the Focus on Neuroscience feature found that when participants viewed a photo of their lover, it activated some of the same brain areas that are activated by euphoria-producing drugs, like opiates and cocaine. This suggests that romantic love can elicit a similar neural response as the use of these drugs, potentially explaining the intense emotions and attachment experienced in romantic relationships.

Explanation

The study described in the Focus on Neuroscience feature found that when participants viewed a photo of their lover, it activated some of the same brain areas that are activated by euphoria-producing drugs, like opiates and cocaine. This suggests that romantic love can elicit a similar neural response as the use of these drugs, potentially explaining the intense emotions and attachment experienced in romantic relationships.

71. Mr. and Mrs. Jaegar are in their sixties. If they are similar to the majority of sexually active seniors:Select one:

They have sex once a year.

They probably have a high level of sexual enjoyment.

They have little sexual enjoyment.

Watching X-rated, sexually explicit videos is the only source of sexual enjoyment in their lives.

The correct answer suggests that Mr. and Mrs. Jaegar, being in their sixties and sexually active, are likely to have a high level of sexual enjoyment. This implies that age does not necessarily decrease sexual satisfaction, and that older adults can still have fulfilling and enjoyable sexual relationships.

Explanation

The correct answer suggests that Mr. and Mrs. Jaegar, being in their sixties and sexually active, are likely to have a high level of sexual enjoyment. This implies that age does not necessarily decrease sexual satisfaction, and that older adults can still have fulfilling and enjoyable sexual relationships.

72. Memory is formally defined as:Select one:

The mental processes that enable us to acquire, retain, and retrieve information.

A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of past experience.

A mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define it.

The global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment.

Memory is formally defined as the mental processes that enable us to acquire, retain, and retrieve information. This definition highlights the cognitive processes involved in memory, including encoding (acquiring information), storage (retaining information), and retrieval (accessing and recalling information). Memory is a fundamental aspect of human cognition and plays a crucial role in learning, problem-solving, and decision-making.

Explanation

Memory is formally defined as the mental processes that enable us to acquire, retain, and retrieve information. This definition highlights the cognitive processes involved in memory, including encoding (acquiring information), storage (retaining information), and retrieval (accessing and recalling information). Memory is a fundamental aspect of human cognition and plays a crucial role in learning, problem-solving, and decision-making.

73. Emotionally, how do men and women differ?Select one:

Women are more emotionally expressive than men.

Men are more emotionally expressive than women.

Men experience emotions more intensely than women

Women experience emotions more intensely than men.

Women are more emotionally expressive than men. This means that women tend to show their emotions more openly and are more likely to express their feelings through facial expressions, body language, and verbal communication. On the other hand, men are often socialized to suppress their emotions and are less likely to display their feelings openly. This difference in emotional expression can be attributed to a variety of factors including societal expectations, cultural norms, and biological differences. However, it is important to note that individual differences exist and not all men or women conform to these generalizations.

Explanation

Women are more emotionally expressive than men. This means that women tend to show their emotions more openly and are more likely to express their feelings through facial expressions, body language, and verbal communication. On the other hand, men are often socialized to suppress their emotions and are less likely to display their feelings openly. This difference in emotional expression can be attributed to a variety of factors including societal expectations, cultural norms, and biological differences. However, it is important to note that individual differences exist and not all men or women conform to these generalizations.

74. As Rick was filling out the loan application, he couldn't remember his previous address even though he had lived there for five years. Rick's memory of his current address was interfering with his memory of his old address, which is an example of:Select one

The misinformation effect.

Proactive interference.

Retroactive interference.

Encoding failure.

Rick's inability to remember his previous address, despite having lived there for five years, suggests that his memory of his current address is interfering with his memory of his old address. This interference is known as retroactive interference, where new information (current address) disrupts the recall of previously learned information (old address). This explanation aligns with the concept of retroactive interference, making it the correct answer choice.

Explanation

Rick's inability to remember his previous address, despite having lived there for five years, suggests that his memory of his current address is interfering with his memory of his old address. This interference is known as retroactive interference, where new information (current address) disrupts the recall of previously learned information (old address). This explanation aligns with the concept of retroactive interference, making it the correct answer choice.

75. According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, infancy is characterized by the psychosocial conflict of:Select one:

Trust versus mistrust.

Identity versus role confusion.

Autonomy versus doubt.

Intimacy versus isolation.

According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, infancy is characterized by the psychosocial conflict of trust versus mistrust. During this stage, infants learn to trust or mistrust their caregivers based on the consistency and reliability of their care. If their needs are consistently met and they feel secure, they develop a sense of trust. However, if their needs are not consistently met or they experience neglect or abuse, they develop a sense of mistrust. This stage lays the foundation for future relationships and influences the individual's ability to form trusting relationships later in life.

Explanation

According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, infancy is characterized by the psychosocial conflict of trust versus mistrust. During this stage, infants learn to trust or mistrust their caregivers based on the consistency and reliability of their care. If their needs are consistently met and they feel secure, they develop a sense of trust. However, if their needs are not consistently met or they experience neglect or abuse, they develop a sense of mistrust. This stage lays the foundation for future relationships and influences the individual's ability to form trusting relationships later in life.

76. What important contribution was made by Abraham Maslow to the study of motivation?Select one:

Maslow was the first psychologist to study motivation and emotion in nonhuman animals.

Maslow's distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation helped psychologists recognize the importance of drives, incentives, and arousal in motivation.

Self-actualization is recognized by most motivation researchers as one of the most basic of all human motives.

Maslow's contribution to the study of motivation was that he brought greater attention to psychological needs and the motivation and development of psychologically healthy individuals. His influence led to a shift in focus from studying motivation solely in terms of drives, incentives, and arousal, to also considering the importance of psychological needs. This recognition of the significance of psychological needs in motivation has had a lasting impact on the field of psychology.

Explanation

Maslow's contribution to the study of motivation was that he brought greater attention to psychological needs and the motivation and development of psychologically healthy individuals. His influence led to a shift in focus from studying motivation solely in terms of drives, incentives, and arousal, to also considering the importance of psychological needs. This recognition of the significance of psychological needs in motivation has had a lasting impact on the field of psychology.

77. Which one of the following psychologists is most likely to agree with the idea that there are "multiple intelligences" that are independent and distinct?Select one:

Charles Spearman

Claude Steele

Howard Gardner

Sue Savage-Rumbaugh

Howard Gardner is most likely to agree with the idea of "multiple intelligences" that are independent and distinct. Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences, which suggests that intelligence is not a single, fixed entity but rather a combination of different types of intelligences. According to Gardner, there are several independent intelligences, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic intelligences. This theory challenges the traditional view of intelligence as measured by IQ tests and recognizes the diversity of human abilities and talents.

Explanation

Howard Gardner is most likely to agree with the idea of "multiple intelligences" that are independent and distinct. Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences, which suggests that intelligence is not a single, fixed entity but rather a combination of different types of intelligences. According to Gardner, there are several independent intelligences, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic intelligences. This theory challenges the traditional view of intelligence as measured by IQ tests and recognizes the diversity of human abilities and talents.

