Psy Kev 101 6-10

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  • 1/126 Questions

    Nelson feels that he has all the material possessions he needs in life and is now determined to devote all his energy to creative self-expression through music. Nelson's motivation is best accounted for by:Select one:

    • Instinct theories.
    • Drive theories.
    • Humanistic theories.
    • Homeostasis.
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Psy Kev 101 6-10 - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    According to attachment theory:Select one:

    • The quality of attachment plays an important role in determining an infant’s ability to thrive physically and psychologically

    • Attachment can be formed only between the infant and his or her mother.

    • The infant can form multiple attachment relationships, but only the mother-infant relationship is important.

    • While the attachment bond is important to psychological development, it has no effect on the infant’s physical development.

    Correct Answer
    A. The quality of attachment plays an important role in determining an infant’s ability to thrive physically and psychologically
    Explanation
    According to attachment theory, the quality of attachment plays a crucial role in determining an infant's ability to thrive both physically and psychologically. This means that the type of bond formed between the infant and their primary caregiver(s) has a significant impact on their overall well-being and development. A secure and nurturing attachment relationship provides a foundation for the child's emotional and social development, as well as their physical health and growth. Conversely, a lack of secure attachment can lead to various negative outcomes in both physical and psychological domains.

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  • 3. 

    Psychological research has shown that, in general, people are most likely to marry:Select one:

    • Someone who is similar in physical attractiveness, status, ethnicity, beliefs, and values.

    • Someone who has very different personality traits.

    • Someone they have known since childhood.

    • Someone they met in high school or college.

    Correct Answer
    A. Someone who is similar in physical attractiveness, status, ethnicity, beliefs, and values.
    Explanation
    Psychological research suggests that people are more likely to marry someone who is similar to them in terms of physical attractiveness, status, ethnicity, beliefs, and values. This can be attributed to the idea of homogamy, which refers to the tendency of individuals to form relationships with others who are similar to them. People often seek out partners who share similar characteristics and values as it provides a sense of familiarity, comfort, and compatibility in a relationship. This similarity in various aspects increases the likelihood of a successful and satisfying long-term partnership.

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  • 4. 

    Four-year-old Brooke throws a tantrum when her parents want to leave the playground and go home. Instead of punishing her, Brooke’s parents patiently and lovingly try to teach Brooke a more acceptable way of coping with disappointment and frustration. Using Carl Rogers’s terminology, Brooke is experiencing a high degree of _____ from her parents.

    • Conditional positive regard

    • Reciprocal determinism

    • Unconditional positive regard

    • Self-efficacy

    Correct Answer
    A. Unconditional positive regard
    Explanation
    Brooke is experiencing a high degree of unconditional positive regard from her parents because they are patiently and lovingly trying to teach her a more acceptable way of coping with disappointment and frustration instead of punishing her. Unconditional positive regard, a concept developed by Carl Rogers, refers to accepting and valuing a person regardless of their behavior or actions. In this case, Brooke's parents are demonstrating unconditional love and acceptance towards her, regardless of her tantrum, by guiding her towards better coping mechanisms.

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  • 5. 

    While Mary was reading a story about the Australian outback adventures of Billy and his dog, she had no problem visualizing the arid countryside, the unusual animals that lived there, and the various people that Billy and his dog met in their journeys. Mary is using:Select one:

    • Mental imagery.

    • A mental set.

    • An algorithm.

    • A heuristic.

    Correct Answer
    A. Mental imagery.
    Explanation
    Mary is able to visualize the arid countryside, unusual animals, and various people in her mind while reading the story. This indicates that she is using mental imagery, which involves creating mental representations of sensory experiences.

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  • 6. 

    Which of the following BEST defines a gene?Select one:

    • The observable traits or characteristics displayed by an organism.

    • A unit of DNA that encodes instructions for making a particular protein.

    • A type of highly specialized cell that directs the development of other cells.

    • One of several thousand different protein molecules.

    Correct Answer
    A. A unit of DNA that encodes instructions for making a particular protein.
    Explanation
    A gene is defined as a unit of DNA that contains the instructions for making a specific protein. Genes are segments of DNA that are responsible for the inheritance of traits and characteristics in organisms. They provide the instructions for the synthesis of proteins, which are essential for various biological processes and functions.

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  • 7. 

