Neuro Practice For Final

Meningitis is the correct answer because it is the inflammation of the membrane covering the brain and spinal cord. Epilepsy, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease are all neurological disorders, but they do not specifically refer to inflammation of the membrane covering the brain and spinal cord.

Epilepsy is a chronic disturbance of the nervous system that is characterized by recurrent seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Parkinson's disease, Lou Gehrig's disease, and Guillain Barre are all different conditions that do not involve recurrent seizures or abnormal brain activity. Therefore, the correct answer is epilepsy.

Brudzinski's and Kernig's signs are both clinical tests used to assess for meningeal irritation, which can indicate inflammation of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. These signs are positive when certain movements of the neck or legs elicit pain or resistance, suggesting irritation of the meninges. Therefore, if both Brudzinski's and Kernig's signs are positive, it is indicative of meningeal irritation, making the statement true.

One of the first clinical signs of ALS is weakness in voluntary muscles. ALS, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. As the disease progresses, it leads to muscle weakness and eventually paralysis. Weakness in voluntary muscles is often one of the initial symptoms, typically starting in the hands or feet and gradually spreading to other parts of the body. This weakness can affect everyday activities such as walking, writing, or holding objects.

The correct answer is olfactory. The olfactory nerve, also known as Cranial Nerve #1, is responsible for the sense of smell. It transmits information from the nose to the brain, allowing us to detect and identify different odors. This nerve plays a crucial role in our ability to perceive and recognize scents in our environment.

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopamine-producing cells in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in coordinating movement, mood, and cognition. The degeneration of dopamine-producing cells leads to a decrease in dopamine levels, resulting in the motor symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease, such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Therefore, the correct answer is dopamine.

A concussion is a term used to describe a closed head injury where there is a brief disruption in the level of consciousness, amnesia regarding the occurrence, and headache. This means that the person may experience a temporary loss of consciousness, have no memory of the injury, and suffer from a headache as a result. The other options, contralateral, hydrocephalus, ipsilateral, and contusion, do not accurately describe the symptoms mentioned in the question.

Hydrocephalus is the correct answer because it refers to the excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as blockage of CSF flow or impaired absorption, leading to an increase in intracranial pressure. Cushing's Triad is a set of symptoms associated with increased intracranial pressure, but it is not specific to CSF accumulation. Ipsilateral means occurring on the same side of the body, and subdural hematoma refers to bleeding between the brain and its outermost covering. Neither of these options is related to excessive CSF accumulation.

To test the Acoustic (CN VIII), the most appropriate method is to whisper from varying distances and locations behind the patient and ask them to repeat what was said. This method assesses the patient's ability to hear and understand spoken words, which is directly related to the function of the acoustic nerve. The other options mentioned, such as assessing the gag reflex, asking the patient to clamp their jaw shut, and having them smell pickle juice, do not specifically test the function of the acoustic nerve and are unrelated to hearing.

A closed injury refers to a type of injury in which the scalp and skull remain intact, but the underlying tissue is damaged. This means that there is no visible break or opening in the skin or skull, but there is internal damage to the tissue beneath. This type of injury can occur due to a blow to the head or a sudden impact, causing damage to the brain or other structures without any external signs of injury.

Agnosia refers to the inability to recognize or identify objects, people, or sounds through sight, touch, or hearing. It is a neurological condition that can affect one or multiple sensory modalities. Individuals with agnosia may have intact sensory perception but struggle to interpret or make sense of the sensory information they receive. This can lead to difficulty recognizing familiar objects, faces, or even their own body parts. Agnosia can be caused by brain damage or neurological disorders, such as stroke or Alzheimer's disease.

When meningitis is suspected, a spinal tap is performed. This test involves inserting a needle into the spinal canal to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for analysis. Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, and can be caused by various infectious agents. The analysis of CSF obtained through a spinal tap can help determine the presence of infection, the type of meningitis, and guide appropriate treatment decisions. Other tests like MRI, EKG, and EEG are not typically used to diagnose meningitis.

The correct answer is to have the patient read the Snellen's eye test. Cranial Nerve #2, also known as the optic nerve, is responsible for vision. Testing the patient's ability to read the Snellen's eye test, which consists of letters or symbols of varying sizes, helps assess their visual acuity and the function of the optic nerve. The other options mentioned in the question are not relevant to testing Cranial Nerve #2.

