Cell Structure Cytology Quiz

Benign neoplasia refers to the formation of non-cancerous tumors. In this context, the given statement describes a condition where the cells within the tumor are uniform and lack any signs of malignancy. This suggests that the tumor is benign in nature, as it does not exhibit any characteristics commonly associated with cancer, such as uncontrolled growth, invasion of surrounding tissues, or metastasis. Therefore, the correct answer is Benign Neoplasia.

Multinucleation refers to the presence of multiple nuclei within a single cell. This can occur due to various reasons such as cell fusion, abnormal cell division, or cellular stress. It is often associated with certain pathological conditions, such as cancer or viral infections. In multinucleated cells, each nucleus may have its own function and gene expression, leading to altered cellular behavior. Therefore, the presence of multinucleation is an important feature to consider when evaluating cellular abnormalities.

The given statement describes morphological changes in the cytoplasm and nuclei, which is a characteristic feature of malignant neoplasia. Malignant neoplasia refers to cancerous growths that have the potential to invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. Benign neoplasia, on the other hand, refers to non-cancerous growths that do not invade surrounding tissues or spread to other areas. Therefore, based on the description provided, the correct answer is malignant neoplasia.

The selection of needle for this collection procedure depends on the tissue being sampled. Softer tissues require smaller needles and syringes. Therefore, a 21-gauge needle and 12mL syringe would be appropriate for this procedure.

The correct answer is High/ Variable N:C Ratio. This is because an increase in the size of the nucleus to that of the cytoplasm leads to a higher or variable N:C ratio. The N:C ratio refers to the ratio of the size of the nucleus to the size of the cytoplasm in a cell. When the nucleus becomes larger in relation to the cytoplasm, the N:C ratio increases. This can be seen in conditions such as cancer, where abnormal cell growth can cause an increase in the N:C ratio.

A coarse chromatin pattern refers to an abnormal appearance of the genetic material within the nucleus of a cell. Normally, chromatin appears fine and evenly distributed, but in this case, it appears thicker and clumpy, resembling ropes or cords. This can be indicative of certain diseases or conditions, such as cancer or inflammation. The other options, nuclear molding, anisokaryosis, and multinucleation, do not specifically describe this coarse appearance of chromatin.

Skin scraping is the correct answer because it is a common method used to diagnose fungal infections of the skin. During a skin scraping, a healthcare professional will use a scalpel or a blade to scrape off a small sample of the affected skin. The sample is then examined under a microscope to look for the presence of fungal elements, such as hyphae or spores. This diagnostic test helps to identify the specific type of fungus causing the infection and guide appropriate treatment. Aspiration, swabs, and imprints are not typically used for diagnosing fungal infections of the skin.

The given characteristics of being multinucleated, giant size, containing phagocytized material, having abundant blue cytoplasm with vacuoles, all point towards macrophages. Macrophages are large immune cells that are capable of engulfing and digesting foreign particles, such as bacteria or dead cells, through a process called phagocytosis. They have multiple nuclei and their cytoplasm is filled with vacuoles, giving it a blue appearance. Therefore, the correct answer is macrophages.

The correct answer is Squash Prep because the given explanation suggests that the risk of cell rupture is present, and in Squash Prep technique, the 2nd slide is smoothly slid apart without applying downward pressure. This technique is commonly used to prepare samples for microscopy, where the cells need to be flattened and spread out without damaging them.

The given explanation suggests that the correct answer is "Aspiration" because it involves the process of introducing a needle into a small mass and applying strong negative pressure (using 3/4 syringe) to collect a sample from several areas. This technique is used to avoid surrounding tissue and ensure that only the desired sample is obtained.

Tape strips are used for collecting samples for mites and pinworms such as Cheyletiella sp. and Oxyuris sp. This method involves pressing a clear adhesive tape onto the skin or fur of the affected area and then removing it. The tape collects any mites or pinworm eggs present, which can then be examined under a microscope for diagnosis. This method is non-invasive and easy to perform, making it a suitable choice for collecting samples for these specific parasites.

