Thi Thử

The correct answer is "Điều kiện che chắn (Guard)" because it is stated in the question that a "Điều kiện che chắn" is a logical condition that returns either "true" or "false". This aligns with the definition of a guard in a state diagram, as it is used to determine whether a transition can be taken based on the current state and input events.

The purpose of a Package Diagram is to represent the grouping of classes and their dependencies. It provides a visual representation of how classes are organized into packages and how they depend on each other. This diagram helps in understanding the overall structure of the system and how different components interact with each other. It is a useful technique for analysis, design, and coding as it allows for better organization and management of classes and their relationships.

Aggregation (kết tập) is a relationship between two classes where one class is a part of another class. It represents a whole-part relationship, where the whole object can exist without the part object. In this case, the given symbol represents aggregation because it shows a diamond shape on the side of the class that represents the whole, indicating that it has a part object associated with it.

The correct answer is "Sơ đồ trạng thái là cách biểu diễn tốt hành vi của một đối tượng qua nhiều Use Cases" because it accurately describes the state diagram as a representation of the behavior of a single object across multiple use cases. The other options either mention multiple objects or a single use case, which are not correct representations of a state diagram.

The correct answer is Generalization (khái quát hóa). In the given diagram, the relationship being represented is a generalization relationship. Generalization is a relationship between a general class (superclass) and one or more specialized classes (subclasses). It represents an "is-a" relationship, where the subclasses inherit the attributes and behaviors of the superclass. This relationship allows for the classification and categorization of objects based on their common characteristics.

The combination of a name of an operation and its parameters is referred to as the signature of the operation.

The stereotype package can represent a layer of architecture.

The given answer "Xây dựng (construction)" is the correct answer because it refers to the phase in the software development process where the system is built through iterative cycles following the spiral model. Each iteration is a small project within itself. During this phase, resources are managed, control is maintained, and optimization is performed to develop the products and components of the system. The answer aligns with the information provided in the question, which states that the system is built through iterative cycles.

To organize elements into groups in programming, one can use packages. Packages are a way to group related classes and interfaces together. They provide a means to organize and manage large codebases by creating a hierarchical structure. By placing related elements in the same package, it becomes easier to locate and manage them. Therefore, using packages is a suitable method for organizing elements into groups.

The correct answer is "Sơ đồ trạng thái (state diagram)". A state diagram is used to represent the different states that an object or a class can be in during its lifetime. It shows the transitions between these states and the events that trigger these transitions. In the context of the life cycle of a class, a state diagram would be the most appropriate choice as it visually represents the different states that a class can go through and how it transitions between them. Collaboration diagrams, class diagrams, and deployment diagrams are used for different purposes and would not provide the same level of detail in representing the life cycle of a class.

Each message in the sequence diagram is mapped to an operation. This means that when a message is sent between objects, it represents a specific operation or method that is being called. This is different from attributes, which represent the state or properties of an object, and dependency relationships, which represent the relationships between objects. Therefore, the correct answer is that each message in the sequence diagram is mapped to an operation.

The given UML diagram represents different elements in object-oriented programming. The diagram includes Class, Object, Circle, and Package. The correct answer, "Class," refers to a blueprint or template for creating objects. In UML, a Class represents a set of objects that share common attributes, operations, relationships, and behavior. It is used to define the structure and behavior of objects in a system.

The correct answer is that asynchronous messages can create a new thread, create a new object, and communicate with other running threads. This means that asynchronous messages have the capability to perform multiple actions simultaneously, including creating new threads and objects, as well as interacting with other threads.

The correct answer is "Hành động (Action)" because it is the only option that fits the description of being related to a transition and considered a fast and uninterrupted process. The other options, such as "Hoạt động (Activity)", "Điều kiện che chắn (Guard)", and "Sự kiện (Event)", do not match the given criteria.

The correct answer is "Hoạt động (Activity)" because an activity in a state diagram represents a specific behavior or action that can occur over a period of time. It can be interrupted or affected by events or conditions. Activities are used to model the steps or processes that need to be performed within a state.

The correct answer is "Tất cả đều sai" which means "All are incorrect" in English. This answer suggests that all of the options listed (Khách hành, Hệ thống tín dụng, Đồng hồ hệ thống) are not actors.

The correct answer is Use Cases. Use cases are a concept in system development that describe the interactions between actors (users or external systems) and the system itself. They provide a high-level view of the system's functionality and help to identify the scope and boundaries of the system. Use cases are typically represented in a use case diagram, which shows the relationships between actors and use cases. Use cases are an important tool for requirements gathering and analysis in system development.

The correct answer is "Điều kiện (condition)". In a sequence diagram, the condition represents a decision point where the flow of the program can diverge based on a certain condition. It is used to depict conditional statements or loops in the program flow. The condition determines whether a certain action or set of actions will be executed or not, based on the evaluation of the condition.

