NIC Written Exam: Quiz!

Teaming refers to the presence of continuity and support among the members of the interpreting team throughout a class. It implies that the team members work together seamlessly and provide mutual assistance in order to ensure effective communication between the interpreter and the participants. This term highlights the collaborative nature of the interpreting process and emphasizes the importance of a cohesive team dynamic for successful interpretation.

Cultural Mediation refers to the process of facilitating relations between local and foreign citizens in order to promote reciprocal knowledge and comprehension. It aims to create a positive relationship between individuals from different cultural backgrounds. This involves bridging the gap between cultures, facilitating communication, and promoting understanding and respect for cultural diversity. Cultural Mediation plays a crucial role in fostering cultural exchange, supporting integration, and resolving conflicts that may arise due to cultural differences.

A bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot occur independently and must occur with other morphemes. It is always attached (bound) to a free morpheme. Examples of bound morphemes include -ing, -ed, -s, or re-. These morphemes do not linguistically stand alone and must be attached to a free morpheme such as celebrate, work, or learn.

Process time refers to the time taken by the interpreter to analyze the source language utterance and make necessary cultural and linguistic adjustments before producing an equivalent message in the target language. It involves understanding the context, meaning, and cultural nuances of the source language and then accurately conveying that information in the target language. This process ensures effective communication between parties who speak different languages.

Tactile Interpreting refers to the practice of placing one's hand lightly on top of the hand of the person who is signing to them. This technique is used when interpreting for individuals who are deafblind or have limited vision, allowing them to feel the movements and gestures of the signer. By signing in a smaller space and manually incorporating visual information that is typically embedded in American Sign Language (ASL), tactile interpreters make communication accessible for individuals with sensory impairments.

Clozure Skills refers to the ability to fill in the missing words in order to complete a sentence. It involves understanding the context and meaning of the sentence, and selecting the appropriate words to fill the gaps. This skill is important in language comprehension and communication, as it allows individuals to accurately interpret and understand the intended message.

Register refers to the identifiable variations within all languages that mark formality or informality of an interpretation. It encompasses the use of different vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation in different social contexts. Register allows speakers to adapt their language to suit the specific situation, whether it is a formal setting like a job interview or an informal conversation with friends. It plays a crucial role in effective communication and helps individuals navigate social interactions appropriately.

The term "target language" refers to the language in which a message is interpreted or translated with equivalent meaning. It is the language that the message is intended for, and it may be different from the original or source language. In the context of translation or interpretation, the target language is the language that the translator or interpreter is working towards, ensuring that the meaning of the message is accurately conveyed in that specific language.

When discussing past and future events, it is common to establish a time-frame before providing further information in a sentence. This is known as topicalization, where the object of the sentence is used as the topic sentence. This structure allows for clear and organized communication, as it helps to set the context before delving into the details. It helps the listener or reader to better understand the information being conveyed. Therefore, the correct answer is Topic-Comment structure.

The Rochester Method is a manual code for English that assigns a handshape to each letter of the English alphabet and fingerspells all words except for "AND." This method is used to communicate in a visually clear and efficient way, especially for individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing. It helps to bridge the gap between spoken English and sign language by representing English words through a manual sign system.

Simultaneous interpreting refers to the process of interpreting into the target language at the same time the source language message is being delivered. This means that the interpreter listens to the speaker in the source language and simultaneously translates the message into the target language in real-time. This type of interpreting is commonly used in conferences, large meetings, and other events where there is a need for immediate interpretation.

Total Communication is the correct answer because it refers to a communication approach that utilizes various methods to effectively communicate with a deaf child or person. This approach combines the use of sign language, speech, lip-reading, gestures, and any other means necessary to facilitate communication. It recognizes that different individuals may have different communication preferences and abilities, and aims to provide a comprehensive and inclusive communication experience. Total Communication promotes understanding and inclusivity by adapting to the needs of the deaf individual and ensuring effective communication in various contexts.

Fingerspelling is the process of using hand gestures to represent letters of the alphabet in sign language. It is commonly used in American Sign Language (ASL) to spell out names, cities, street names, and other words that do not have specific signs. Fingerspelling allows deaf individuals to communicate words that may not have a corresponding sign, and it is an important skill for sign language users to learn.

Non Manual Markers refer to the various facial expressions, head tilting, shoulder raising, mouthing, and similar signals that are added to hand signs in sign language to create meaning. These markers are an essential part of sign language communication as they provide additional context and convey emotions, intensity, and other non-verbal information.

Code switching refers to the conscious or unconscious movement between different languages or language varieties within a conversation. In the context of American Sign Language (ASL) and English, code switching can occur when a person switches between using ASL and English-like signing. This can happen either consciously or unconsciously, depending on the individual's language preferences and communication needs. Code switching allows individuals to adapt their communication style to better suit the situation or the preferences of their conversation partner.