78. Identify the psychologist who was a pioneer in the scientific study of forgetting.Select one:

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Elizabeth Loftus

George Sperling

Karl Lashley

Hermann Ebbinghaus is the correct answer because he was a psychologist who conducted groundbreaking research on forgetting and memory. He is known for his experiments on himself, where he studied the process of forgetting by memorizing and then attempting to recall nonsense syllables. Ebbinghaus developed the concept of the forgetting curve, which describes how information is forgotten over time. His work laid the foundation for the scientific study of forgetting and greatly contributed to our understanding of memory processes.

Explanation

Hermann Ebbinghaus is the correct answer because he was a psychologist who conducted groundbreaking research on forgetting and memory. He is known for his experiments on himself, where he studied the process of forgetting by memorizing and then attempting to recall nonsense syllables. Ebbinghaus developed the concept of the forgetting curve, which describes how information is forgotten over time. His work laid the foundation for the scientific study of forgetting and greatly contributed to our understanding of memory processes.

79. A focus on similarities among people is to the _____ perspective as a focus on differences among people is to the _____ perspective.Select one:

Trait; social cognitive

Psychoanalytic; humanistic

Psychoanalytic; trait

Social cognitive; humanistic

The correct answer is psychoanalytic; trait. The psychoanalytic perspective focuses on understanding the unconscious mind and how it influences behavior, while the trait perspective focuses on identifying and measuring individual personality traits. Both perspectives examine different aspects of human behavior, with the psychoanalytic perspective emphasizing internal factors and the trait perspective focusing on observable characteristics.

Explanation

The correct answer is psychoanalytic; trait. The psychoanalytic perspective focuses on understanding the unconscious mind and how it influences behavior, while the trait perspective focuses on identifying and measuring individual personality traits. Both perspectives examine different aspects of human behavior, with the psychoanalytic perspective emphasizing internal factors and the trait perspective focusing on observable characteristics.

80. Research by psychologist Renée Baillargeon suggests that infants achieve an understanding of object permanence much earlier than Piaget's theory states.Why did Piaget underestimate the cognitive abilities of very young infants?Select one:

Piaget did not take cultural influences into account in developing his theory.

Piaget confused emotional immaturity with cognitive immaturity.

Piaget confused motor skill limitations with cognitive limitations.

Piaget underestimated the cognitive abilities of very young infants because he confused motor skill limitations with cognitive limitations. This means that he believed that infants' inability to physically interact with objects led to a lack of understanding about object permanence. However, Baillargeon's research suggests that infants actually have a cognitive understanding of object permanence at a much earlier age than Piaget proposed.

Explanation

Piaget underestimated the cognitive abilities of very young infants because he confused motor skill limitations with cognitive limitations. This means that he believed that infants' inability to physically interact with objects led to a lack of understanding about object permanence. However, Baillargeon's research suggests that infants actually have a cognitive understanding of object permanence at a much earlier age than Piaget proposed.

81. During the EARLIEST stages of Alzheimer's disease, the most common symptoms are:Select one:

Agitation and moodiness.

The spontaneous recovery of long-repressed memories.

Forgetting names of familiar people and the locations of familiar places.

Occasionally misplacing common objects, such as one's keys, glasses, or checkbook.

In the earliest stages of Alzheimer's disease, one of the most common symptoms is forgetting names of familiar people and the locations of familiar places. This is because Alzheimer's disease primarily affects the memory and cognitive abilities of individuals. As the disease progresses, other symptoms such as agitation and moodiness may also appear, but forgetting names and locations is typically one of the initial signs. Occasionally misplacing common objects, such as keys or glasses, can also be a symptom but is not as specific to the early stages of the disease.

Explanation

In the earliest stages of Alzheimer's disease, one of the most common symptoms is forgetting names of familiar people and the locations of familiar places. This is because Alzheimer's disease primarily affects the memory and cognitive abilities of individuals. As the disease progresses, other symptoms such as agitation and moodiness may also appear, but forgetting names and locations is typically one of the initial signs. Occasionally misplacing common objects, such as keys or glasses, can also be a symptom but is not as specific to the early stages of the disease.

82. In a study by Elizabeth Loftus, subjects watched a film of an automobile accident, then answered a series of questions, including one asking them to estimate the speed of the cars. What factor affected the subjects' estimate of how fast the cars in the film were traveling?Select one:

Whether the driver of the car was male or female

Whether they had ever been an eyewitness to an auto accident

Whether the word contacted, hit, bumped, collided, or smashed was used in the question

Whether the researcher was friendly or rude

The factor that affected the subjects' estimate of how fast the cars in the film were traveling was whether the word contacted, hit, bumped, collided, or smashed was used in the question. This suggests that the specific wording of the question influenced the subjects' perception and memory of the accident, leading to different estimations of the cars' speed.

Explanation

The factor that affected the subjects' estimate of how fast the cars in the film were traveling was whether the word contacted, hit, bumped, collided, or smashed was used in the question. This suggests that the specific wording of the question influenced the subjects' perception and memory of the accident, leading to different estimations of the cars' speed.

83. Which statement best characterizes Howard Gardner's view of intelligence?Select one:

“There is a single factor that can explain the pattern of specific mental abilities that is called intelligence.”

“There are multiple independent intelligences, and each must be defined within the context of a particular culture.”

There are three mental abilities – visual, spatial, and numerical – that together make up what is normally called intelligence.”

“There are three types of intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical.”

Howard Gardner's view of intelligence is that there are multiple independent intelligences, and each must be defined within the context of a particular culture. According to Gardner, intelligence is not solely determined by a single factor, but rather encompasses a variety of abilities that are unique to different individuals and cultures. This view rejects the notion of a single, universally applicable definition of intelligence and emphasizes the importance of cultural context in understanding and assessing intelligence.

Explanation

Howard Gardner's view of intelligence is that there are multiple independent intelligences, and each must be defined within the context of a particular culture. According to Gardner, intelligence is not solely determined by a single factor, but rather encompasses a variety of abilities that are unique to different individuals and cultures. This view rejects the notion of a single, universally applicable definition of intelligence and emphasizes the importance of cultural context in understanding and assessing intelligence.

84. How we use our cognitive abilities and accumulated knowledge to think, solve problems, and use language are all key dimensions of:Select one:

Perception.

Sensation.

Intelligence

Memory.

Intelligence refers to the ability to think, reason, solve problems, and use language. It encompasses the cognitive abilities and accumulated knowledge that we use in these processes. Perception and sensation are related to the sensory processes of receiving and interpreting information from the environment. While memory is the ability to store and retrieve information. Therefore, intelligence is the most appropriate choice as it encompasses the mentioned dimensions of cognitive abilities, problem-solving, and language use.

Explanation

Intelligence refers to the ability to think, reason, solve problems, and use language. It encompasses the cognitive abilities and accumulated knowledge that we use in these processes. Perception and sensation are related to the sensory processes of receiving and interpreting information from the environment. While memory is the ability to store and retrieve information. Therefore, intelligence is the most appropriate choice as it encompasses the mentioned dimensions of cognitive abilities, problem-solving, and language use.

85. The degree to which you are convinced of your ability to meet the demands of a particular situation is called:Select one:

Self-actualization.

Interpersonal engagement.

Self-efficacy.