    In Carl Rogers’s personality theory, the term _____ refers to a condition in which a person’s emotions and experiences are consistent with his sense of self.Select one:

    • Displacement

    • Conditional positive regard

    • Congruence

    • Unconditional positive regard

    Correct Answer
    A. Congruence
    Explanation
    In Carl Rogers's personality theory, the term "congruence" refers to a condition in which a person's emotions and experiences are consistent with his sense of self. This means that there is a harmony between how a person feels and the way they perceive themselves. When a person is congruent, they are able to fully express and experience their true emotions and thoughts, without any conflict or incongruity between their inner self and their external experiences. This state of congruence is considered to be essential for personal growth and psychological well-being.

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  • 8. 

    Dr. Livingston maintains that unconscious mental processes and early childhood experiences are critical in the formation of personality. Dr. Livingston’s beliefs reflect the _____ perspective of personality.Select one: 

    • Trait

    • Social cognitive

    • Psychoanalytic

    • Humanistic

    Correct Answer
    A. Psychoanalytic
    Explanation
    Dr. Livingston's belief that unconscious mental processes and early childhood experiences are crucial in shaping personality aligns with the psychoanalytic perspective. This perspective, developed by Sigmund Freud, emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind and childhood experiences in influencing behavior and personality development. It suggests that unresolved conflicts and unconscious desires from childhood can continue to impact an individual's personality throughout their life.

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  • 9. 

    As you are taking this exam, you are actively retrieving information that you have learned and stored in your long-term memory. The information that you are able to consciously recall is an example of which subsystem of long-term memory?Select one:

    • Explicit memory

    • Implicit memory

    • Anterograde memory

    • Flashbulb memory

    Correct Answer
    A. Explicit memory
    Explanation
    Explicit memory refers to the conscious recollection of information that has been learned and stored in long-term memory. In this scenario, as the individual is actively retrieving information during the exam, they are consciously recalling information from their long-term memory, which aligns with the characteristics of explicit memory. Implicit memory refers to the unconscious or automatic retrieval of information, anterograde memory refers to the inability to form new memories after an event, and flashbulb memory refers to vivid and emotionally significant memories of specific events.

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  • 10. 

    In Piaget’s theory, when a child demonstrates conservation, he or she:Select one:

    • Understands the importance of protecting environmental resources.

    • Becomes aware of cultural differences.

    • Recognizes that two equal quantities remain equal, even if the appearance of one is changed, as long as nothing is added or subtracted.

    • Is limited by the inability to reverse mental operations and the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation.

    Correct Answer
    A. Recognizes that two equal quantities remain equal, even if the appearance of one is changed, as long as nothing is added or subtracted.
    Explanation
    In Piaget's theory, when a child demonstrates conservation, it means that the child understands that two equal quantities remain equal, even if the appearance of one is changed, as long as nothing is added or subtracted. This shows that the child has developed the cognitive ability to understand that physical transformations do not alter the fundamental properties of objects. This is an important milestone in a child's cognitive development, as it signifies the ability to think logically and understand the concept of conservation.

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  • 11. 

    Overall, researchers have found that the _____ style of parenting is associated with children who are well-adjusted, competent, receive higher grades, and are less likely than their peers to get into trouble.Select one:

    • Authoritarian

    • Permissive-indulgent

    • Permissive-indifferent

    • Authoritative

    Correct Answer
    A. Authoritative
    Explanation
    Research has consistently shown that the authoritative style of parenting is associated with positive outcomes in children. This style is characterized by setting clear expectations and rules, while also being responsive and supportive. Children raised by authoritative parents tend to be well-adjusted, competent, and have higher academic achievement. They are also less likely to engage in risky behaviors or get into trouble compared to their peers. This parenting style strikes a balance between discipline and warmth, providing children with structure and guidance while also allowing them to develop autonomy and independence.

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  • 12. 

    When parents are consistently warm and responsive to their infant, the infant is likely to develop a(n) _____ attachment to the parents.Select one:

    • Altruistic

    • Ambiguous

    • Collectivistic

    • Secure

    Correct Answer
    A. Secure
    Explanation
    When parents consistently provide warmth and responsiveness to their infant, it creates a sense of security and trust in the child. This secure attachment allows the child to feel safe exploring their environment and seeking comfort from their parents when needed. The child develops a strong emotional bond with their parents, which is crucial for their social and emotional development.