The given correct answer is "Cytoplasmic Changes". This suggests that the observed extreme basophilia of cytoplasm and vacuolation are indicative of alterations or abnormalities in the cytoplasm of the cell. These changes may include an increase in the basophilic staining properties of the cytoplasm and the presence of vacuoles, which are fluid-filled spaces within the cytoplasm. These cytoplasmic changes could be caused by various factors such as cellular stress, metabolic disturbances, or pathological conditions.

The presence of greater than 10% eosinophils, along with few mast cells, plasma cells, and lymphocytes, suggests eosinophilic inflammation. Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that are commonly associated with allergic reactions and parasitic infections. The presence of other immune cells such as mast cells, plasma cells, and lymphocytes further supports the diagnosis of eosinophilic inflammation.

Pleomorphism refers to the variability in size, shape, and appearance of the same cell type. This means that cells of the same type can exhibit different characteristics, such as varying in size or having different shapes and appearances. Hypercellularity, on the other hand, refers to an increased number of cells in a tissue or organ, while anisocytosis refers to the presence of red blood cells of unequal sizes. Therefore, the best explanation for the given answer is pleomorphism, as it directly relates to the variability in size, shape, and appearance of the same cell type.

The correct answer is Skin Scraping - KOH Prep. The presence of hyphae, which are thread-like branching tubular cells interconnected by septa, can be seen while doing a KOH (potassium hydroxide) preparation of a skin scraping. KOH is used to dissolve the skin cells and debris, leaving behind the fungal elements such as hyphae, which can then be visualized under a microscope. This technique is commonly used to diagnose fungal infections of the skin.

Fistulous tracts and vaginal collection are examples of sample collections that can be done using a swab. Swabs are commonly used to collect samples from specific areas of the body, such as the inside of a fistulous tract or the vaginal area. They are designed to absorb and retain the sample material, making them suitable for various types of sample collection. Aspiration is a method of collecting samples by using a needle and suction, while skin scraping with KOH prep and norm prep involve scraping the skin to collect samples.

Scrapings is the correct answer because it involves collecting cells by scraping the lesion with a scalpel and transferring the material from the blade onto a slide. This method is commonly used for collecting samples from skin lesions or mucosal surfaces. Adding mineral oil helps to preserve the cells and prevent them from drying out. Imprints involve pressing a slide onto the lesion to collect cells, swabs involve using a cotton swab to collect cells, and aspiration involves using a needle and syringe to draw out fluid or cells from a lesion.

The correct answer is Skin Scraping - KOH Prep. This is because the sample collection method mentioned in the question involves vigorous scraping, which is typically done for skin scraping. The additional information about sampling the underside of vesicles and gently heating the under surface before microscopic examination further supports the idea that this method is used for collecting and preparing samples for testing vesicles or pustules.

Mesothelial cells line the pleural, peritoneal, and visceral surfaces. These cells can react to the presence of excess fluid by developing abnormal morphologies, which should not be mistaken for malignant changes. This suggests that mesothelial cells have the ability to change their appearance in response to fluid buildup, which is a characteristic feature of these cells. Mast cells, plasma cells, and neutrophils are not specifically mentioned in relation to this reaction to excess fluid, making mesothelial cells the most appropriate answer.

The term "nuclear molding" refers to the deformation of nuclei caused by other nuclei within the same cell or adjacent cells. This can occur due to physical pressure exerted by neighboring nuclei or due to abnormal cell growth. The other options, multinucleation, nucleoli variation, and increased mitotic activity, do not specifically describe the deformation of nuclei by other nuclei.

Anisokaryosis refers to an abnormality in the size of cell nuclei. It is characterized by a significant variation in the size of nuclei within a tissue or cell population. This can be observed in various diseases, such as cancer, where abnormal cell growth and division occur. Anisokaryosis is often associated with malignant cells and can be indicative of cellular dysplasia or malignancy. Therefore, in the context of the given options, anisokaryosis would be the most appropriate explanation for any unusual variation in overall nuclear size.

The given correct answer is "Neoplastic Lesions". This is because the best indication mentioned in the statement is the presence of a homogeneous population of cells, which may or may not be pleomorphic. This suggests the possibility of a neoplastic process, which refers to the abnormal growth of cells that can be benign or malignant. The statement also mentions the possibility of an associative inflammation, which further supports the likelihood of neoplastic lesions.