Autonomy.

Self-efficacy refers to the belief in one's own ability to successfully accomplish tasks and meet the demands of a particular situation. It is a measure of confidence and conviction in one's skills and capabilities. This term is often used in the field of psychology to describe an individual's belief in their own competence and effectiveness. Self-efficacy plays a crucial role in determining motivation, performance, and overall well-being.

Explanation

Self-efficacy refers to the belief in one's own ability to successfully accomplish tasks and meet the demands of a particular situation. It is a measure of confidence and conviction in one's skills and capabilities. This term is often used in the field of psychology to describe an individual's belief in their own competence and effectiveness. Self-efficacy plays a crucial role in determining motivation, performance, and overall well-being.

86. Which definition reflects Freud's view of the id?Select one:

The irrational component of personality that seeks immediate gratification

The rational, organized component of personality that is sensitive to the demands of the external world

The moralistic component of personality that evaluates the acceptability of behavior and thoughts

The inherited mental images of universal human themes and preoccupations

Freud's view of the id is that it is the irrational component of personality that seeks immediate gratification. The id operates on the pleasure principle, seeking to fulfill its desires and impulses without considering the consequences or societal norms. It is driven by basic instincts and seeks immediate satisfaction of its needs. This definition aligns with Freud's concept of the id as the primitive and impulsive part of the psyche.

Explanation

Freud's view of the id is that it is the irrational component of personality that seeks immediate gratification. The id operates on the pleasure principle, seeking to fulfill its desires and impulses without considering the consequences or societal norms. It is driven by basic instincts and seeks immediate satisfaction of its needs. This definition aligns with Freud's concept of the id as the primitive and impulsive part of the psyche.

87. Parenting styles can be described in terms of two dimensions:Select one:

Parental control and parental responsiveness.

Level of discipline and type of punishment.

Type of discipline and socioeconomic background.

Level of affection and level of indulgence.

The correct answer is parental control and parental responsiveness. Parenting styles can be categorized based on these two dimensions. Parental control refers to the extent to which parents set rules and monitor their children's behavior. Parental responsiveness, on the other hand, refers to the degree to which parents are sensitive and responsive to their children's needs and emotions. These dimensions help define different parenting styles such as authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful.

Explanation

The correct answer is parental control and parental responsiveness. Parenting styles can be categorized based on these two dimensions. Parental control refers to the extent to which parents set rules and monitor their children's behavior. Parental responsiveness, on the other hand, refers to the degree to which parents are sensitive and responsive to their children's needs and emotions. These dimensions help define different parenting styles such as authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful.

88. Ginny's son Bill is almost 13.Ginny has always enjoyed a good relationship with Bill, but after hearing horror stories from other parents about their teen-aged children, she is worried that once Bill becomes a teenager, their relationship will deteriorate, and he will become impossible to handle.According to psychological research, Ginny and Bill's relationship during adolescence will most likely:Select one:

Be marked by extreme and frequent disagreements and conflicts throughout adolescence.

Improve during early adolescence and deteriorate during late adolescence as Bill becomes more rebellious.

Rapidly deteriorate.

Continue to be good throughout adolescence, since their relationship was good during childhood.

According to psychological research, Ginny and Bill's relationship during adolescence will most likely continue to be good throughout adolescence, since their relationship was good during childhood. This is because the foundation of a good relationship established during childhood tends to carry over into adolescence. Despite hearing horror stories from other parents, there is no evidence to suggest that their relationship will deteriorate or be marked by extreme conflicts.

Explanation

According to psychological research, Ginny and Bill's relationship during adolescence will most likely continue to be good throughout adolescence, since their relationship was good during childhood. This is because the foundation of a good relationship established during childhood tends to carry over into adolescence. Despite hearing horror stories from other parents, there is no evidence to suggest that their relationship will deteriorate or be marked by extreme conflicts.

89. Which of the following is NOT a basic requirement of a good test design?Select one:

Reliability

Aptitude

Validity

Standardization

Aptitude is not a basic requirement of a good test design. Test design focuses on creating a reliable, valid, and standardized assessment. Reliability ensures consistent results, validity ensures the test measures what it intends to measure, and standardization ensures fairness and consistency in administration. Aptitude, on the other hand, refers to an individual's natural ability or talent, which is not a requirement for designing a good test.

Explanation

Aptitude is not a basic requirement of a good test design. Test design focuses on creating a reliable, valid, and standardized assessment. Reliability ensures consistent results, validity ensures the test measures what it intends to measure, and standardization ensures fairness and consistency in administration. Aptitude, on the other hand, refers to an individual's natural ability or talent, which is not a requirement for designing a good test.

90. _____ refers to a measurement of intelligence in which an individual's mental level is expressed in terms of a given age.Select one:

Chronological age

Mental age

Mental set

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

Mental age refers to a measurement of intelligence in which an individual's mental level is expressed in terms of a given age. This concept was developed by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon in the early 20th century as a way to assess a person's cognitive abilities. Mental age is used to compare an individual's intellectual development to that of others in the same age group. It is often used in the calculation of the Intelligence Quotient (IQ), which is a ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100.

Explanation

Mental age refers to a measurement of intelligence in which an individual's mental level is expressed in terms of a given age. This concept was developed by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon in the early 20th century as a way to assess a person's cognitive abilities. Mental age is used to compare an individual's intellectual development to that of others in the same age group. It is often used in the calculation of the Intelligence Quotient (IQ), which is a ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100.

91. One way to creatively generate new ideas is to consider a problem from different angles or from a variety of perspectives, a technique that is called:Select one:

Functional fixedness.

Algorithmic thinking.

Using a heuristic.

Divergent thinking.

Divergent thinking is the correct answer because it refers to the ability to generate multiple solutions or ideas by exploring different angles or perspectives. This technique allows for a more creative and innovative approach to problem-solving, as it encourages thinking outside the box and considering various possibilities. Functional fixedness refers to the tendency to only see objects or ideas in their traditional or intended use, while algorithmic thinking involves following a step-by-step procedure to solve a problem. Using a heuristic refers to using a mental shortcut or rule of thumb to make decisions or solve problems.

Explanation

Divergent thinking is the correct answer because it refers to the ability to generate multiple solutions or ideas by exploring different angles or perspectives. This technique allows for a more creative and innovative approach to problem-solving, as it encourages thinking outside the box and considering various possibilities. Functional fixedness refers to the tendency to only see objects or ideas in their traditional or intended use, while algorithmic thinking involves following a step-by-step procedure to solve a problem. Using a heuristic refers to using a mental shortcut or rule of thumb to make decisions or solve problems.

92. David Buss examined mate preferences between men and women in 37 different cultures. He found that women have different concerns than men when selecting a mate. Compared to men, women:Select one:

Value youth and physical attractiveness more than financial security and social status.

Are less interested in passing on their genes to future generations and beyond.

Place more value on financial security and social status when selecting a potential mate.

Are less concerned with mutual attraction and love as factors in their choice of a mate.

David Buss's research on mate preferences across different cultures revealed that women prioritize financial security and social status more than men when choosing a partner. This suggests that women place a higher value on the economic stability and social standing of a potential mate as compared to other factors such as youth and physical attractiveness.