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  • 13. 

    In the 1920s, psychologist Karl Lashley:Select one:

    • Began a longitudinal study on the memory of high school students for the words and phrases they had learned in Spanish class.

    • Began the first systematic study of forgetting using nonsense syllables.

    • Measured the duration of visual sensory memory.

    • Began searching for the brain changes associated with the formation of a long-term memory.

    Correct Answer
    A. Began searching for the brain changes associated with the formation of a long-term memory.
    Explanation
    In the 1920s, psychologist Karl Lashley started searching for the brain changes associated with the formation of a long-term memory. This suggests that Lashley was interested in understanding how memories are formed and stored in the brain. He likely conducted experiments or studies to investigate the physical changes that occur in the brain during the process of creating long-term memories. This research would have contributed to our understanding of memory and the brain's role in it.

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  • 14. 

    Many people were convinced that Ethan had psychic abilities after he identified the park where the body of a missing person was eventually found. However, they failed to take into account the hundreds of times he made predictions that were false. This example illustrates the:Select one:

    • Belief-bias effect.

    • Confirmation bias.

    • Extrinsic motivation effect.

    • Fallacy of positive instances.

    Correct Answer
    A. Fallacy of positive instances.
    Explanation
    The fallacy of positive instances refers to the tendency to focus on and give more weight to examples that confirm a belief or hypothesis, while ignoring or downplaying examples that contradict it. In this case, people were convinced that Ethan had psychic abilities based on one successful prediction, but they ignored the numerous times he made false predictions. This illustrates the fallacy of positive instances because they only considered the positive instance that supported their belief and disregarded the negative instances that contradicted it.

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  • 15. 

    Based on the research and survey findings discussed in your text, which of the following conclusions about sexuality throughout the lifespan is most accurate?Select one

    • Single people have the most active and satisfying sex lives.

    • Most adults follow very traditional patterns of sexual behavior and are fundamentally happy with the relationship they have with their sexual partner.

    • It is virtually impossible to describe patterns of sexual development and behavior throughout the lifespan because it varies so much from person to person.

    • American adults strongly prefer kinky or unusual sexual practices.

    Correct Answer
    A. Most adults follow very traditional patterns of sexual behavior and are fundamentally happy with the relationship they have with their sexual partner.
    Explanation
    The correct answer suggests that based on research and survey findings, most adults tend to follow traditional patterns of sexual behavior and are generally satisfied with their relationship with their sexual partner. This conclusion implies that the majority of adults are content with their sexual lives and have a stable and fulfilling relationship with their partner.

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  • 16. 

    Who was one of the first scientists to systematically study emotional expression, including the facial expressions and body language used to express different emotions?Select one: 

    • Paul Ekman

    • Charles Darwin

    • Joseph LeDoux

    • Abraham Maslow

    Correct Answer
    A. Charles Darwin
    Explanation
    Charles Darwin was one of the first scientists to systematically study emotional expression, including the facial expressions and body language used to express different emotions. He believed that emotions have evolutionary significance and can be understood through the principles of natural selection. Darwin's work on emotional expression laid the foundation for future research in the field, and his ideas continue to influence our understanding of emotions and their expression today.

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  • 17. 

    Shannon is in the seventh week of her pregnancy.In terms of prenatal development, Shannon’s pregnancy is in the _____ period.Select one: 

    • Zygotic

    • Embryonic

    • Germinal

    • Fetal

    Correct Answer
    A. Embryonic
    Explanation
    Shannon's pregnancy is in the embryonic period because it is in the seventh week, which falls within the embryonic stage of prenatal development. During this period, the major organs and systems of the embryo begin to form, and the embryo is most vulnerable to external influences.

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  • 18. 

    Dr. Wilkerson has given her new patient several psychological tests. What approach should Dr. Wilkerson take in interpreting the test results?Select one:

    • She should assume that the tests tell her everything she needs to know about her new patient.

    • She should assume that the test results are likely to contradict her patient’s self-concept.

    • She should combine her knowledge of the test results with behavioral observations and information from other sources, including the patient himself.

    • She should assume that the Rorschach and TAT tests will provide the most reliable insights into her patient’s personality traits.

