Beware Of Typhoid, Understand The Disease In This Quiz

Typhoid mainly spreads through contaminated food and water. This is because the bacteria that causes typhoid, Salmonella typhi, is typically found in feces and urine of infected individuals. When food or water becomes contaminated with these bacteria, usually through contact with sewage or poor hygiene practices, it can lead to the transmission of typhoid. Consuming contaminated food or water can allow the bacteria to enter the digestive system and cause infection. Therefore, contaminated food and water are the primary sources of typhoid transmission.

If typhoid is not treated properly for 2-3 weeks, the possible hazards that may happen to the patients are intestinal perforation and bleeding. Typhoid is a bacterial infection caused by Salmonella typhi, which primarily affects the intestines. If left untreated, the infection can progress and cause the intestinal walls to weaken, leading to perforation. This can result in the leakage of intestinal contents into the abdominal cavity, causing severe complications and potentially life-threatening conditions. Additionally, untreated typhoid can also lead to bleeding in the intestines, further exacerbating the patient's condition.

Typhoid is a bacterial infection caused by the Salmonella typhi bacteria. It is commonly transmitted through contaminated food and water. The bacteria thrive in warm and moist conditions, making the rainy season an ideal environment for their growth and spread. During the rainy season, there is often an increase in waterborne diseases due to the contamination of water sources. Therefore, the maximum occurrence of typhoid happens in the rainy season.

The Widal test is the optimally used diagnosis tool for the detection of typhoid. This test measures the presence of antibodies in the blood that are specific to the bacteria causing typhoid fever. It is a serological test that can help confirm a diagnosis of typhoid by detecting the immune response of the body to the infection. Other diagnostic methods like blood culture, stool culture, and bone marrow culture may also be used, but the Widal test is considered the most commonly used and reliable tool for diagnosing typhoid.

This answer is correct because NAR (Neisseria gonorrhoeae Antimicrobial Resistance) resistant patients should be treated with a combination therapy of two antibiotics to ensure effectiveness. Ceftriaxone and Cefixime are both recommended as part of the treatment regimen for NAR resistant patients. Azithromycin is also included in the treatment to target potential co-infections with Chlamydia trachomatis. The combination of Ceftriaxone/Cefixime and Azithromycin provides a comprehensive approach to treating NAR resistant patients.

Chloramphenicol is known to have a major side effect called bone marrow depression. This refers to the suppression of bone marrow activity, leading to a decrease in the production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This can result in anemia, increased susceptibility to infections, and abnormal bleeding. Therefore, bone marrow depression is a significant side effect associated with the use of Chloramphenicol.

Nelidixic Acid belongs to the Quinolone group of antibiotics. Quinolones are a class of synthetic antibiotics that inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis by targeting the DNA gyrase enzyme. They are commonly used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including urinary tract infections and respiratory tract infections. Nelidixic Acid, specifically, is an older generation quinolone that is not commonly used today due to the development of more effective and safer quinolone antibiotics.

Widal test is a serological test used to diagnose typhoid fever. It detects antibodies in the patient's blood against the bacteria causing typhoid. However, vaccination with the typhoid vaccine can also lead to the production of these antibodies, resulting in a false positive result. Therefore, if a patient has been vaccinated with the typhoid vaccine, the Widal test may show positive results even if the patient does not have an active typhoid infection.

The correct answer is 3-5%. This means that out of all the people who suffer from an acute illness of typhoid, approximately 3-5% of them become carriers of the disease. This suggests that a small percentage of individuals continue to harbor the bacteria even after recovering from the illness, potentially spreading it to others.

After approximately 7 days of having typhoid fever, some patients may develop pink color spots on their body. These spots, known as rose spots, are a characteristic symptom of typhoid fever. They are small, flat, and rose-colored lesions that typically appear on the abdomen and chest. The presence of rose spots is helpful in diagnosing typhoid fever, as they are not commonly seen in other illnesses.

Blood culture is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of typhoid because it is the most accurate and reliable method. Typhoid is caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi, which can be detected in the blood during the early stages of the infection. Blood culture involves taking a sample of blood and incubating it in a culture medium to allow any bacteria present to grow. If Salmonella typhi is present in the blood, it will multiply and can be identified through laboratory testing. This method is highly sensitive and specific, making it the preferred choice for diagnosing typhoid.

The correct answer is 15-20mg/kg body weight. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, the recommended dosage of Cefixime for the treatment of typhoid is 15-20mg per kilogram of body weight. This means that the dosage should be calculated based on the individual's weight, with the range of 15-20mg per kilogram being the appropriate dosage.

The correct answer is 1988. This means that the first incidence of MDR typhoid was observed in India in the year 1988.

The correct answer is high cost and hospitalization. Ceftriaxone treatment has the disadvantage of being expensive, which can pose a financial burden on patients. Additionally, it may require hospitalization, which can further increase the cost and inconvenience for individuals undergoing the treatment. Therefore, the combination of high cost and hospitalization are the disadvantages of Ceftriaxone treatment.

A positive Widal test indicates the presence of antibodies against the bacteria that cause typhoid fever. In this case, a positive Widal test is defined as having a titre (level of antibodies) of at least 100 for the O antigen and at least 200 for the H antigen. This means that if the titre levels for both antigens meet or exceed these thresholds, the Widal test is considered positive.

S.typhi is carried by WBC (white blood cells) to the liver, gall bladder, and spleen. White blood cells are an integral part of the immune system and play a crucial role in defending the body against infections. When S.typhi enters the bloodstream, it is engulfed by white blood cells, allowing the bacteria to be transported to various organs, including the liver, gall bladder, and spleen. This helps the bacteria establish an infection in these organs, leading to the development of typhoid fever.

The answer suggests that Azithromycin offers no chance of relapse compared to Fluroquinolone, which has a relapse rate of 41%. This means that patients treated with Azithromycin are less likely to experience a recurrence of typhoid compared to those treated with Fluroquinolone.

The correct answer is 103-104. This range indicates the variation in body temperature that can be observed in a typhoid patient. Typhoid fever is typically associated with a high fever, and temperatures within the range of 103-104 degrees Fahrenheit are commonly seen in individuals with this illness.

According to Harrisson's Principle of Internal Medicine, the recommended dosage of Azithromycin for the empirical treatment of typhoid is 1000mg/day for 5 days. This dosage and duration of treatment is based on the effectiveness of Azithromycin in eradicating the bacteria causing typhoid fever. It is important to follow the recommended dosage and duration to ensure successful treatment and to prevent the development of antibiotic resistance.

The correct answer is 1.3-3.4%. This range represents the mortality rate in typhoid in India. It indicates that out of every 100 people who contract typhoid in India, approximately 1.3 to 3.4 individuals will die from the disease. This mortality rate is relatively low, suggesting that with proper medical care and treatment, the majority of individuals with typhoid in India can recover and survive.