Explanation

David Buss's research on mate preferences across different cultures revealed that women prioritize financial security and social status more than men when choosing a partner. This suggests that women place a higher value on the economic stability and social standing of a potential mate as compared to other factors such as youth and physical attractiveness.

93. Matthew is extremely intelligent, and is a gifted statistician, yet he has few friends and rarely holds a job for more than six months, because he constantly alienates his co-workers and supervisors. Matthew probably lacks:Select one:

Achievement motivation.

Competence motivation.

Basic emotions.

Emotional intelligence.

Matthew's high intelligence and statistical abilities suggest that he has achievement motivation and competence motivation. However, his inability to maintain friendships and jobs due to alienating others indicates a lack of emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence involves recognizing and managing one's own emotions, as well as understanding and empathizing with the emotions of others. Matthew's struggles with interpersonal relationships and workplace dynamics suggest that he lacks this important skill.

Explanation

Matthew's high intelligence and statistical abilities suggest that he has achievement motivation and competence motivation. However, his inability to maintain friendships and jobs due to alienating others indicates a lack of emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence involves recognizing and managing one's own emotions, as well as understanding and empathizing with the emotions of others. Matthew's struggles with interpersonal relationships and workplace dynamics suggest that he lacks this important skill.

94. Brenda's Aunt Shelby got to the point where she just couldn't recall any more details. "Honestly, that's all I can remember about being in the same first grade class as Bruce Springsteen. It was just too long ago," Shelby explained to her disappointed niece. That Shelby was unable to recall her other long-term memories about attending elementary school with Bruce Springsteen is most likely an example of:Select one

Prospective memory.

Retrieval cue failure.

Memory consolidation.

Imagination inflation.

The correct answer is retrieval cue failure. This is because Brenda's Aunt Shelby is unable to recall her other long-term memories about attending elementary school with Bruce Springsteen, indicating a failure in retrieving the necessary cues or triggers to access those memories.

Explanation

The correct answer is retrieval cue failure. This is because Brenda's Aunt Shelby is unable to recall her other long-term memories about attending elementary school with Bruce Springsteen, indicating a failure in retrieving the necessary cues or triggers to access those memories.

95. Which of the following psychologists developed and promoted the use of the intelligence quotient or IQ as a measure for intelligence?Select one:

Alfred Binet

David Wechsler

Charles Spearman

Lewis Terman

Lewis Terman is the correct answer because he is known for his work in developing and popularizing the use of the intelligence quotient (IQ) as a measure for intelligence. Terman adapted and expanded Alfred Binet's original IQ test, and his version became widely used in the United States. He also conducted a long-term study known as the Stanford-Binet study, which followed a group of gifted children throughout their lives. Terman's work had a significant impact on the field of psychology and the understanding of intelligence.

Explanation

Lewis Terman is the correct answer because he is known for his work in developing and popularizing the use of the intelligence quotient (IQ) as a measure for intelligence. Terman adapted and expanded Alfred Binet's original IQ test, and his version became widely used in the United States. He also conducted a long-term study known as the Stanford-Binet study, which followed a group of gifted children throughout their lives. Terman's work had a significant impact on the field of psychology and the understanding of intelligence.

96. Spacing your study sessions is to _____ as cramming the night before is to _____.Select one:

Elaborative rehearsal; maintenance rehearsal

Massed practice; distributed practice

Serial position effect; proactive interference

Distributed practice; massed practice

Spacing your study sessions is to distributed practice as cramming the night before is to massed practice. Distributed practice refers to spacing out your study sessions over a longer period of time, allowing for better retention and understanding of the material. On the other hand, massed practice involves cramming all of your studying into a short period of time, which is less effective for long-term learning.

Explanation

Spacing your study sessions is to distributed practice as cramming the night before is to massed practice. Distributed practice refers to spacing out your study sessions over a longer period of time, allowing for better retention and understanding of the material. On the other hand, massed practice involves cramming all of your studying into a short period of time, which is less effective for long-term learning.

97. A characteristic of human language is that we can communicate meaningfully about ideas, objects, and activities that are not physically present. This characteristic is called:Select one:

Syntax.

Convergent thinking.

Displacement.

Heritability.

Displacement refers to the ability to communicate about things that are not present in the immediate environment. This means that humans can talk about past events, future plans, or even hypothetical situations. Syntax refers to the rules governing the structure of sentences, while convergent thinking refers to the ability to find a single correct solution to a problem. Heritability is a term used in genetics to describe the proportion of variation in a trait that can be attributed to genetic factors.

Explanation

Displacement refers to the ability to communicate about things that are not present in the immediate environment. This means that humans can talk about past events, future plans, or even hypothetical situations. Syntax refers to the rules governing the structure of sentences, while convergent thinking refers to the ability to find a single correct solution to a problem. Heritability is a term used in genetics to describe the proportion of variation in a trait that can be attributed to genetic factors.

98. With their two children tagging along behind them, Evan and Michelle walked through the castle gate into the main square of the Magic Kingdom at Disney World. That's when Michelle had a brief but intense déjà vu experience. "This is so strange," she said to Evan. "It's like I've experienced this moment before." What Michelle was not remembering was that she had experienced this moment before – in scenes on the Disney channel. This examples shows that a disruption in _____ is one way that many déjà vu experiences can be explained.Select one:

Sensory memory

Flashbulb memory

Source memory

Prospective memory

The passage states that Michelle had a brief but intense déjà vu experience when walking through the castle gate into the main square of the Magic Kingdom at Disney World. She mentions that it feels like she has experienced this moment before. The passage then reveals that Michelle had actually seen similar scenes on the Disney channel, indicating that her déjà vu experience was due to a disruption in her source memory. Source memory refers to the ability to remember where, when, and how information was acquired, and in this case, Michelle's memory of seeing similar scenes on TV was mistakenly attributed to her current experience at Disney World.

Explanation

The passage states that Michelle had a brief but intense déjà vu experience when walking through the castle gate into the main square of the Magic Kingdom at Disney World. She mentions that it feels like she has experienced this moment before. The passage then reveals that Michelle had actually seen similar scenes on the Disney channel, indicating that her déjà vu experience was due to a disruption in her source memory. Source memory refers to the ability to remember where, when, and how information was acquired, and in this case, Michelle's memory of seeing similar scenes on TV was mistakenly attributed to her current experience at Disney World.

99. When Louis Pasteur said "Chance favors the prepared mind," he was talking about one particular ingredient that is central to creative thinking. What is that ingredient?Select one:

Choosing the goal of creativity

Reinforcing intrinsic motivation

Engaging in problem finding

Acquiring relevant knowledge

Louis Pasteur's quote "Chance favors the prepared mind" suggests that being prepared and having relevant knowledge is crucial for creative thinking. This implies that having a solid foundation of knowledge in a particular field increases the likelihood of recognizing opportunities and generating creative ideas. By acquiring relevant knowledge, individuals are able to make connections, identify patterns, and think critically, which are essential components of creative thinking. This explanation aligns with the idea that being prepared and knowledgeable enhances one's ability to think creatively and seize opportunities.

