Operativni SiSTEMi 1

Na slici se vidi slojevita arhitektura. Slojevita arhitektura je arhitektura softvera koja se sastoji od različitih slojeva, pri čemu svaki sloj pruža određene funkcionalnosti i komunicira samo sa susjednim slojevima. Ova arhitektura omogućava modularnost, fleksibilnost i lako održavanje softvera.

In the case of some processes entering a deadlock, the best method for a system with a deadlock detection algorithm is to perform a Roll-Back. This means that the system will backtrack and undo the actions that led to the deadlock, allowing the processes to continue execution. This approach helps to resolve the deadlock situation and restore the system to a functional state.

In a multithread model of a process, global data refers to the data that can be accessed and modified by all the threads in the process. This means that the global data is shared and accessible to all the threads, allowing them to read from and write to the same data. Therefore, the correct answer is "Zajednički-deljivi za sve niti" which translates to "Shared-divisible for all threads".

The architecture in the picture is ideal for the development or learning of operating systems. This can be inferred because operating systems are mentioned specifically in the options, while other software or programming languages are not. The picture likely depicts components or concepts related to operating systems, making it suitable for studying or creating operating systems.

The given answer is "Preemptive." Preemptive scheduling is a short-term scheduler algorithm where the CPU can be taken away from a process before it has completed its execution. This algorithm allows for multitasking and ensures that high-priority processes are given immediate attention. In terms of performance, preemptive scheduling can provide better responsiveness and faster execution of critical tasks. However, it may also lead to more frequent context switches and increased overhead.

The correct answer is Multiprograming. Multiprogramming is a technique used by operating systems to allow multiple programs to run simultaneously on a computer. It involves dividing the computer's resources, such as the CPU and memory, among multiple programs, allowing them to execute concurrently. This improves the overall efficiency and utilization of the system.

The exit section of the algorithm is at line number 8. This is because after the critical section is executed at line 6, the flag[i] is set to false at line 8, indicating that the process Pi1 has finished its critical section and is ready to allow other processes to enter.

The physical address can be calculated by adding the value of the relocation register to the logical address. In this case, the logical address is 100 and the value of the relocation register is 8000. Adding these two values together gives us a physical address of 8100.

The given correct answer for this question is "banker algorithm". The banker algorithm is a resource allocation and deadlock avoidance algorithm. It is used to avoid deadlock in a system by determining if a state is safe or unsafe before allocating resources to processes. It ensures that the system will not enter an unsafe state where deadlock may occur. This algorithm is based on the concept of a banker who loans resources to processes only if it can satisfy all their resource needs and still maintain a safe state.

The explanation for the given correct answer is that the answer is already stated in the question itself. The question mentions that "najbolji kandidati za swap-out srednjeg rasporedjivaca se nalaze u i/o waiting queues" which translates to "the best candidates for swapping out the medium scheduler are located in the I/O waiting queues". Therefore, the answer is already provided within the question.

The correct answer is "Moderan kernel, moderna aplikacija." This is because the model in the picture represents a situation where both the kernel (the core of the operating system) and the application are modern and up-to-date.

The first-fit algorithm for memory allocation does not need to analyze all existing holes in memory when searching for a suitable space to allocate a process. It simply starts from the beginning of the memory and allocates the process to the first hole that is large enough to accommodate it. This approach is efficient as it quickly finds a suitable space and reduces the time complexity of the allocation process.

The answer suggests that the detection of deadlock is very reliable and simple only if the resources contain only one instance. This means that if each resource is unique and there is only one of each resource, it becomes easier to identify and resolve deadlock situations. However, if there are multiple instances of the same resource, the detection of deadlock becomes more complex and less reliable.

The maximum internal fragmentation in this case is 2047 bytes because the page size is 2K (2048 bytes) and the internal fragmentation refers to the unused space within a page. Since the page size is 2048 bytes, the maximum internal fragmentation occurs when there is only 1 byte unused within the page, resulting in 2047 bytes being used.

The given question is asking about the minimum internal fragmentation for a page size of 8K (8192 bytes). Internal fragmentation refers to the wasted space within a memory page due to the allocation of memory in fixed-size blocks. In this case, since the page size is 8K, any allocation that is a multiple of 8K would result in zero internal fragmentation because the entire page would be utilized without any wasted space. Therefore, the correct answer is 0 bytes.