The term "Sign to voice" refers to the process of translating a message that is signed in a source language into spoken words in another language, such as English, French, or any other auditory language. This process involves converting the visual gestures and signs used in sign language into audible speech, allowing individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing to understand the message.

Chunking is the correct answer because it refers to breaking down a long piece of information into smaller, more manageable chunks or units. In the given example, breaking the telephone number into three separate digits is an example of chunking, as it helps to simplify and organize the information for easier understanding and recall.

Classifiers are a specific set of signs in ASL that serve several functions. They are used to represent objects, people, or actions by using handshapes and movements to visually depict their characteristics or movements. Classifiers are an important aspect of ASL as they allow for more detailed and descriptive communication. They are not limited to a single function and can be used in various contexts and situations.

Free morphemes are morphemes that can stand alone as independent units and have meaning on their own. In the given examples, "celebrate," "learn," and "work" are all free morphemes because they can exist independently as complete words with their own meanings.

Oral Transliteration is the process of making spoken English visible for oral deaf individuals. It involves repeating what is being said without speech, selecting words that are most easily speech-readable, and sometimes using gestures or classifiers. This method helps oral deaf individuals understand and communicate in spoken English by visually representing the spoken language.

Consecutive interpreting is the process of interpreting into the target language after the speaker completes one or more ideas in the source language and pauses while the interpreter transmits the information. Unlike simultaneous interpreting, where the interpreter speaks at the same time as the speaker, consecutive interpreting allows for a more accurate transmission of information as the interpreter has time to process and convey the message effectively.

SimCom, also known as Simultaneous Communication, refers to the practice of speaking and signing at the same time. It is a method used by individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing to communicate effectively. By combining spoken language and sign language simultaneously, SimCom allows for a more inclusive and accessible form of communication. This technique enables both hearing and non-hearing individuals to understand and participate in conversations, making it an essential tool in facilitating communication between different language users.

CASE is a manual code for English that combines English grammatical orders with ASL signs and some invented initialized signs. It is a system used to represent English concepts visually and is often used in educational settings to support deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals in learning English. CODE SWITCHING refers to the practice of alternating between two or more languages or language varieties in conversation. The ROCHESTER METHOD is a teaching approach that emphasizes the use of fingerspelling and speechreading to teach deaf individuals to communicate in English. SIGN SUPPORTED SPEECH (SSS) involves using signs from a sign language to support spoken language.

The correct answer is Voice to Sign. This refers to the process of converting spoken language into a sign language interpretation. It involves translating spoken words into signs and gestures that can be understood by individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing.

Dynamic Equivalence refers to the ability to maintain the "Chemistry" between a speaker and their audience in an interpreted event. It involves creating a connection between the speaker and the audience, allowing the speaker's goals to be accomplished effectively. This term highlights the importance of conveying not just the words, but also the intended meaning and emotions behind them, in order to ensure effective communication and understanding between the speaker and the audience.

Discourse analysis is the study of language that goes beyond the limits of a single sentence. It focuses on analyzing the features of language in a larger context, such as conversations, texts, or speeches. This field examines how language is used to convey meaning, structure conversations, and create social interactions. It looks at various aspects like coherence, cohesion, and the relationship between language and social structures. Therefore, discourse analysis is the correct answer for the given question.

Lexical borrowing refers to the process when one language takes a word or sign from another language and incorporates it into its own system. In this case, the example given of "pizza" and "spaghetti" being borrowed from Italian and used in other languages demonstrates the concept of lexical borrowing.

Language refers to the human use of spoken or written words as a communication system. It is the primary means through which individuals and groups express their thoughts, ideas, and emotions. Language plays a crucial role in shaping and reflecting culture, as it allows for the transmission of knowledge, beliefs, and values within a particular community or society. Therefore, language is the correct answer in this context.

The correct answer is "Mouth Morphemes". In sign language, mouth morphemes are used to add additional meaning to signs or to convey the signer's mood or attitude. In this case, the mouth morphemes "Puckered Lips", "Th", and "MM" are being used to enhance the specific signs and convey certain meanings or emotions.

The source language refers to the language in which the original message is conveyed. It is the language from which interpretation and translation are done. The interpretation and understanding of the message are based on the source language. In the context of translation or interpretation, the source language is the language that needs to be translated or interpreted into another language, known as the target language.

Glossing is the process of choosing an appropriate English word for signs in order to write them down. It involves translating the sign into a written form that accurately represents its meaning. This is commonly used in sign language studies and linguistics to analyze and document sign languages. Glossing helps to ensure clear communication and understanding between sign language users and researchers.

Affect refers to the emotions or feelings that are expressed through facial expressions and non-manual markers. It is a term used to describe the emotional tone or mood conveyed by an individual. Affect can be seen in someone's facial expressions, body language, and gestures, which all contribute to the communication of their emotions and feelings.