A hematoma that occurs within the brain rather than the dura mater is known as intracerebral. This term specifically refers to bleeding that happens inside the brain tissue itself. Contralateral refers to the opposite side of the body, closed refers to an injury without an open wound, and epidural refers to bleeding between the dura mater and the skull.

Aphasia refers to the condition where an individual has difficulty speaking or understanding language. It is typically caused by damage to the brain, such as a stroke or brain injury. People with aphasia may struggle to find the right words, have trouble forming sentences, or have difficulty understanding what others are saying. This condition can vary in severity, with some individuals experiencing mild language impairments while others may lose the ability to communicate entirely.

A partial dislocation is called subluxation. This term is used to describe a joint that is partially dislocated, meaning that the joint surfaces are not completely separated but are misaligned to some extent. Subluxation can cause pain, limited range of motion, and instability in the affected joint. Unlike a complete dislocation where the joint surfaces are completely separated, a subluxation can sometimes spontaneously reduce or go back into its normal position without medical intervention.

Cranial Nerve VII is known as the facial nerve. It is responsible for controlling the muscles of facial expression, as well as transmitting taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. This nerve also plays a role in tear production and salivation. The optic nerve (Cranial Nerve II) is responsible for vision, the acoustic nerve (Cranial Nerve VIII) is responsible for hearing and balance, and the Vagus nerve (Cranial Nerve X) is responsible for regulating various autonomic functions in the body.

A score of 15 on the Glasgow Coma scale indicates that the person is fully conscious and alert. This means that they are awake, aware of their surroundings, and able to respond appropriately to stimuli. They are not confused, lethargic, or stuporous, which are all lower levels of consciousness on the scale.

When the brain tissue is bruised, blood from the broken vessels accumulates and edema develops causing increased ICP. This injury is known as a contusion.

Commonly, individuals with a spinal cord injury experience urinary retention. This occurs due to the loss of control and sensation in the bladder muscles, resulting in the inability to empty the bladder fully.

Hot baths can cause a temporary increase in body temperature, which can worsen symptoms in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). This is because MS is a condition that affects the central nervous system, and increased body temperature can lead to a temporary worsening of symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and difficulty in coordination. Therefore, it is advisable for MS patients to avoid hot baths to prevent exacerbation of their symptoms.

Guillian Barre is a neurological disorder that affects the peripheral nervous system. This system is responsible for transmitting signals between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body. In Guillian Barre syndrome, the immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nerves, leading to weakness, numbness, and paralysis. Since the central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, which are not primarily affected in Guillian Barre, the correct answer is peripheral nervous system.

A subdural hematoma is a common result of a head injury, especially in the elderly who are more prone to falls. It occurs when blood collects between the layers of tissue that surround the brain. This can happen due to the tearing of small blood vessels as a result of the impact from a fall. The collection of blood puts pressure on the brain, leading to symptoms such as headaches, confusion, and loss of consciousness. Prompt medical attention is necessary to diagnose and treat a subdural hematoma to prevent further complications.

Dysarthria is a condition characterized by difficulty in speaking due to weakness or lack of coordination of the muscles involved in speech production. It can result from various causes, such as neurological disorders, muscle weakness, or damage to the parts of the brain that control speech. Polyuria refers to excessive urination, apraxia is a motor disorder affecting the ability to perform voluntary movements, and hemiplegia is paralysis of one side of the body. Therefore, the correct answer for a difficulty speaking is dysarthria.

Restlessness is considered as one of the earliest signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). When ICP increases, it can cause compression and irritation of the brain, leading to restlessness and discomfort. This symptom is often seen in patients with conditions such as traumatic brain injury or brain tumors. Restlessness may be accompanied by other signs of ICP increase, such as headache, nausea, vomiting, changes in consciousness, and visual disturbances. It is important to recognize these early signs and seek medical attention promptly to prevent further complications.

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects the nervous system, including the nerves that control the muscles of the digestive tract. This can lead to a decrease in the movement of food through the intestines, causing constipation. Constipation is a common problem among Parkinson's patients, and it can be caused by a combination of factors such as reduced physical activity, medications, and changes in the muscles of the digestive system. Managing constipation is important in the overall care of Parkinson's patients to ensure their comfort and prevent complications.