    Correct Answer
    A. She should combine her knowledge of the test results with behavioral observations and information from other sources, including the patient himself.
    Explanation
    Dr. Wilkerson should combine her knowledge of the test results with behavioral observations and information from other sources, including the patient himself. This approach is important because psychological tests alone cannot provide a complete understanding of a patient's personality or mental state. By considering other factors such as the patient's behavior, observations, and their own input, Dr. Wilkerson can obtain a more comprehensive and accurate assessment of the patient's psychological condition. This approach ensures that the interpretation of the test results is not solely based on the tests themselves, but also takes into account the broader context of the patient's life and experiences.

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  • 19. 

    _____ is the process of accessing information stored in long-term memory.Select one:

    • Encoding

    • Storage

    • Consolidation

    • Retrieval

    Correct Answer
    A. Retrieval
    Explanation
    Retrieval is the process of accessing information stored in long-term memory. This involves recalling or remembering previously learned information or experiences. During retrieval, the brain retrieves the stored information and brings it back into conscious awareness. This process is essential for tasks such as recalling facts, events, or memories, and is crucial for learning, problem-solving, and decision-making.

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  • 20. 

    As you are reading this question right now, you are consciously processing the meaning of the words in which stage of memory?Select one: 

    • Sensory memory

    • Short-term memory

    • Long-term memory

    • Episodic memory

    Correct Answer
    A. Short-term memory
    Explanation
    When reading and consciously processing the meaning of words, it occurs in the short-term memory stage. Short-term memory is responsible for temporarily holding and manipulating information that is currently being processed. This type of memory allows us to retain information for a short period of time, typically around 20-30 seconds, before it either gets transferred to long-term memory or is forgotten.

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  • 21. 

    About four months ago, 16-year-old Amanda went on a drastic diet that caused her to drop from her normal weight of 120 pounds to less than 90 pounds. Although her weight is dangerously low, she continues to undereat because she thinks she looks fat. Amanda suffers from:Select one:

    • Binge-eating disorder.

    • Obesity.

    • Bulimia nervosa.

    • Anorexia nervosa.

    Correct Answer
    A. Anorexia nervosa.
    Explanation
    Amanda's drastic weight loss, despite being dangerously low, and her belief that she looks fat despite being underweight indicate that she may be suffering from anorexia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image, and extreme efforts to maintain a low body weight.

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  • 22. 

    List in the correct sequence the five stages in the dying process that were identified by Kübler-Ross.Select one: 

    • Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

    • Anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance, denial

    • Anxiety, denial, depression, bargaining, fear

    • Fear, bargaining, depression, anger, anxiety

    Correct Answer
    A. Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
    Explanation
    The correct answer is denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance. This sequence of stages in the dying process was identified by Kübler-Ross. Initially, individuals may deny the reality of their impending death, followed by feelings of anger towards their situation. They may then enter a stage of bargaining, where they try to negotiate with a higher power or seek alternative solutions. This is often followed by a period of depression, as individuals come to terms with their situation. Finally, acceptance is reached, where individuals find peace and come to accept their impending death.

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  • 23. 

    Benjamin Whorf 's belief that language determines perception and the structure of thought:Select one:

    • Has been supported by numerous cross-cultural studies.

    • Has not been supported by empirical evidence, although language does seem to influence perception and thought.

    • Is accurate if a person is an expert in a particular topic

    • Is true only for Native American languages.

    Correct Answer
    A. Has not been supported by empirical evidence, although language does seem to influence perception and thought.
    Explanation
    The correct answer states that Benjamin Whorf's belief that language determines perception and the structure of thought has not been supported by empirical evidence. However, it acknowledges that language does seem to influence perception and thought to some extent. This suggests that while language may have an impact on how we perceive and think about the world, it does not completely determine these aspects.

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  • 24. 

    When a test has the ability to measure what it is intended to measure, it is said to be:Select one: 

    • Reliable.

    • Valid.

    • Standardized.

    • Representative.

    Correct Answer
    A. Valid.
    Explanation
    A test is said to be valid when it has the ability to measure what it is intended to measure. Validity refers to the extent to which a test accurately measures the construct or trait it is designed to assess. In other words, a valid test is one that accurately measures what it claims to measure, providing meaningful and accurate results.

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  • 25. 

    Problem solving is defined as:Select one:

    • Thinking and behavior directed toward attaining a goal that is not readily available

    • The mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge

    • The mental activities that involve learning rules and features

    • The tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or customary way.