The given sequence of numbers represents the burst times of different processes. The short-term scheduler algorithm in this case is the Round Robin scheduling algorithm, where each process is given a fixed time quantum (TQ) to execute. The TQ is determined based on the maximum burst time among the processes. In this case, the maximum burst time is 57, so the TQ is set to 20, which is less than the maximum burst time and allows each process to execute for a fair amount of time before being preempted and giving a chance to other processes.

The correct answer is PCB. PCB stands for Process Control Block, which is a data structure used by operating systems to store and manage information about a running process. It contains important details such as the process ID, program counter, register values, and memory allocation. The PCB is crucial for the operating system to efficiently schedule and manage processes, allowing for multitasking and resource allocation.

The given correct answer states that the job of the kernel process dispatcher in the given situation is to safely stop process P0 and safely start process P1. This means that the dispatcher is responsible for ensuring that P0 is stopped without any issues and then starting P1 in a safe manner.

Hierarchical paging is the correct answer because it refers to a memory management technique where the virtual address space is divided into multiple levels of page tables. Each level of the page table represents a different level of the hierarchy, allowing for efficient memory management and address translation. This technique is commonly used in modern operating systems to effectively manage large amounts of memory and improve performance.

The best short-term scheduler algorithm for time-sharing systems like UNIX/Linux is Round Robin (RR). This algorithm ensures fairness by assigning each process a fixed time slice or quantum, allowing them to execute for that duration before being preempted and giving the next process a chance to run. This helps in achieving better response time and overall system performance.

The correct answer is "Linija broj 7". This is because the "signal(mutex)" statement is typically used to release the mutex or semaphore, allowing other processes to access the critical section. Therefore, the exit section of the algorithm is in line 7, where the mutex is signaled.

If all four conditions are simultaneously fulfilled, a deadlock will occur. This means that all of the following conditions must be met: mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait.

The correct answer is banker algorithm. The banker algorithm is a resource allocation and deadlock avoidance algorithm used in operating systems. It ensures that the system will never enter an unsafe state where a deadlock could occur. It does this by simulating the allocation of resources to processes and checking if the system would be left in a safe state after the allocation. If not, the request for resources is denied. This algorithm is used to prevent deadlocks and ensure the efficient use of resources in a system.

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The correct answer is "Istovremeno i resource allocator i resource manager." This means that the operating system (OS) performs both the functions of allocating and managing computer resources. In other words, it is responsible for distributing resources to different processes and also ensuring their efficient utilization. This includes managing memory, CPU, input/output devices, and other system resources.

The correct answer is "Proces roditelj". This means that the transition indicated by the red arrow is caused by the parent process.

The correct answer is RAM memorija. In the given situation, one hardware resource is being protected. RAM (Random Access Memory) is a type of computer memory that is used to store data that is being actively used by the computer's operating system, software, and processes. It is a volatile memory, meaning that its contents are lost when the computer is powered off. Protecting the RAM is important to ensure the stability and performance of the computer system.

Dynamic loading resolves the problem when the process is larger than physical memory.

In the ready state, a process has all the resources it needs except for the CPU. This means that the process is waiting for the CPU to be available in order to start executing its instructions. The process may already have access to other resources such as RAM, files, or any other necessary data, but it cannot proceed without the CPU.

The correct answer is "Dispatcher." The given explanation states that the structure shown in the image is a very important structure in an operating system, and it is most commonly manipulated by a kernel process. The term "Dispatcher" refers to the component in an operating system that is responsible for managing the execution of processes and deciding which process will be allocated the CPU next.

The architecture seen in the picture is a cluster. A cluster is a group of interconnected computers that work together to perform a task. In a cluster, each computer, or node, has its own processing power and memory, and they communicate with each other to distribute the workload and increase performance and reliability. Clusters are commonly used in high-performance computing and large-scale data processing applications.

The architecture seen in the picture is parallel (SMP-UMA) architecture. This type of architecture is characterized by multiple processors connected to a shared memory system. It allows for parallel processing of tasks and efficient sharing of resources among the processors.

The correct answer suggests that the image depicts a transition from user mode to kernel mode under the influence of an interrupt, and the process is not aware of this situation.