The UML diagram is a representation of an object. UML diagrams are commonly used in software engineering to visualize the structure and behavior of a system. They show the different objects or entities in the system and how they interact with each other. By using UML diagrams, developers can better understand the relationships between objects and design more efficient and effective systems.

The given answer, Composition (cộng gộp), is correct because in composition, the components are part of a whole and cannot exist independently. They are tightly coupled with the whole and are created and destroyed together with the whole. This is different from aggregation, where the components can exist independently and can be shared among different wholes. Classification involves organizing objects into categories based on their common characteristics, and generalization involves creating a more general class from existing classes.

The correct answer is "Tất cả các câu trên đều sai" because none of the options accurately describe the use of an activity diagram. An activity diagram is used to represent the flow of activities or processes in a system, not to represent the collaboration of objects, the behavior of objects over time, or complex logical conditions. Therefore, all of the given statements are incorrect.

A use case is a description of a specific interaction between a user (or actor) and a system, focusing on the functionality that the system provides from the user's perspective. It is independent of the implementation details of the system, meaning that it does not depend on how the system is actually built or executed. Use cases are used to represent the high-level view of the system and capture the expected user needs and requirements, without getting into the specific steps or processes required for implementation.

The relationship between a class and an interface is a "Realize" relationship. This means that a class can implement an interface and provide the implementation for its methods. The class "realizes" the interface by fulfilling the contract defined by the interface. This allows the class to have the same behavior as the interface and be used interchangeably with other classes that also implement the same interface.

An object diagram represents the instances of classes and their relationships in a system at a specific point in time. It shows the objects and their attributes, as well as the links between objects. This diagram is useful for visualizing the structure of a system and understanding how objects interact with each other. It is commonly used in object-oriented programming to model the runtime behavior of a system.

The correct answer is that there is no correct statement. This means that none of the statements provided accurately describe a composite class in terms of its connections or constraints.

The relationship between class 10 and class 11 is generalized, which means that class 11 is a more specific version of class 10. Class 11 inherits the properties and behaviors of class 10 but may also have additional features or modifications. This relationship allows for code reuse and helps to organize and structure the classes in a hierarchical manner.

In RationalRose, to check the consistency of the entire model, you would use the command "Tool/Check Model". This command allows you to verify that all the elements in the model are correctly defined and connected. It helps to ensure that there are no errors or inconsistencies in the model, which is important for maintaining the integrity and reliability of the software design.

The correct answer is "Sử dụng các thông tin định danh (qualifier) để giảm một bản số one-to- many thành bản số one-to-one." This statement is correct because using qualifiers helps reduce a one-to-many relationship to a one-to-one relationship. Qualifiers provide additional information that helps identify and distinguish the objects involved in the association, allowing for a more specific and precise relationship between them. This can be useful in cases where the association needs to be more constrained and each object can only be associated with one specific object from the other class.

The purpose of the "Design by Contract" design technique is to provide a strict definition of the intended behavior and valid state of a class. This technique ensures that the class adheres to a set of preconditions, postconditions, and invariants, which helps to establish a contract between the class and its clients. By clearly defining the expected behavior and valid state, this technique enhances the reliability and maintainability of the code.

The statement "Sự mô tả của các use-cases đủ để tìm và phân tích các lớp cùng các đối tượng của nó" is not correct. Use case descriptions alone are not sufficient to identify and analyze classes and objects. Additional analysis techniques, such as class diagrams and object diagrams, are needed to identify the classes and objects associated with each use case.

State diagrams are a good way to describe the behavior of an object through multiple use cases. They are particularly useful for describing behavior related to multiple objects collaborating with each other.

Aggregation (tập hợp) is the best description for a "has a" relationship. In aggregation, one object is composed of multiple other objects, but the objects can exist independently of each other. This means that the aggregated objects can be shared among multiple instances of the main object and can be removed without affecting the existence of the main object. This relationship is often represented by a "part-of" or "contains" relationship, where the main object contains or has a collection of other objects.

The correct answer is that the actors in the two models are identified differently. This means that in the business use case model and the system use case model, the actors are defined and categorized differently based on their roles and interactions with the system. This distinction allows for a clearer understanding of the different stakeholders and their involvement in the use case scenarios.

The given correct answer states that the use-cases and actors describe the business processes that the organization supports. This means that the use-cases and actors are used to identify and define the various tasks and roles within the organization's business processes. By understanding and documenting these processes, the organization can effectively support and optimize its operations.

In the given sequence diagram, the symbol "X" represents the iteration. This means that the process or action indicated by "X" is repeated multiple times. The iteration symbol is commonly used in sequence diagrams to show a loop or repetition of a particular step or set of steps in a process.

During the construction phase, each iteration includes analysis, design, coding, testing, and integration.