    Correct Answer
    A. Thinking and behavior directed toward attaining a goal that is not readily available
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "thinking and behavior directed toward attaining a goal that is not readily available." This definition of problem solving implies that it involves actively seeking solutions and taking action to achieve a desired outcome, even when the solution is not immediately apparent or easily accessible. Problem solving requires critical thinking, creativity, and the ability to approach challenges from different angles in order to overcome obstacles and reach the desired goal.

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  • 26. 

    Whe shown photographs of facial expressions of basic emotions, people from 21 different countries:Select one: 

    • Were able to accurately identify each of the emotions being expressed.

    • Were only able to accurately identify the facial expressions for fear and disgust.

    • Were able to accurately identify happiness, surprise, and disgust, but not anger, fear, or sadness.

    • Varied greatly in their ability to correctly identify the different emotions being expressed.

    Correct Answer
    A. Were able to accurately identify each of the emotions being expressed.
    Explanation
    The given answer states that people from 21 different countries were able to accurately identify each of the emotions being expressed when shown photographs of facial expressions of basic emotions. This implies that regardless of their cultural background or nationality, individuals were able to correctly recognize and identify the emotions displayed in the photographs.

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  • 27. 

    Which of the following represents the correct order of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?Select one:

    • Sensorimotor, concrete operations, preoperational, formal operations

    • preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operations, formal operations

    • Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations

    • Concrete operations, sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operations

    Correct Answer
    A. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations
    Explanation
    Piaget's stages of cognitive development are sequential and represent the different ways in which children think and understand the world around them. The correct order of Piaget's stages is sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations. In the sensorimotor stage, infants learn through their senses and motor actions. In the preoperational stage, children develop symbolic thinking and language skills. In the concrete operations stage, children begin to think logically and understand the concept of conservation. Finally, in the formal operations stage, adolescents and adults can think abstractly and engage in hypothetical reasoning.

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  • 28. 

    The term used to describe the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge is:Select one:

    • Cognition.

    • Perception.

    • Mental imagery.

    • Sensation.

    Correct Answer
    A. Cognition.
    Explanation
    Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge. It encompasses various activities such as perception, memory, thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making. Perception, on the other hand, is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information. Mental imagery involves creating mental representations of objects, events, or experiences. Sensation refers to the process of detecting and receiving information from the environment through our senses. Therefore, cognition is the most appropriate term to describe the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge.

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  • 29. 

    In psychology, the term personality refers to:Select one:

    • A person’s skill in making others feel good about themselves.

    • The socially desirable characteristics that a person typically displays.

    • The way people perceive a particular person.

    • An individual’s unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

    Correct Answer
    A. An individual’s unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
    Explanation
    This answer is correct because in psychology, personality refers to an individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. It encompasses the various traits, behaviors, and characteristics that make each person distinct and consistent across different situations and over time. Personality is not solely about making others feel good, displaying socially desirable characteristics, or how others perceive a person, but rather about the internal and consistent aspects of an individual's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

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  • 30. 

    Ever since the beginning of the new school year, Jason spent thirty minutes every afternoon drilling Joshua, his younger brother who is in the fourth grade, on basic multiplication and division problems. Three months later, Joshua responds almost instantly with the answer to basic multiplication and division problems. Considering what you've read in chapter 6 on the biological basis of memory, which of the following has probably happened to Joshua?Select one:

    • State-dependent retrieval has occurred.

    • Structural and functional changes have occurred in the specific neurons involved in his new memories.

    • Imagination inflation has reversed the course of normal forgetting.

    • The repeated practice sessions successfully blocked long-term potentiation from occurring, allowing the new memories to consolidate.

    Correct Answer
    A. Structural and functional changes have occurred in the specific neurons involved in his new memories.
    Explanation
    Based on the information provided, Jason has been consistently drilling Joshua on basic multiplication and division problems for three months. This consistent practice would likely lead to structural and functional changes in the specific neurons involved in Joshua's new memories. Through repetition and practice, the neural pathways associated with these mathematical concepts would become stronger and more efficient, resulting in Joshua being able to respond almost instantly with the correct answers. This aligns with the concept of neuroplasticity, which suggests that the brain can change and adapt based on experience and learning.

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  • 31. 

    Mike began studying for his exam the night before the test, reading his textbook chapter for the first time. Ebbinghaus would predict that:Select one:

    • Mike would rapidly forget most of the material that he learned.