The given image represents Linked lists. Linked lists are a data structure consisting of a sequence of nodes, where each node contains data and a reference to the next node in the sequence. In the image, we can see a visual representation of linked nodes connected by arrows, indicating the linking between nodes. This data structure is commonly used to implement dynamic data structures and allows for efficient insertion and deletion of elements.

The model in the picture is represented by the letter "c".

First-fit is an algorithm for memory allocation that searches for the first available memory block that can accommodate a given request. It starts from the beginning of the memory and allocates the request if there is a large enough block available. This algorithm has the fastest search time in terms of selecting holes because it stops searching as soon as it finds a suitable hole. It may not always provide the most optimal solution in terms of space utilization, but it is efficient in terms of search time.

The correct answer is Swapping or virtual memory (traditional form). Swapping refers to the process of moving data between the computer's RAM and the hard disk. When the RAM becomes full, the operating system can transfer less frequently used data from the RAM to the hard disk, making room for more frequently used data. This helps to optimize the usage of RAM and allows the computer to run more efficiently. Virtual memory is a technique that allows the computer to use the hard disk as an extension of the RAM, providing additional memory space when needed.

The correct answer is "Paralelna (NUMA)". NUMA stands for Non-Uniform Memory Access, which is a type of parallel architecture where multiple processors are connected to a shared memory but have different access times to that memory. This architecture is commonly used in systems with multiple processors or cores, where each processor has its own local memory. The answer suggests that the architecture depicted in the picture is a NUMA architecture.

In computer systems, I/O (Input/Output) operations are usually protected through privileged I/O instructions. Privileged instructions are instructions that can only be executed by the operating system or privileged processes, and they have higher privileges and access to system resources. By restricting the execution of I/O instructions to privileged processes, the system can ensure that only authorized processes can perform I/O operations, preventing unauthorized access or manipulation of hardware devices. This helps in maintaining the security and integrity of the system.

In the given question, the correct answer is "Obavezno" which means "mandatory" in English. This implies that in the transition from the "running" state to the "exit-terminated" state in the basic process state diagram, the short-term scheduler is always called.

This code snippet represents a solution to the critical section problem using the TestAndSet instruction. The TestAndSet instruction is a low-level assembly or machine instruction that atomically sets a lock variable to true and returns its previous value. This ensures that only one process can enter the critical section at a time. The algorithm is partially dependent on the operating system as it relies on the availability and functionality of the TestAndSet instruction. Therefore, the correct answer is "Asemblerska tj. masinska instrukcija. Algoritam je delimični zavistan od OS."

The correct answer is "Short-term scheduler I dispatcher." In the given situation, the processes involved are the short-term scheduler and dispatcher. These components are responsible for selecting and allocating processes from the ready queue to the CPU for execution. The short-term scheduler decides which process will run next, and the dispatcher is responsible for context switching and loading the selected process into the CPU.

In computer systems, memory is typically protected using base and limit registers. These registers store the starting address (base) and the size (limit) of a memory segment. When a program accesses memory, the base and limit registers are checked to ensure that the memory access is within the allowed range. This helps prevent unauthorized access to memory and ensures the security and integrity of the system.

The correct answer is "smanjenje zakucavanja" which translates to "reducing deadlock" in English. This means that the technique of aging in short-term scheduler algorithms is used to minimize or prevent deadlock situations in the operating system. Deadlock refers to a situation where two or more processes are unable to proceed because each is waiting for the other to release a resource. By implementing aging, the scheduler gives priority to processes that have been waiting for a long time, reducing the chances of deadlock occurrence.

The image most likely represents a command line interface, which is commonly associated with UNIX/Linux operating systems. These operating systems are known for their robustness, security, and flexibility, making them suitable for various tasks, including server management and programming. Novell NetWare is a network operating system, DOS is a command-line operating system, Sun Solaris is a UNIX-based operating system, MS Windows (NT based) is a graphical operating system, and Google Chrome is a web browser, none of which are specifically depicted in the image.

The correct answer is "Non-preemptive." This means that the short-term scheduler algorithm does not allow preemption, which is the ability to interrupt a running process before it has completed its execution. In a non-preemptive algorithm, once a process starts running, it will continue until it voluntarily releases the CPU, such as when it finishes its execution or when it blocks for I/O.