Explanation

Louis Pasteur's quote "Chance favors the prepared mind" suggests that being prepared and having relevant knowledge is crucial for creative thinking. This implies that having a solid foundation of knowledge in a particular field increases the likelihood of recognizing opportunities and generating creative ideas. By acquiring relevant knowledge, individuals are able to make connections, identify patterns, and think critically, which are essential components of creative thinking. This explanation aligns with the idea that being prepared and knowledgeable enhances one's ability to think creatively and seize opportunities.

100. Although the concept of repressed memories is controversial, there is general agreement among psychologists that:Select one:

Repressed memories recovered through hypnosis are accurate.

When people experience repeated incidents of abuse, they are more likely to completely repress all memories of the experiences.

Survivors of traumatic incidents are rarely able to recall details about the events.

The correct answer states that people may experience amnesia for some details of a single traumatic event, but it is unlikely for them to repress all memories of repeated incidents of abuse. This is in line with the general agreement among psychologists that while repressed memories are controversial, it is more common for individuals to have fragmented or incomplete memories of traumatic events rather than completely repressing all memories.

Explanation

The correct answer states that people may experience amnesia for some details of a single traumatic event, but it is unlikely for them to repress all memories of repeated incidents of abuse. This is in line with the general agreement among psychologists that while repressed memories are controversial, it is more common for individuals to have fragmented or incomplete memories of traumatic events rather than completely repressing all memories.

101. Spencer has always considered himself to be an honest person. So when he walked into the empty classroom and found a wallet that contained a hundred dollars in cash, he took it to the campus security office. According to Carl Rogers's theory of personality, Spencer's behavior when he found the purse was motivated by:Select one:

The unconscious fear of getting caught.

His desire to act in a way that was consistent with his self-concept.

The sense of guilt he knew he would feel if he kept the money.

The “imaginary audience” or his belief that someone might observe his behavior.

According to Carl Rogers's theory of personality, individuals have a self-concept, which is their perception of themselves and their values. Spencer's behavior of returning the wallet and money aligns with his self-concept of being an honest person. He acts in a way that is consistent with his self-perception, demonstrating his desire to maintain and uphold his self-concept.

Explanation

According to Carl Rogers's theory of personality, individuals have a self-concept, which is their perception of themselves and their values. Spencer's behavior of returning the wallet and money aligns with his self-concept of being an honest person. He acts in a way that is consistent with his self-perception, demonstrating his desire to maintain and uphold his self-concept.

102. Jacob is imaginative, creative, and seeks out new experiences. Sean is hardworking, ambitious, neat, and prides himself on never giving up until a task is finished. In terms of the five-factor model, Jacob would probably score high on the dimension of _____, while Sean would probably score high on the dimension of _____.Select one:

Extraversion; introversion

Openness to experience; conscientiousness

Originality; conventionality

Agreeableness; neuroticism

Jacob's characteristics of being imaginative, creative, and seeking out new experiences align with the dimension of openness to experience in the five-factor model. This dimension reflects a person's willingness to explore new ideas, values, and experiences. On the other hand, Sean's characteristics of being hardworking, ambitious, neat, and never giving up until a task is finished align with the dimension of conscientiousness. This dimension reflects a person's tendency to be organized, responsible, and goal-oriented.

Explanation

Jacob's characteristics of being imaginative, creative, and seeking out new experiences align with the dimension of openness to experience in the five-factor model. This dimension reflects a person's willingness to explore new ideas, values, and experiences. On the other hand, Sean's characteristics of being hardworking, ambitious, neat, and never giving up until a task is finished align with the dimension of conscientiousness. This dimension reflects a person's tendency to be organized, responsible, and goal-oriented.

103. For her anatomy and physiology class, Chelsea has to learn a list of the twelve cranial nerves in correct order. Which of the following suggestions would help her counteract the serial position effect?Select one:

Spend extra time rehearsing the first several items on the list

Spend extra time rehearsing the last several items on the list

Spend extra time rehearsing the items in the middle of the list

Spend extra time rehearsing the first several items and last several items on the list

Spending extra time rehearsing the items in the middle of the list would help Chelsea counteract the serial position effect. The serial position effect states that people tend to remember the first and last items on a list more easily than the items in the middle. By focusing on rehearsing the middle items, Chelsea can ensure that she gives them more attention and rehearsal time, increasing her chances of remembering them accurately.

Explanation

Spending extra time rehearsing the items in the middle of the list would help Chelsea counteract the serial position effect. The serial position effect states that people tend to remember the first and last items on a list more easily than the items in the middle. By focusing on rehearsing the middle items, Chelsea can ensure that she gives them more attention and rehearsal time, increasing her chances of remembering them accurately.

104. The peg-word method and method of loci are:Select one:

Techniques that have been used to induce false memories in participants in research studies

Retrieval cue strategies to help you recall a blocked word or name during tip-of-the-tongue experiences.

Suggestive techniques that can be used to recover repressed memories.

Mnemonic devices to help you remember information.

The peg-word method and method of loci are mnemonic devices to help you remember information. The peg-word method involves associating numbers with specific words or images, while the method of loci involves associating information with specific locations or places in your mind. Both techniques are used to enhance memory and aid in the recall of information.

Explanation

The peg-word method and method of loci are mnemonic devices to help you remember information. The peg-word method involves associating numbers with specific words or images, while the method of loci involves associating information with specific locations or places in your mind. Both techniques are used to enhance memory and aid in the recall of information.

105. Which statement best characterizes the relationship between emotions and physiological arousal?Select one:

Different physiological arousal patterns have been found for different emotions.

Most emotions have the same physiological arousal pattern since the arousal is based upon activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

Different physiological arousal patterns are seen with negative emotions but not with positive emotions.

Positive emotions have more intense physiological arousal patterns than do negative emotions.

Different physiological arousal patterns have been found for different emotions. This means that different emotions are associated with distinct patterns of physiological responses in the body. This suggests that emotions are not solely based on the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, as stated in the second option. It also contradicts the third option, which suggests that only negative emotions have different physiological arousal patterns. Additionally, there is no evidence to support the claim made in the fourth option that positive emotions have more intense physiological arousal patterns than negative emotions.

Explanation

Different physiological arousal patterns have been found for different emotions. This means that different emotions are associated with distinct patterns of physiological responses in the body. This suggests that emotions are not solely based on the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, as stated in the second option. It also contradicts the third option, which suggests that only negative emotions have different physiological arousal patterns. Additionally, there is no evidence to support the claim made in the fourth option that positive emotions have more intense physiological arousal patterns than negative emotions.

106. Psychologists who have conducted research on adolescent development in different cultures have found that conflict between parents and their adolescent children is:Select one:

Present in some cultures but not in others.

At its highest levels in Asian countries.

Present in all of the groups that have been studied.

Largely a function of genetic-environment interactions.

Research conducted by psychologists on adolescent development in different cultures has consistently shown that conflict between parents and their adolescent children is present in all of the groups that have been studied. This suggests that regardless of cultural differences, conflict between parents and adolescents is a universal phenomenon. The presence of this conflict can be attributed to various factors such as differences in values, expectations, and the natural process of individuation and autonomy-seeking during adolescence.