Swabs are used for sample collection when imprints, scraping, and aspiration cannot be made. Swabs are small pieces of cotton or other absorbent material attached to a stick or wire, which are used to collect samples from various surfaces or body parts. They are particularly useful for collecting samples from hard-to-reach areas or delicate surfaces where other methods may not be suitable. Therefore, swabs are the correct answer in this context.

The given explanation states that a large mass can cause the needle to stay in the mass, be redirected to other areas, and relieve negative pressure during redirection and removal. This explanation suggests that the correct answer is "Aspiration" because aspiration refers to the act of drawing fluid or material into a syringe or needle. In the context of the explanation, it implies that the large mass is being aspirated or suctioned out using a needle.

Macrophages are derived from monocytes in peripheral blood and have an oval to pleomorphic nucleus with lacy condensed chromatin. This description accurately matches the characteristics mentioned in the question. Mesothelial cells, mast cells, and plasma cells do not have the same characteristics as described, making them incorrect options.

Hypercellularity refers to an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ. In the context of the given options, an increase in cell exfoliation would not be a likely explanation for hypercellularity. Anisocytosis refers to a condition where there is a variation in the size of cells, which is different from hypercellularity. Pleomorphism refers to the presence of cells with varying shapes and sizes, which is also different from hypercellularity. Therefore, hypercellularity is the most appropriate answer as it directly relates to an increase in the number of cells.

The presence of mitotic figures or cells that are not dividing equally is considered a criterion for malignancy because it indicates increased mitotic activity. This means that cells are dividing more frequently, which is often associated with cancerous growth. Therefore, an increase in mitotic activity is a reliable indicator of malignancy.

The given description states that 70% of the cells are mononuclear with few neutrophils. This indicates a chronic inflammatory process rather than an acute one. Granulomatous inflammation is a type of chronic inflammation characterized by the presence of granulomas, which are aggregates of activated macrophages surrounded by lymphocytes. This matches the description provided, making granulomatous inflammation the correct answer.

The given instructions suggest a combination technique for evaluating a solid mass. The technique involves creating a smear, similar to a blood smear, for one-third of the sample. Another one-third of the sample is left untouched, and the last one-third is squashed. This combination of methods allows for a comprehensive evaluation of the solid mass, ensuring that different aspects of the sample are examined.

Plasma cells are a type of activated lymphocytes that are responsible for producing antibodies. The description given in the question matches the characteristics of plasma cells, such as oval shape, eccentric nucleus, basophilic cytoplasm, and a perinuclear clear zone. These features are typical of plasma cells, making them the correct answer in this case.

Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the body's immune response. The given terms, hypersegmentation, pyknosis, karyolysis, and karyorrhexis, are all morphological changes that can occur in neutrophils. Hypersegmentation refers to an increase in the number of lobes in the nucleus of the neutrophil. Pyknosis, karyolysis, and karyorrhexis are all terms that describe different stages of nuclear degradation in the neutrophil. These morphological changes can indicate various pathological conditions or infections in the body.

Aspiration is the correct answer because it involves collecting samples from masses, which suggests that the procedure is done by using a needle and syringe to draw fluid or cells from a specific area. This method is likely to result in fewer cells being collected compared to scraping, as it is a more targeted approach. Swabs, non-aspiration, and imprints are not likely to be associated with the given explanation.

The correct answer is "Fluid Preparation." The given information states that fluids are collected in EDTA and Red top tubes and need to be prepared immediately. The cellularity, viscosity, and homogeneity of the fluid can influence the smear technique used. Therefore, proper preparation of the fluid is crucial in order to obtain accurate results.

The given answer describes various nuclear changes that can be observed in a cell. Anisokaryosis refers to the presence of nuclei of different sizes, while a high or variable N:C ratio indicates an abnormal ratio of nuclear size to cytoplasmic size. Increased mitotic activity suggests a higher rate of cell division. Coarse chromatin pattern refers to the appearance of the chromatin in the nucleus, which may appear clumped or irregular. Nuclear molding refers to the deformation of the nucleus due to pressure from adjacent cells. Multinucleation indicates the presence of multiple nuclei within a single cell. Finally, the variation in size, shape, and number of nucleoli suggests abnormalities in the nucleoli, which are involved in ribosome synthesis.