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In the hierarchical structure of a computer system, the operating system (OS) is directly above the hardware. The hardware refers to the physical components of the computer system, such as the processor, memory, and storage devices. The OS acts as an intermediary between the hardware and the software, managing and controlling the hardware resources and providing a platform for software applications to run. Therefore, the OS is positioned immediately above the hardware in the system architecture.

The correct answer is "Samo process". Based on the given information, the red arrow indicates a transition that is caused by only a process. This suggests that the transition is not influenced or triggered by any other factor such as DMA, PIC, lack of data or resources, or lack of RAM memory.

The best method in case of processes entering a deadlock in a system with a deadlock detection algorithm is to perform a Roll-Back. This means that the system will revert back to a previous state where the deadlock did not exist, allowing the processes to continue running without being stuck in the deadlock situation. This method helps to resolve the deadlock and restore the system's functionality.

The correct answer is MDA and PIC. These two hardware devices, MDA (Monochrome Display Adapter) and PIC (Programmable Interrupt Controller), provide complete CPU isolation from I/O actions. The MDA is responsible for displaying monochrome text on a screen, while the PIC manages interrupt requests from various hardware devices. Together, they ensure that the CPU can focus on processing tasks without being interrupted by I/O operations.

The image most likely depicts a computer screen displaying the interface of an operating system. Among the given options, MS Windows (NT based) is the most suitable choice as it is a widely used operating system known for its graphical user interface. Novell NetWare is a network operating system, DOS is a command-line based operating system, UNIX/Linux and Sun Solaris are Unix-like operating systems, and Google Chrome is a web browser, not an operating system.

The given image represents buddy systems. Buddy systems is a memory management technique that divides memory into fixed-size blocks called buddies. Each buddy block is a power of two in size and is allocated or deallocated in pairs to maintain efficiency. The image likely depicts the allocation and deallocation process of buddy blocks, showing how memory is divided and managed using this technique.

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The correct answer is "koristi se TLB" because the Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) is a hardware cache that stores recently used virtual-to-physical address translations. By using TLB, the system can quickly access the physical memory location corresponding to a virtual memory address, improving the performance of paging. This helps to reduce the time and resources required for address translation, resulting in better overall performance when implementing paging.

In a computer system's architectural diagram, the operating system (OS) is positioned directly below the system software and application software layers. This suggests that the OS acts as an intermediary between the system software and application software, providing a platform for the execution of applications and managing system resources. The OS interacts with the hardware layer to facilitate communication and control over the computer's physical components. Therefore, the correct answer is "Sistemskog softvera i aplikativnog softvera."

The correct answer is "Linija broj 3". This is the entry section of the algorithm because it is the first line of code executed within the do-while loop. The algorithm starts by waiting for the mutex (a synchronization mechanism), and once it is acquired, it proceeds to execute the critical section of code. Therefore, line 3 marks the beginning of the entry section where the process waits for the mutex.

The correct answer is "asocijativna memorija" because TLB (Translation Lookaside Buffer) is a hardware cache that stores recently used virtual-to-physical address translations. It is used to improve performance by reducing the time needed to translate virtual addresses to physical addresses. Associative memory is a type of memory that allows parallel search and retrieval of data, making it suitable for implementing TLB as it can quickly locate the required translation entry based on the virtual address. Ordinary dynamic or static memory would not provide the necessary speed and efficiency for TLB functionality.

In the given question, the correct answer is "Sigurno ne" which translates to "Definitely not" in English. This means that in the transition from waiting-I/O or event completion to ready in the basic process state diagram, there was no preemption.

The correct answer is that both DMA and PIC are involved in the situation depicted in the image.

The correct answer is "Linije broj 9, 10, 11, 12." These lines represent the entry section of the algorithm. In line 9, there is a loop that iterates through all the processes. In line 10, it waits until the process j is not in the choosing state. In line 11, it waits until the number of process j is 0 and its number is less than the number of process i. Finally, in line 12, it represents the critical section of the algorithm where the process executes its critical task.

The technique shown in the picture is used in the Shortest Remaining Time First (SRTF) algorithm.