The correct answer is "Inclusion." Inclusion refers to the act of including or being included in something. It is the process of incorporating or involving someone or something within a particular group, system, or structure. In this context, when somebody or something is included, it is referred to as inclusion.

The given set of rules for using a language, which guides users in the correct speaking or signing of a language, is referred to as grammar. Grammar encompasses various aspects such as sentence structure, speaking abilities, and morphology. It helps individuals understand and communicate effectively in a language by providing guidelines on how words and sentences should be structured and used.

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Morphology is the study of how words are structured and how they are formed from smaller units called morphemes. It examines the rules and patterns governing the formation and combination of morphemes to create meaningful words. This includes analyzing prefixes, suffixes, and root words, as well as understanding the different ways in which words can be modified or inflected to convey different meanings. By studying morphology, linguists can gain insights into the underlying structure and organization of language.

Semantics is the study of the meaning of words and sentences. It focuses on understanding how words and sentences convey meaning and how different words can have different meanings in different contexts. Semantics also explores the relationships between words and how they combine to form meaningful sentences.

A morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts. It can be a word, a sign, or a word/sign element. Phonemes refer to the individual sounds in a language, phraseology is the study of phrases and their meaning, and semantics is the study of meaning in language. Therefore, the correct answer is morpheme.

Pragmatics is the correct answer because it is the branch of linguistics that focuses on the study of language use, rather than language structure. It examines how context, social factors, and speaker intentions influence the meaning of language. Pragmatics explores how meaning is conveyed through non-literal language, implicatures, and speech acts. It also investigates the ways in which language users interpret and respond to different linguistic cues and conventions in communication.

A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a language that can change the meaning of a word. It is a distinct sound that differentiates words from one another. For example, in English, the sounds /p/ and /b/ are phonemes because they can change the meaning of words such as "pat" and "bat". Morphology refers to the study of word structure, phraseology refers to the study of phrases, and a morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a word. However, none of these options specifically address the concept of a speech sound causing a distinction in meaning, making "phoneme" the correct answer.

Discourse mapping refers to the process of organizing and structuring information in a text or conversation. In the context of the given question, the explanation for the correct answer, which is "Discourse mapping," is that it accurately describes the step-by-step process of how a story may go. By organizing and presenting the story in a sequential manner, discourse mapping helps to create a clear and coherent narrative.

Transliteration is the process of converting text from one script to another, while keeping the pronunciation and meaning intact. In the context of the question, it refers to converting a source language message from spoken English to signed English. This means that the message is being conveyed in a different form (sign language) while maintaining the same meaning and pronunciation as the original spoken English message.

Loan signs refer to signs that have been borrowed or adapted from another language and are widely accepted and used in sign language. This borrowing or adaptation allows for the communication of concepts or ideas that may not have a specific sign in the native sign language. Loan signs play a significant role in expanding the vocabulary and expressiveness of sign languages, enabling deaf individuals to effectively communicate across different languages and cultures.

Phonology is the study of the smallest contrastive parts of a language, such as phonemes and their patterns of organization. It focuses on the sound system of a language and how different sounds are used to create meaning. Morphology, on the other hand, is the study of the internal structure of words and how they are formed. Phraseology refers to the study of phrases and their usage in language. Pragmatics is the study of how context influences the meaning and interpretation of language. Among these options, only phonology specifically deals with the smallest contrastive parts of a language.

Syntax refers to the rules and principles that govern the structure of sentences in a language. It involves the arrangement of words, phrases, and clauses to create meaningful and grammatically correct sentences. Understanding syntax is essential for constructing and comprehending sentences effectively. Therefore, the user's competence in knowing the rules for making sentences is referred to as syntax.

Phraseology refers to the way words and phrases are chosen or used. It encompasses the specific combinations, collocations, and patterns of language that are commonly used in a particular context or domain. It focuses on the conventional and idiomatic expressions that speakers of a language use to convey meaning effectively. Therefore, phraseology is the most suitable term to describe the use of language in this context.

Sign Supported Speech (SSS) is the correct answer because it refers to a variety of English-based signing systems that use invented hand movements to represent English in a manual/visual form. SSS relies on the lexicon and syntax of English, making it different from other signing systems like Code Switching, Rochester Method, and Conceptually Accurate Signed English (CASE). SSS is used to support spoken English and is often used in educational settings to aid individuals who have difficulty with speech or hearing.

Prosody refers to the rhythm, stress, and intonation patterns in language. It involves the way in which words are pronounced and the variations in pitch, loudness, and tempo. In the given structure of language, semantics refers to the meaning of words and sentences, pragmatics relates to the use of language in different contexts, and morphemes are the smallest meaningful units of language. However, prosody focuses on the acoustic and rhythmic aspects of language, playing a crucial role in conveying emotions, emphasis, and overall meaning in communication.