Explanation

Research conducted by psychologists on adolescent development in different cultures has consistently shown that conflict between parents and their adolescent children is present in all of the groups that have been studied. This suggests that regardless of cultural differences, conflict between parents and adolescents is a universal phenomenon. The presence of this conflict can be attributed to various factors such as differences in values, expectations, and the natural process of individuation and autonomy-seeking during adolescence.

107. A personality test reveals that Jacqueline is antagonistic, ruthless, and suspicious, while Melissa is acquiescent, soft-hearted, and trusting. It appears that Jacqueline and Melissa have scored at opposite ends of the _____ dimension of the five-factor model.Select one:

Conscientiousness

Openness to experience

Extraversion

Agreeableness

The correct answer is agreeableness. Agreeableness is one of the dimensions in the five-factor model of personality. It refers to the tendency to be cooperative, empathetic, and friendly towards others. Jacqueline's antagonistic, ruthless, and suspicious traits indicate low agreeableness, while Melissa's acquiescent, soft-hearted, and trusting traits indicate high agreeableness. Therefore, they have scored at opposite ends of the agreeableness dimension.

Explanation

The correct answer is agreeableness. Agreeableness is one of the dimensions in the five-factor model of personality. It refers to the tendency to be cooperative, empathetic, and friendly towards others. Jacqueline's antagonistic, ruthless, and suspicious traits indicate low agreeableness, while Melissa's acquiescent, soft-hearted, and trusting traits indicate high agreeableness. Therefore, they have scored at opposite ends of the agreeableness dimension.

108. Karmine has reviewed all the relevant literature concerning biological factors and homosexuality. She is likely to conclude that:Select one:

Homosexuality is caused by insufficient testosterone levels.

Biological differences in a tiny cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus cause homosexuality.

There is no correlation between biological factors and homosexual orientation.

Some biological factors are correlated with homosexual orientation.

Karmine has reviewed all the relevant literature concerning biological factors and homosexuality, indicating that she has gathered information from various studies and research on this topic. Based on her extensive review, it is likely that Karmine will conclude that there are some biological factors that are correlated with homosexual orientation. This suggests that there is evidence to suggest that certain biological factors may play a role in determining one's sexual orientation. However, it does not imply that all biological factors are correlated or that they are the sole cause of homosexuality.

Explanation

Karmine has reviewed all the relevant literature concerning biological factors and homosexuality, indicating that she has gathered information from various studies and research on this topic. Based on her extensive review, it is likely that Karmine will conclude that there are some biological factors that are correlated with homosexual orientation. This suggests that there is evidence to suggest that certain biological factors may play a role in determining one's sexual orientation. However, it does not imply that all biological factors are correlated or that they are the sole cause of homosexuality.

109. "Matt, that is so weird," Emma said, looking startled. "As you were telling me about your dad, it's like I knew exactly what you were going to say. I mean, it felt like it was something that had happened before but I know that's not possible." Emma appears to be:Select one:

Experiencing imagination inflation.

Having a déjà vu experience.

Recovering a repressed memory.

Developing anterograde amnesia.

Emma's statement suggests that she feels like she has experienced the same situation before, even though she knows it is not possible. This is a common characteristic of a déjà vu experience, where an individual feels a sense of familiarity with a current situation that they believe they have already experienced. Therefore, the correct answer is that Emma is having a déjà vu experience.

Explanation

Emma's statement suggests that she feels like she has experienced the same situation before, even though she knows it is not possible. This is a common characteristic of a déjà vu experience, where an individual feels a sense of familiarity with a current situation that they believe they have already experienced. Therefore, the correct answer is that Emma is having a déjà vu experience.

110. According to Erikson's theory, the psychosocial conflict that needs to be resolved during adolescence is:Select one:

Trust versus mistrust.

Initiative versus guilt.

Ego integrity versus despair.

Identity versus role confusion.

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, adolescence is a stage where individuals strive to develop a sense of identity and establish their own unique place in society. This stage is characterized by the conflict between forming a clear sense of self and feeling confused about one's role and purpose in life. Therefore, the correct answer is "identity versus role confusion."

Explanation

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, adolescence is a stage where individuals strive to develop a sense of identity and establish their own unique place in society. This stage is characterized by the conflict between forming a clear sense of self and feeling confused about one's role and purpose in life. Therefore, the correct answer is "identity versus role confusion."

111. Serena's psychologist asked her to look carefully at several ambiguous images and say what she sees in the images. Serena's psychologist is using what kind of personality test?Select one:

The California Personality Inventory

A projective test

The 16 PF

A self-report inventory

Serena's psychologist is using a projective test. This type of test involves presenting ambiguous stimuli to the individual and asking them to interpret or make meaning out of the stimuli. By analyzing the individual's responses, the psychologist can gain insights into their unconscious thoughts, feelings, and motivations. This approach is based on the belief that individuals will project their own thoughts and feelings onto the ambiguous stimuli, revealing aspects of their personality that may be hidden or unconscious.

Explanation

Serena's psychologist is using a projective test. This type of test involves presenting ambiguous stimuli to the individual and asking them to interpret or make meaning out of the stimuli. By analyzing the individual's responses, the psychologist can gain insights into their unconscious thoughts, feelings, and motivations. This approach is based on the belief that individuals will project their own thoughts and feelings onto the ambiguous stimuli, revealing aspects of their personality that may be hidden or unconscious.

112. The classic "conservation task" developed by Piaget involves two short containers that contain equal amounts of liquid. While a child watches, the water from one container is poured into a tall, thin beaker, and the child is asked which beaker holds more water, the short container or the tall container.Four-year-old Daniel answers the question incorrectly, while seven-year-old Emily is able to answer the question correctly.Why?Select one:

Daniel is in the preoperational stage, while Emily is in the concrete operational stage.

Girls progress through the stages of cognitive development earlier and faster than boys do.

Emily is in the formal operational stage, and Daniel is in the concrete operational stage.

Daniel is in the sensorimotor stage, and Emily is in the preoperational stage.

The preoperational stage is the second stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, occurring between the ages of 2 and 7. During this stage, children are unable to perform mental operations or understand conservation. They focus on the appearance of objects rather than their actual properties. In the conservation task, Daniel is unable to understand that even though the water is in a different container, the amount remains the same. On the other hand, Emily is in the concrete operational stage, which occurs between the ages of 7 and 11. During this stage, children can perform concrete mental operations and understand conservation. Therefore, Emily is able to correctly answer the question.

Explanation

The preoperational stage is the second stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, occurring between the ages of 2 and 7. During this stage, children are unable to perform mental operations or understand conservation. They focus on the appearance of objects rather than their actual properties. In the conservation task, Daniel is unable to understand that even though the water is in a different container, the amount remains the same. On the other hand, Emily is in the concrete operational stage, which occurs between the ages of 7 and 11. During this stage, children can perform concrete mental operations and understand conservation. Therefore, Emily is able to correctly answer the question.

113. Which of the following is an example of an emotion that represents an evolutionary adaptation to problems of survival or reproduction?Select one:

Tom feels jealous and angry when another man calls up his girlfriend and asks her for a date.

Briana feels fearful and anxious when her 3-year-old climbs to the top of the jungle gym at the playground.

All of the above.