This answer suggests that the short-term scheduler algorithm mentioned in the question is "veoma slab" or very weak in terms of performance.

The correct answer is "mutex". In this problem, the mutex semaphore is responsible for guaranteeing the mutual exclusion of the critical section, ensuring that only one process can access it at a time. The producer and consumer processes both wait for the mutex semaphore before entering the critical section and signal it after leaving, allowing the other process to enter. This ensures that no two processes can access the critical section simultaneously, preventing any race conditions or conflicts.

Batching systems do not require online communication with the system, while interactive systems do require it. This means that in a batching system, the communication can be done offline or in batches, whereas in an interactive system, real-time communication is necessary for immediate response and interaction with the system.

When it comes to memory sharing between different processes in segmentation, the level at which it is possible is at the segment level. In segmentation, memory is divided into segments, and each segment represents a logical unit of memory that can be shared between processes. Therefore, the correct answer is "segmenta".

A smaller time quantum (TQ) for the short-term scheduler algorithm can lead to a decrease in performance. This is because a smaller TQ means that the CPU will switch between processes more frequently, resulting in more overhead and less time spent on actual processing. The impact of TQ on performance can vary depending on the operating system being used. However, in general, a smaller TQ is likely to have a negative effect on performance.

This question is asking to identify the short-term scheduler algorithm and evaluate it in terms of preemption. The correct answer is "Non-preemptive." This means that once a process is allocated the CPU, it will continue to run until it voluntarily gives up the CPU or completes its execution. There is no preemption or forced interruption of the process by the scheduler.

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The image is showing the divisibility of a page.

Straničenje je proces u kojem se memorija deli na manje delove, nazvane stranice, kako bi se olakšalo upravljanje memorijom. Uvođenjem straničenja, performanse se smanjuju 100%. Ovo se događa jer se pristup memoriji usporava zbog dodatnih operacija koje su potrebne za upravljanje stranicama, kao što su pronalaženje i premeštanje stranica u i iz memorije. Ove dodatne operacije dovode do povećanja vremena pristupa memoriji i smanjenja ukupne brzine izvršavanja programa.

The correct answer is RR (Round Robin). RR is a short-term scheduler algorithm that assigns a fixed time quantum to each process in the system. This ensures fairness by allowing each process to execute for a certain amount of time before being preempted and giving other processes a chance to run. In terms of response time (RT), RR is considered the best algorithm because it provides quick response to interactive processes by allowing them to run in short bursts.

The correct answer is "stranice". In the context of memory sharing between different processes, paging is a technique that divides the physical memory into fixed-size blocks called pages. Each page can be allocated to a different process, allowing for efficient memory management and sharing. Therefore, the divisibility of memory between processes is possible at the page level.

The maximum internal fragmentation for a segment of 1350 bytes would be 1349 bytes. Internal fragmentation refers to the wasted space within a segment due to the allocation of memory in fixed-size blocks. In this case, if the segment size is 1350 bytes and the maximum internal fragmentation is 1349 bytes, it means that only 1 byte is wasted within the segment.

Straničenje u dva nivoa refers to pagination in two levels, which means dividing content into two separate sections or pages. This can be useful for organizing and presenting information in a structured manner. It allows for a clearer and more organized layout, making it easier for users to navigate through the content.

In the given situation, the red arrow indicates a transition caused by a lack of data or resources that have been awaited for a long time. This suggests that there is a delay in obtaining the necessary data or resources, which is causing the transition.

The correct answer is "Pool[n], count, in, out". This is because all of these variables are declared within the shared structure "buffer". This means that they can be accessed and modified by both the Producer region and the Consumer region of the program.

The correct answer is "Linija broj 4". This is because in line 4, the lock variable is set to false, indicating that the critical section has been completed and the lock is released. This allows other processes to enter the critical section if they are not blocked by the lock.

The given code snippet represents a process Pi1 that uses a lock to enter its critical section. The TestAndSet(lock) function is used to check and set the lock value. If the lock is already set (true), the process enters a busy waiting loop until the lock becomes false. This means that the process continuously checks the lock until it can acquire it, resulting in busy waiting. Therefore, the correct answer is "Uvek ima busy waiting."

The answer states that the transition indicated by the red arrow is definitely not preemption.