    • Mike would remember most of the new material for several months, then rapidly forget most of it.

    • Mike would gradually forget the new material over a period of several months.

    • Mike's memory of the new material would remain remarkably stable for a lengthy period of time.

    Correct Answer
    A. Mike would rapidly forget most of the material that he learned.
    Explanation
    Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve suggests that memory rapidly decays over time if there is no effort to retain the information. Since Mike only studied the night before the test and read the textbook chapter for the first time, he did not have enough time to consolidate the information in his memory. Therefore, Ebbinghaus would predict that Mike would rapidly forget most of the material that he learned.

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  • 32. 

    _____ means that the test is given to a large representative sample of people under uniform conditions for the purpose of establishing norms.Select one:

    • Validity

    • Reliability

    • Availability

    • Standardization

    Correct Answer
    A. Standardization
    Explanation
    Standardization refers to the process of administering a test to a large and diverse group of people in a consistent and controlled manner. This is done in order to establish norms or benchmarks against which individual test scores can be compared. By using a representative sample and uniform conditions, standardization ensures that the test results are reliable and valid, allowing for accurate interpretation and comparison of individual scores.

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  • 33. 

    Jonathan is a very bright ten-year-old with a mental age of twelve. If tested on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, his IQ score would most likely be:Select one:

    • 100

    • 83

    • 120

    • 160

    Correct Answer
    A. 120
    Explanation
    Jonathan's mental age of twelve indicates that he performs at a level typically expected of a twelve-year-old. The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale measures intelligence quotient (IQ) by comparing an individual's mental age to their chronological age. Since Jonathan's mental age is higher than his chronological age of ten, his IQ score would most likely be above average. The closest option to reflect this is 120.

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  • 34. 

    When people are shown two pictures of a person and asked to distinguish between the “true” smile of joy and the smile that is masking negative emotions, they:Select one: 

    • Are usually unable to do so and guess randomly.

    • Can easily distinguish between the two.

    • Usually think the “fake” smile is the “true” smile.

    • Usually think the “true” smile is the “fake” smile.

    Correct Answer
    A. Can easily distinguish between the two.
  • 35. 

    According to the activity theory of aging:Select one:

    • As people move from middle adulthood to older adulthood, they should greatly increase their level of activity.

    • Older adults gradually disengage from their social, vocational and relationship roles.

    • Older adults should postpone retirement for as long as possible in order to maintain their physical health.

    • Older adults will achieve the highest level of life satisfaction if they maintain their previous level of activity.

    Correct Answer
    A. Older adults will achieve the highest level of life satisfaction if they maintain their previous level of activity.
    Explanation
    According to the activity theory of aging, older adults will achieve the highest level of life satisfaction if they maintain their previous level of activity. This theory suggests that individuals should continue to engage in activities and roles that they enjoyed and found fulfilling throughout their lives. By staying active and involved, older adults can maintain a sense of purpose, social connections, and overall well-being. This theory promotes the idea that aging does not necessarily mean disengagement from life, but rather an opportunity for continued growth and fulfillment.

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  • 36. 

    Kyle is studying how language abilities change throughout childhood, and Kelly is studying cognitive changes in late adulthood. Both Kyle and Kelly are conducting studies in which area of psychology?Select one:

    • Clinical psychology

    • Humanistic psychology

    • Comparative psychology

    • Developmental psychology

    Correct Answer
    A. Developmental psychology
    Explanation
    Kyle and Kelly are studying how language abilities change throughout childhood and cognitive changes in late adulthood, respectively. Both of these topics fall under the domain of developmental psychology, which focuses on the study of human development and changes across the lifespan. This field examines how individuals grow, learn, and change physically, cognitively, and emotionally from infancy to old age.

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  • 37. 

    Oh, man, that was awesome! Let’s do it again!” Marcela said as she climbed out of the front roller coaster seat. Which category of motivational theories would best explain Marcela’s behavior?Select one: 

    • Arousal theories

    • Incentive theories

    • Drive theories

    • Humanistic theories

    Correct Answer
    A. Arousal theories
    Explanation
    Marcela's behavior of finding the roller coaster ride awesome and wanting to do it again can be best explained by arousal theories. Arousal theories suggest that individuals are motivated by the desire to maintain an optimal level of arousal or excitement. Marcela's excitement and enjoyment of the roller coaster ride indicate that she is seeking a high level of arousal, which motivates her to repeat the experience.