All of the above examples represent emotions that have evolved as adaptations to problems of survival or reproduction. Jealousy and anger in response to a potential threat to a romantic relationship can be seen as a way to protect one's reproductive interests. Fear and anxiety when a child is in a dangerous situation help ensure their survival. Disgust towards spoiled food is a mechanism to avoid ingesting potentially harmful substances. Therefore, all of these emotions serve as evolutionary adaptations to address specific challenges related to survival or reproduction.

Explanation

All of the above examples represent emotions that have evolved as adaptations to problems of survival or reproduction. Jealousy and anger in response to a potential threat to a romantic relationship can be seen as a way to protect one's reproductive interests. Fear and anxiety when a child is in a dangerous situation help ensure their survival. Disgust towards spoiled food is a mechanism to avoid ingesting potentially harmful substances. Therefore, all of these emotions serve as evolutionary adaptations to address specific challenges related to survival or reproduction.

114. Which of the following represents the correct order of the first four psychosocial conflicts that characterize infancy and the childhood years in Erikson's theory?Select one:

Trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus doubt, initiative versus guilt, industry versus inferiority

Autonomy versus doubt, initiative versus guilt, industry versus inferiority, trust versus mistrust

Trust versus mistrust, initiative versus guilt, industry versus inferiority, autonomy versus doubt

Trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus doubt, industry versus inferiority, identity versus role confusion

In Erikson's theory, the first four psychosocial conflicts that characterize infancy and childhood are trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus doubt, initiative versus guilt, and industry versus inferiority. This order represents the developmental stages that individuals go through during their early years. Trust versus mistrust refers to the first stage, where infants learn to trust or mistrust their caregivers. Autonomy versus doubt is the second stage, where children develop a sense of independence and autonomy. Initiative versus guilt is the third stage, where children begin to take initiative and explore their environment, but may also feel guilty for their actions. Finally, industry versus inferiority is the fourth stage, where children develop a sense of competence and industry, or may feel inferior if they are unable to meet societal expectations.

Explanation

In Erikson's theory, the first four psychosocial conflicts that characterize infancy and childhood are trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus doubt, initiative versus guilt, and industry versus inferiority. This order represents the developmental stages that individuals go through during their early years. Trust versus mistrust refers to the first stage, where infants learn to trust or mistrust their caregivers. Autonomy versus doubt is the second stage, where children develop a sense of independence and autonomy. Initiative versus guilt is the third stage, where children begin to take initiative and explore their environment, but may also feel guilty for their actions. Finally, industry versus inferiority is the fourth stage, where children develop a sense of competence and industry, or may feel inferior if they are unable to meet societal expectations.

115. Psychologists define the term _____ as a complex psychological state that involves subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response. Select one:

Motivation

Emotion

Self-efficacy

Anthromorphism

Psychologists define the term "emotion" as a complex psychological state that involves subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response. Emotions are characterized by feelings such as happiness, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust, and they also involve changes in bodily functions and observable behaviors. This definition highlights the multidimensional nature of emotions, encompassing both internal experiences and outward expressions.

Explanation

Psychologists define the term "emotion" as a complex psychological state that involves subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response. Emotions are characterized by feelings such as happiness, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust, and they also involve changes in bodily functions and observable behaviors. This definition highlights the multidimensional nature of emotions, encompassing both internal experiences and outward expressions.

116. Ricardo has been feeling gloomy and generally discontented ever since the semester ended two weeks ago. When he received his transcript in the mail and discovered that the lowest grade he got was a B+ he felt elated and overjoyed. Ricardo's two states (pervasive gloominess and sudden intense joy) illustrate the difference between _____ and _____.Select one:

Motivation; emotion

Psychological states; physiological states

Moods; emotions

The James-Lange Theory; the Cannon-Bard Theory

The correct answer is moods; emotions. Ricardo's persistent feeling of gloominess and discontentment can be categorized as a mood, which refers to a long-lasting emotional state. On the other hand, his sudden intense joy upon receiving his transcript is an emotion, which is a more short-lived and intense feeling. This illustrates the difference between moods, which are more stable and long-lasting, and emotions, which are more fleeting and intense.

Explanation

The correct answer is moods; emotions. Ricardo's persistent feeling of gloominess and discontentment can be categorized as a mood, which refers to a long-lasting emotional state. On the other hand, his sudden intense joy upon receiving his transcript is an emotion, which is a more short-lived and intense feeling. This illustrates the difference between moods, which are more stable and long-lasting, and emotions, which are more fleeting and intense.

117. A system that combines arbitrary symbols to produce an infinite number of meaningful statements is a definition of:Select one:

A mental set.

Language.

The linguistic relativity hypothesis

An algorithm.

A system that combines arbitrary symbols to produce an infinite number of meaningful statements is referred to as language. Language allows us to communicate and express our thoughts, ideas, and emotions using a set of symbols, such as words, gestures, or signs. It is a complex and dynamic system that varies across different cultures and societies, enabling us to convey meaning and understand one another.

Explanation

A system that combines arbitrary symbols to produce an infinite number of meaningful statements is referred to as language. Language allows us to communicate and express our thoughts, ideas, and emotions using a set of symbols, such as words, gestures, or signs. It is a complex and dynamic system that varies across different cultures and societies, enabling us to convey meaning and understand one another.

118. Wynn has been studying for his chemistry exam by breaking up each chapter into manageable sections and then learning key information one section at a time. According to the Applications section of your text, Wynn is using which technique to enhance his memory?Select one:

Elaborative rehearsal

Reducing interference within a topic

Counteracting the serial position effect

Using contextual cues to jog memory

Wynn is using the technique of reducing interference within a topic to enhance his memory. By breaking up each chapter into manageable sections and learning key information one section at a time, Wynn is preventing interference from other topics or information from hindering his memory retention. This technique allows him to focus on one specific topic at a time, reducing the chances of confusion or overlapping information. By minimizing interference, Wynn can better retain and recall the information he is studying for his chemistry exam.

Explanation

Wynn is using the technique of reducing interference within a topic to enhance his memory. By breaking up each chapter into manageable sections and learning key information one section at a time, Wynn is preventing interference from other topics or information from hindering his memory retention. This technique allows him to focus on one specific topic at a time, reducing the chances of confusion or overlapping information. By minimizing interference, Wynn can better retain and recall the information he is studying for his chemistry exam.

119. When David is asked to describe his best friend Josh, he responds: "Josh is very friendly, pretty intelligent, and a really nice guy. He seems laid-back, but he actually works hard at keeping up with his college classes. He's a lot of fun because he's always ready to try something new." David's description of his friend's personality would be most consistent with which of the following approaches to personality?

Psychoanalytic

Social cognitive

Humanistic

Trait

David's description of Josh's personality focuses on specific traits such as being friendly, intelligent, nice, laid-back, hardworking, and adventurous. This aligns with the trait approach to personality, which emphasizes identifying and categorizing individual traits that are consistent across different situations and over time. The trait approach suggests that personality can be understood by examining these consistent patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings.

Explanation

David's description of Josh's personality focuses on specific traits such as being friendly, intelligent, nice, laid-back, hardworking, and adventurous. This aligns with the trait approach to personality, which emphasizes identifying and categorizing individual traits that are consistent across different situations and over time. The trait approach suggests that personality can be understood by examining these consistent patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings.