This statement is incorrect because in a layered architecture, higher-level layers should not depend on lower-level layers. The dependencies should always flow from higher-level layers to lower-level layers. This ensures that the higher-level layers remain independent and can be easily modified without affecting the lower-level layers. Therefore, the correct statement would be that higher-level packages can depend on lower-level packages, not the other way around.

The correct answer is "Che dấu nhiều cài đặt khác nhau dựa trên cùng một giao diện" which translates to "Hiding multiple different implementations based on the same interface." This is a description of polymorphism, which refers to the ability of objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass or interface. Polymorphism allows for different implementations of methods in different subclasses, while still being able to access and use them through a common interface.

Sơ đồ tương tác (Interaction Diagrams) là cách biểu diễn tốt để mô tả hành vi của nhiều đối tượng trong một Use Case. Interaction Diagrams cho phép hiển thị các thông tin về các đối tượng tham gia trong một use case cụ thể và cách chúng tương tác với nhau. Bằng cách sử dụng các biểu đồ như Sequence Diagrams hoặc Communication Diagrams, Interaction Diagrams giúp hiểu rõ hơn về luồng tương tác giữa các đối tượng trong một use case và là công cụ hữu ích trong phân tích và thiết kế hệ thống.

The correct answer is "Tinh chế (Elaboration)" because during this phase of the software development process, risk assessment and user requirements are analyzed and refined. This phase involves gathering more detailed information about the project and refining the project plan. It is an important phase where the project scope and requirements are clarified, and the architecture and design of the software system are developed. This phase sets the foundation for the construction phase where the actual coding and development of the software takes place.

The purpose of an interaction diagram is to represent how objects collaborate within a use case. It provides a visual representation of the interactions and messages exchanged between objects to achieve a specific behavior. By using interaction diagrams, developers can better understand the flow of communication and coordination between objects, helping them analyze, design, and write code more effectively.

The correct answer is "Architectural analysis (phân tích kiến trúc)". This is because the question is asking about the first step in determining the parts of a system and their relationships, and organizing them into layers with defined dependencies. Architectural analysis involves analyzing the overall structure and design of a system, including its components, interfaces, and relationships, to ensure that it meets the desired requirements and functions effectively.

Dependency (phụ thuộc) is a relationship between two classes where one class depends on the other class. In this relationship, changes in one class may affect the other class. Class 12 is dependent on Class 13, meaning that Class 12 relies on Class 13 for its functionality or implementation. If there are any changes in Class 13, it may impact the behavior or functionality of Class 12.

The given statement is incorrect because it states that "Mối kết hợp là các quy trình mà một lớp sẽ thực hiện" which translates to "Association is the processes that a class will perform." This statement is not true because association represents the relationship between instances of classes, not the processes that a class will perform. Association represents how classes are connected and interact with each other.

The correct answer is Coupling (khớp nối). Coupling refers to the degree of interdependence between two system components. It measures how closely the components are connected or how much one component relies on another. A high level of coupling indicates strong interdependence, while a low level of coupling indicates loose interdependence. Therefore, measuring the "strength" of the connection between two system components is known as coupling.

To organize elements into reusable groups with encapsulated information, we can use the subsystem or component structures in UML. These structures allow us to group related elements together and hide the internal details, providing a higher level of abstraction and reusability in the system design. The package structure is used to organize classes and other elements at a higher level, while the class and interface structures define the structure and behavior of individual elements. Therefore, the correct answer is Subsystem (hệ thống con) hoặc Component (thành phần).

The correct answer is "Sơ đồ cộng tác và sơ đồ triển khai". These diagrams, also known as collaboration diagrams and deployment diagrams, respectively, depict the dynamic behavior of a software system. Collaboration diagrams illustrate how objects interact with each other to achieve a specific functionality, while deployment diagrams show the physical arrangement of hardware and software components in the system. Both diagrams provide a visual representation of the system's dynamic behavior and help in understanding its functioning and communication between different elements.

The correct answer is (1) because it states that each message is represented by an arrow between the lifelines of two objects. This aligns with the standard notation used in sequence diagrams, where arrows represent the flow of messages between objects. Additionally, the statement mentions that each message must have a label with the message name accompanied by a number, which further supports the correctness of option (1).

The given code snippet is an example of a composition relationship between two classes, Class1 and Class2. In this relationship, Class1 has a reference to an object of Class2. This is evident from the declaration of theClass2 variable in Class1. The composition relationship is established by creating an instance of Class2 within Class1 and assigning it to the theClass2 variable. This allows Class1 to access and use the functionality provided by Class2.

A component diagram can have multiple interfaces and represents a physical unit (module) of code. This means that statement (1) is correct. Statement (2) is incorrect because a component can have multiple interfaces. Statement (3) is incorrect because a component diagram represents the structure and relationships of software components, not hardware units. Therefore, the correct answer is (1) only.