PBL 1: Prognosis And Complications Of Infertility

The statement is true because the prognosis of infertility is influenced by various factors such as age, diagnosis, and treatment. Age plays a significant role as fertility declines with age, making it harder to conceive. The specific diagnosis of infertility also affects the prognosis, as some conditions may be more treatable than others. Additionally, the type of treatment pursued can impact the chances of successful conception. Therefore, considering these factors is crucial in determining the prognosis of infertility.

The statement suggests that there are concerns about the possible link between fertility drugs and ovarian cancer. However, it also states that there is currently no conclusive evidence to support this claim. Therefore, the answer "True" indicates that the statement accurately reflects the current state of knowledge on the topic.

Infertile men with abnormal serum analysis have a significantly higher risk of developing testicular cancer compared to fertile men. This suggests a potential link between infertility and testicular cancer. The 20X increased likelihood indicates a strong association between these two factors, highlighting the importance of monitoring and addressing fertility issues in men as a potential indicator for testicular cancer risk.

The given statement is false. IVF success rates are actually affected by age. As women get older, their chances of success with IVF decrease. This is because older women tend to have fewer eggs and a higher chance of chromosomal abnormalities, which can reduce the success of IVF. Therefore, IVF success rates vary across different age groups, with younger women generally having higher success rates compared to older women.

A male with primary infertility caused by chromosomal defects can pass these defects onto their offspring during IVF. This is because chromosomal defects are genetic abnormalities that can be inherited by the offspring. Therefore, it is not true that a male with primary infertility caused by chromosomal defects will not pass these onto their offspring during IVF.

The correct answer includes IVF, gonadotrophin therapy, and clomifen citrate as treatment options for female infertility. IVF (In vitro fertilization) involves fertilizing an egg with sperm outside the body and then implanting the fertilized embryo into the uterus. Gonadotrophin therapy is a treatment that involves injecting hormones to stimulate the ovaries to produce more eggs. Clomifen citrate is a medication that stimulates ovulation in women who have irregular or absent menstrual cycles. These treatment options aim to address the underlying causes of infertility and increase the chances of pregnancy.

IVF (in vitro fertilization) and gonadotrophin therapy are both treatment options for male infertility. IVF involves retrieving eggs from a woman's ovaries and fertilizing them with sperm in a laboratory, then transferring the resulting embryos into the woman's uterus. This can be used when there are issues with the man's sperm quality or quantity. Gonadotrophin therapy involves the use of hormones to stimulate the production of sperm in the testicles. This can be helpful for men with hormonal imbalances or low sperm production.

IVF can lead to multiple gestation, meaning that there is a possibility of having twins, triplets, or more. IVF is considered one of the most successful fertility treatments, as it has high success rates in helping couples conceive. However, the success rates of IVF decrease with age, as fertility declines in women as they get older. Additionally, the success rate of IVF for a woman over 42 years old is only 7%, indicating that the chances of successful pregnancy through IVF decrease significantly in older women.

Gonadotrophin therapy can lead to ovarian hyper-stimulation syndrome (OHSS), a condition characterized by enlarged ovaries and fluid accumulation in the abdomen. This can occur as a result of the ovaries being overly stimulated by the therapy. Additionally, gonadotrophin therapy can increase capillary permeability, which can lead to further complications such as fluid leakage and electrolyte imbalances. Lastly, the therapy is generally found to be less effective in women aged 35 or over, as ovarian reserve and response to stimulation decrease with age. However, it is not stated that gonadotrophin therapy is more effective than IVF.

The drug clomifidene can cause various side effects. Hot flushes, headaches, and visual changes are commonly reported side effects of this drug. Additionally, clomifidene can lead to poor endometrium development, which refers to the lining of the uterus not thickening adequately. This can negatively impact fertility and decrease the chances of successful implantation of an embryo, resulting in lower implantation rates. Therefore, all the mentioned options are potential side effects of clomifidene.