120. In the "In Focus: Does a High IQ Score Predict Success in Life?" box, what was the general conclusion, based upon the research of Lewis Terman and Melita Oden with the genius-level children who grew up as genius-level adults?Select one:

The higher a person's IQ, the more success the person would have later in life.

IQ scores have virtually no relationship to personal success.

Although IQ is important, socioeconomic status accounts for a larger part of life success

Personality factors, as well as intelligence, seem to play a significant role in life success.

The general conclusion based on the research of Lewis Terman and Melita Oden with the genius-level children who grew up as genius-level adults is that personality factors, as well as intelligence, seem to play a significant role in life success. This means that having a high IQ alone does not guarantee success in life, but other factors such as personality traits also contribute to one's overall success.

Explanation

The general conclusion based on the research of Lewis Terman and Melita Oden with the genius-level children who grew up as genius-level adults is that personality factors, as well as intelligence, seem to play a significant role in life success. This means that having a high IQ alone does not guarantee success in life, but other factors such as personality traits also contribute to one's overall success.

121. The peg-word method and method of loci are:Select one:

Retrieval cue strategies to help you recall a blocked word or name during tip-of-the-tongue experiences.

Suggestive techniques that can be used to recover repressed memories.

Mnemonic devices to help you remember information.

Techniques that have been used to induce false memories in participants in research studies.

The peg-word method and method of loci are mnemonic devices that help you remember information. The peg-word method involves associating numbers with rhyming words and using vivid imagery to remember lists of items. The method of loci involves mentally placing items to be remembered in specific locations along a familiar route or in a familiar setting. Both techniques rely on creating vivid and memorable associations in order to enhance memory recall.

Explanation

The peg-word method and method of loci are mnemonic devices that help you remember information. The peg-word method involves associating numbers with rhyming words and using vivid imagery to remember lists of items. The method of loci involves mentally placing items to be remembered in specific locations along a familiar route or in a familiar setting. Both techniques rely on creating vivid and memorable associations in order to enhance memory recall.

122. Sarah is determined to play the role of Clara in the ballet, "The Nutcracker." She begins to work very hard in ballet classes with this goal in mind. Sarah is demonstrating which characteristic of motivation?Select one:

Instinctual drive

Sensation seeking

Self-actualization

Activation

Sarah's determination to play the role of Clara in the ballet "The Nutcracker" and her hard work in ballet classes demonstrate the characteristic of activation. Activation refers to the initiation and persistence of behavior in order to achieve a specific goal. In this case, Sarah is motivated to achieve her goal of playing the role of Clara and is actively taking steps, such as working hard in ballet classes, to make it happen.

Explanation

Sarah's determination to play the role of Clara in the ballet "The Nutcracker" and her hard work in ballet classes demonstrate the characteristic of activation. Activation refers to the initiation and persistence of behavior in order to achieve a specific goal. In this case, Sarah is motivated to achieve her goal of playing the role of Clara and is actively taking steps, such as working hard in ballet classes, to make it happen.

123. According to Albert Bandura, what is the best way to strengthen your sense of self-efficacy in a particular realm of behavior?Select one:

Through unconditional positive regard and a congruent self-concept

Through observational learning and mastery experiences

By adopting the ego defense mechanisms of sublimation and displacement

By developing a more positive “possible self” in that realm of behavior

According to Albert Bandura, the best way to strengthen your sense of self-efficacy in a particular realm of behavior is through observational learning and mastery experiences. Observational learning involves observing others who are successful in that behavior and learning from their actions and outcomes. Mastery experiences refer to personal successes and achievements in that behavior, which help to build confidence and belief in one's abilities. By combining these two factors, individuals can enhance their sense of self-efficacy and become more confident in their abilities in that specific area.

Explanation

According to Albert Bandura, the best way to strengthen your sense of self-efficacy in a particular realm of behavior is through observational learning and mastery experiences. Observational learning involves observing others who are successful in that behavior and learning from their actions and outcomes. Mastery experiences refer to personal successes and achievements in that behavior, which help to build confidence and belief in one's abilities. By combining these two factors, individuals can enhance their sense of self-efficacy and become more confident in their abilities in that specific area.

124. Information is stored in short-term memory for:Select one:

About two or three seconds.

About thirty minutes.

About thirty seconds.

About a day.

Short-term memory is the temporary storage of information that lasts for a limited duration. It has a limited capacity and can hold information for a brief period. The correct answer is "about thirty seconds" because short-term memory typically retains information for a short duration, usually around 20-30 seconds, before it is either forgotten or transferred to long-term memory through processes like rehearsal or encoding.

Explanation

Short-term memory is the temporary storage of information that lasts for a limited duration. It has a limited capacity and can hold information for a brief period. The correct answer is "about thirty seconds" because short-term memory typically retains information for a short duration, usually around 20-30 seconds, before it is either forgotten or transferred to long-term memory through processes like rehearsal or encoding.

125. By "ego integrity" Erik Erikson meant:Select one:

Maintaining continuity in one’s activity level throughout the lifespan.

Expressing unselfish concern for the welfare of the next generation.

Maintaining a sense of connectedness and intimacy with others throughout the lifespan.

The feeling that one’s life has been meaningful.

Erik Erikson's concept of "ego integrity" refers to the feeling that one's life has been meaningful. This means that individuals who have developed ego integrity have a sense of satisfaction and fulfillment, believing that their life has had purpose and significance. They have a sense of accomplishment and are able to reflect on their past experiences with a sense of contentment rather than regret. Ego integrity is an important aspect of successful psychosocial development in later adulthood according to Erikson's theory.

Explanation

Erik Erikson's concept of "ego integrity" refers to the feeling that one's life has been meaningful. This means that individuals who have developed ego integrity have a sense of satisfaction and fulfillment, believing that their life has had purpose and significance. They have a sense of accomplishment and are able to reflect on their past experiences with a sense of contentment rather than regret. Ego integrity is an important aspect of successful psychosocial development in later adulthood according to Erikson's theory.

126. Howard experienced brain damage that left him without the capacity to feel emotions but with the ability to reason. According to the discussion in your psychology text, people like Howard are likely to:Select one:

Make excellent decisions that are very rational and logical, because they are not influenced by their emotions.

Lose their ability to use gestures and facial expressions when speaking to others.

Excel at math, logical puzzles, and games like chess.

Make disastrous decisions.

According to the given information, Howard experienced brain damage that resulted in the inability to feel emotions but still retained the ability to reason. The explanation for the correct answer is that emotions play a crucial role in decision-making, as they provide important information and guide our choices. Without the capacity to feel emotions, Howard would lack this valuable input and may not consider the emotional impact of his decisions. This could lead to poor judgment and potentially disastrous outcomes.

Explanation

According to the given information, Howard experienced brain damage that resulted in the inability to feel emotions but still retained the ability to reason. The explanation for the correct answer is that emotions play a crucial role in decision-making, as they provide important information and guide our choices. Without the capacity to feel emotions, Howard would lack this valuable input and may not consider the emotional impact of his decisions. This could lead to poor judgment and potentially disastrous outcomes.