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  • 38. 

    In terms of emotional experience,Select one:

    • Women experience more frequent and more intense emotions than men.

    • Men experience more frequent and more intense emotions than women.

    • Men and women are very similar in their experience of emotions.

    • Men experience emotion more frequently but women experience emotions more intensely.

    Correct Answer
    A. Men and women are very similar in their experience of emotions.
    Explanation
    The correct answer suggests that men and women have similar experiences when it comes to emotions. This means that there is no significant difference between the frequency and intensity of emotions experienced by men and women. This implies that emotional experiences are not determined by gender, but rather by individual differences and personal factors.

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  • 39. 

    Hans bought a chess software program and practices every day because he is highly motivated to become the top player on his college chess team. Hans's behavior and goal reflect a high level of:Select one: 

    • Achievement motivation.

    • Competence motivation.

    • Curiosity.

    • Sensation seeking.

    Correct Answer
    A. Achievement motivation.
    Explanation
    Hans's behavior of buying a chess software program and practicing every day, along with his goal of becoming the top player on his college chess team, reflects a high level of achievement motivation. Achievement motivation is the drive to excel, accomplish goals, and strive for success. In this case, Hans's motivation to become the top player on his college chess team demonstrates his desire for achievement and success in the field of chess.

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  • 40. 

    Most five-year-olds cannot correctly solve the classic “conservation task” involving equal amounts of water in different-sized containers because their thinking is characterized by:Select one:

    • Egocentrism and reversibility.

    • Object permanence and formal operations.

    • Irreversibility and centration.

    • Logic and symbolic thought.

    Correct Answer
    A. Irreversibility and centration.
  • 41. 

    Olivia is taking advanced placement biology in high school because she loves science and is fascinated by biology. Jacob is taking advanced placement biology in high school because his guidance counselor told him he had to if he intended to apply to a pre-med program at a competitive university. Olivia is motivated by _____, while Jacob is motivated by _____.Select one: 

    • Basic needs; self-actualization

    • Intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation

    • A drive; sensation-seeking

    • Competence; autonomy

    Correct Answer
    A. Intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
    Explanation
    Olivia is motivated by intrinsic motivation because she loves science and is fascinated by biology. This means that she is driven by her own internal interest and enjoyment of the subject. On the other hand, Jacob is motivated by extrinsic motivation because his guidance counselor told him he had to take advanced placement biology in order to apply to a pre-med program at a competitive university. His motivation is coming from an external source, rather than from his own personal interest or enjoyment.

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  • 42. 

    Which of the following illustrates egocentrism?Select one:

    • When presented with two rows of six pennies, the child thinks that the row of pennies spaced further part has more than the other row.

    • While talking on the phone, a little boy holds up four fingers in response to being asked how old he is.

    • Shown two equal balls of clay, the child correctly says that each ball still has the same amount even when one ball of clay is rolled out in a sausage shape.

    • The child creates a “treasure chest” from an old shoe box.

    Correct Answer
    A. While talking on the phone, a little boy holds up four fingers in response to being asked how old he is.
    Explanation
    The correct answer illustrates egocentrism because the child is not able to understand that the person on the other end of the phone cannot see the fingers he is holding up. This demonstrates a lack of perspective-taking and an inability to consider the other person's point of view.

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  • 43. 

    Vicki was sitting in the rocking chair and playing with her doll.She dropped the doll, which landed out of view behind the rocking chair.A few moments later, Vicki climbed down and retrieved the doll.Vicki’s behavior suggests that she has acquired the cognitive understanding of _____.Select one:

    • Object permanence

    • Abstract reasoning

    • Conservation

    • Egocentrism

    Correct Answer
    A. Object permanence
    Explanation
    Vicki's behavior suggests that she has acquired the cognitive understanding of object permanence. Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight or cannot be perceived. In this scenario, Vicki demonstrates this understanding by recognizing that the doll still exists even though it landed out of view behind the rocking chair and actively retrieving it. This indicates that she has developed the concept of object permanence.

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  • 44. 