The given answer, "Purulent Inflammation," is the correct choice because it aligns with the description provided. The description states that the most common type of suppurative or acute inflammation is caused by bacteria and is characterized by the presence of greater than 85% neutrophils. Purulent inflammation refers to an inflammatory response dominated by neutrophils and the formation of pus, which is consistent with the given information.

The correct answer is "Normal Physiological Response" because chemotactic factors released from damaged cells play a role in attracting neutrophils and macrophages to the site of inflammation. This is a normal response of the body to injury or infection, where the immune cells are recruited to help clear the damaged cells and initiate the healing process.

Anisocytosis refers to the abnormal variation in the size of cells of the same type. This condition can be observed in blood smears and is commonly associated with certain medical conditions, such as anemia and liver disease. It is characterized by the presence of both smaller and larger cells than the normal range for a specific cell type. Anisocytosis can be indicative of underlying health issues and is often evaluated through blood tests.

Mast cells are known to have a round to oval shape and contain numerous blue to purple cytoplasmic granules. This characteristic appearance distinguishes them from plasma cells, erythrocytes, and macrophages. Therefore, the correct answer is Mast Cells.

The given correct answer, "Starfish tech," suggests a technique in which the aspirate is dragged peripherally in several directions. This technique is known to cause damage to fragile cells and allows a thick layer of fluid to remain around the cells. The explanation implies that the "Starfish tech" is the most suitable option among the given choices for achieving the desired outcome.

Imprints are a type of sample collection method that is done on external lesions or from removed tissues. This method involves pressing a slide or a piece of paper onto the lesion or tissue to collect cells. Imprints tend to collect fewer cells and have a greater risk of contamination compared to other methods. They can be dirty or clean depending on the condition of the lesion or tissue.

The given explanation suggests that the correct answer is "Rotation Tech" because it involves rotating the second slide by 45 degrees and lifting it upward, which results in a preparation with subtle ridges and valleys of cells. This technique is likely to have less risk of rupture compared to other options.

The given explanation describes a technique used to create a line smear. The process involves using low cellularity samples to concentrate the sample. The sample is dropped on a slide close to one end and another slide is slid to contact and spread the fluid. The spreader slide is then stopped and raised directly upwards, creating a line of concentrated cells. Therefore, the correct answer is Line Smear.

Undergone morphological changes

Suppurative or acute inflammation is characterized by the presence of bacteria and a high percentage of neutrophils. Neutrophils are the first responders to infection and play a crucial role in fighting bacterial pathogens. Macrophages and lymphocytes are also present in suppurative inflammation, but in smaller numbers compared to neutrophils. Macrophages are responsible for phagocytosing bacteria and debris, while lymphocytes are involved in the adaptive immune response, producing antibodies and coordinating the immune system. Therefore, the presence of macrophages and lymphocytes in suppurative inflammation is expected.

The Bloor Smear is the correct answer because it is a technique that is effective for homogeneous samples with good cellularity. This suggests that the Bloor Smear is a method specifically designed to work well with samples that have a uniform composition and a high concentration of cells.

The given description of the nuclear chromatin being finely reticulated and the presence of nucleoli and corona (fringe border) suggests that the cells being described are mesothelial cells. Mesothelial cells are found in the lining of body cavities and organs and have a characteristic appearance under the microscope with a finely reticulated nuclear chromatin pattern and the presence of nucleoli and a corona. This description does not match the characteristics of mast cells, plasma cells, or eosinophils, so they are not the correct answer.

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The given procedure involves moving the needle rapidly back and forth through the mass, collecting cells by shearing and capillary action. This method does not involve aspirating any fluid or material from the mass. Therefore, the correct answer is Non-Aspirate.

Scrapings are the correct answer because they involve collecting external lesions or removed tissues, which can contain many cells. Additionally, the requirement for the lesion to bleed suggests that scraping the affected area would be the most appropriate method for sample collection.

Imprints may have disadvantages in sample collection as they may collect only a few cells, which could limit the amount of material available for analysis. Additionally, imprints may only capture cells from the surface of a lesion, potentially missing deeper or more representative cells from the entire lesion.