    Dr. Duran showed his patient Adam a series of cards, each of which depicted an ambiguous scene, such as two people talking on a park bench, or an older woman looking over a young woman’s shoulder. Dr. Duran asked Adam to tell him a story about the picture. What test is Dr. Duran using?Select one:

    • The Thematic Apperception Test

    • The Thematic Inkblot Test

    • The Rorschach Inkblot Test

    • The Minnesota Multiphasic Test

    Correct Answer
    A. The Thematic Apperception Test
    Explanation
    Dr. Duran is using the Thematic Apperception Test. This test involves showing the patient ambiguous scenes and asking them to create a story based on the picture. The purpose of this test is to gain insight into the patient's thoughts, feelings, and motivations, as well as their ability to construct a coherent narrative.

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  • 45. 

    Kaitlin is a personality theorist who believes that a person’s conscious thoughts in a particular situation are likely to influence his or her goals and behavior. Kaitlin is most likely to agree with which of the following perspectives on personality?Select one:

    • The social cognitive perspective

    • The behavioral genetic perspective

    • The psychosexual perspective

    • The psychoanalytic perspective

    Correct Answer
    A. The social cognitive perspective
    Explanation
    Kaitlin's belief that a person's conscious thoughts in a particular situation can influence their goals and behavior aligns with the social cognitive perspective on personality. This perspective emphasizes the role of cognitive processes, such as perception, interpretation, and self-efficacy, in shaping personality and behavior. It suggests that individuals actively engage with their environment, learn from their experiences, and use their thoughts and beliefs to guide their actions. This perspective also recognizes the importance of social influences and the reciprocal relationship between individuals and their social context in shaping personality.

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  • 46. 

    Which stage of memory enables us to perceive the world around us as continuous, rather than as a series of disconnected visual images or disjointed sounds?Select one:

    • Short-term memory

    • Long-term memory

    • Sensory memory

    • Working memory

    Correct Answer
    A. Sensory memory
    Explanation
    Sensory memory is the stage of memory that enables us to perceive the world around us as continuous, rather than as a series of disconnected visual images or disjointed sounds. Sensory memory holds information from our senses for a very brief period of time, allowing us to retain a continuous and coherent perception of the environment. It acts as a buffer, capturing sensory information before it is transferred to short-term memory for further processing and storage.

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  • 47. 

    The _____ is the strong tendency to search for information or evidence that confirms a belief, while making little or no effort to search for information that might disprove the belief.Select one: 

    • Belief-bias effect

    • Confirmation bias

    • Fallacy of positive instances

    • Overestimation effect

    Correct Answer
    A. Confirmation bias
    Explanation
    Confirmation bias refers to the strong tendency to search for information or evidence that confirms a belief, while making little or no effort to search for information that might disprove the belief. This bias can lead individuals to selectively interpret or remember information in a way that supports their preexisting beliefs, while disregarding or dismissing contradictory evidence. It can hinder objective and rational decision-making by influencing the way information is processed and evaluated.

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  • 48. 

    In problem solving, an algorithm is defined as:Select one

    • A problem-solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions and eliminating those that do not work.

    • A problem-solving strategy that involves following a specific rule, procedure, or method, which inevitably produces the correct solution.

    • A problem-solving strategy that involves following a general rule of thumb to reduce the number of possible solutions.

    • The sudden realization of how a problem can be solved.

    Correct Answer
    A. A problem-solving strategy that involves following a specific rule, procedure, or method, which inevitably produces the correct solution.
    Explanation
    The given correct answer states that an algorithm is a problem-solving strategy that involves following a specific rule, procedure, or method, which inevitably produces the correct solution. This means that an algorithm is a systematic approach to problem-solving that guarantees a correct solution if followed correctly. It emphasizes the importance of having a step-by-step process or set of instructions to solve a problem, ensuring that the solution is achieved in a reliable and consistent manner.

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  • 49. 

    The _____ occurs when people accept only the evidence that conforms to their belief, rejecting or ignoring any evidence that does not.Select one:

    • Confirmation bias

    • Fallacy of positive instances

    • Belief-bias effect

    • Overestimation effect

    Correct Answer
    A. Belief-bias effect
    Explanation
    The belief-bias effect refers to the tendency of individuals to accept or favor evidence that aligns with their existing beliefs, while dismissing or ignoring evidence that contradicts their beliefs. This cognitive bias can lead to flawed reasoning and decision-making, as it prevents individuals from considering alternative viewpoints or objectively evaluating evidence.

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