Unit 2 Sociology Review

In some cultures, laughing in a public place is considered deviant behavior because it is seen as going against a trend, not complying with social rules, and breaking a social norm. Laughing in public may be seen as inappropriate or disrespectful in certain cultures where people are expected to maintain a serious demeanor in public settings. It can be seen as disruptive or attention-seeking behavior that goes against the social expectations of maintaining a more reserved and controlled demeanor in public. Therefore, all of the given options explain why laughing in a public place is considered deviant behavior in some cultures.

In this situation, Yesenia's action of driving faster than the speed limit and causing an accident is considered a crime. This is because she knowingly and intentionally broke the law by exceeding the speed limit, which resulted in harm to others. The police officer giving her a traffic ticket further confirms that her actions were illegal and punishable under the law.

According to Jesse's belief as a symbolic interactionist, socialization begins the first time a baby makes eye contact with another person. This is because symbolic interactionism emphasizes the importance of communication and interaction in shaping an individual's understanding of the world. Eye contact is a form of nonverbal communication that establishes a connection between individuals and allows for the exchange of meaning and social cues. Therefore, Jesse believes that this initial eye contact experience is the starting point for the baby's socialization process.

Sociologists use the term "socialization" to refer to the process by which individuals learn and internalize the norms, values, and behaviors of their society. Through socialization, individuals acquire the skills, knowledge, and attitudes necessary to function as members of a particular society. It is through this process that society shapes and molds individuals, transforming them into social beings who are able to interact and participate in the social world. Therefore, when sociologists say "society makes us human," they are referring to the transformative power of socialization in shaping our identities and defining what it means to be human.

Family, religion, health care, politics, and mass media are all considered social institutions. Social institutions are systems or structures within society that fulfill certain functions and provide order and stability. These institutions play a crucial role in shaping individuals' behaviors, beliefs, and interactions within society. Family is a fundamental social institution that provides for the reproduction and socialization of individuals. Religion serves as a system of beliefs and practices that guide moral and spiritual values. Health care is a social institution that provides medical services and promotes well-being. Politics encompasses the governing and decision-making processes within a society. Mass media plays a significant role in disseminating information and shaping public opinion.

The primary role of social control is to enforce norms. Social control refers to the mechanisms and practices that societies use to maintain order and conformity to their established norms and values. It ensures that individuals and groups adhere to the expected behaviors, rules, and customs of a society. By enforcing norms, social control helps to regulate and maintain social order, cohesion, and stability within a community or society. It can be achieved through various means such as formal laws, informal social sanctions, and socialization processes.

A society can be best described as a group of individuals who live in a specific geographical area and engage in interactions with one another. These interactions can take various forms, such as social, economic, and cultural exchanges. The concept of society emphasizes the collective nature of human existence, highlighting the importance of social relationships and the shared experiences of individuals within a defined community. This definition does not include the other options, which focus on specific outcomes or elements of society rather than its fundamental nature.

For people to be considered a social group, it is necessary for them to have common interests. Common interests help to bring people together and create a sense of belonging and unity within the group. It allows individuals to connect, interact, and engage with one another based on shared hobbies, activities, or goals. Common interests also provide a foundation for communication, cooperation, and the development of relationships within the social group. Without common interests, there may be a lack of cohesion and a difficulty in establishing meaningful connections among the individuals.

Clinton is using the symbolic-interaction approach in his sociological study. This approach focuses on how individuals interact with symbols, such as language, to create meaning and construct their social reality. By studying why the Russian language lacks a specific word for the color blue and instead has words for different shades of blue, Clinton is examining how language and cultural symbols shape people's perceptions and understanding of the world. This approach emphasizes the importance of language and symbols in social interactions and the construction of social reality.

Symbolic interactionists applying the labeling theory would be interested in how others react to Erin and her friends' changing moods. The labeling theory focuses on how individuals are labeled or defined by others based on their behavior. In this situation, the theory would explore how others perceive and react to Erin and her friends' moodiness. It would examine how these reactions and labels may influence their interactions and relationships with others.

Émile Durkheim believed that social deviance serves a purpose in society by challenging existing norms and values. He argued that deviant behavior can lead to social change as it highlights the limitations and flaws in the current social order. Durkheim believed that deviance can act as a catalyst for societal progress and transformation, pushing societies to adapt and evolve. Therefore, he viewed social deviance as a positive force that encourages social change rather than something that only has negative consequences or occurs in lenient societies.

Understanding others' cultures is important to avoid cultural misunderstandings. When we have knowledge and awareness of different cultural practices, beliefs, and values, we are less likely to make assumptions or misinterpret the actions and behaviors of individuals from different cultures. This understanding allows us to communicate effectively, respect diverse perspectives, and build meaningful relationships. By avoiding cultural misunderstandings, we can foster mutual respect, promote inclusivity, and create a more harmonious and accepting society.

The term "social role" refers to the expected behavior and responsibilities associated with a particular position or job within a society. In this case, as a teacher, Kenneth is expected to prepare for his classes and teach his students, which are the specific responsibilities of his social role as a teacher.

In Ywadee's culture, the belief that a person's head is considered sacred and the understanding that it is unacceptable to touch someone's head, even though there is no legal prohibition, aligns with the concept of a folkway. Folkways are the informal, unwritten rules and customs that govern social behavior within a particular culture or society. They are considered traditional norms and are widely accepted and followed by the members of that society. The belief regarding the sacredness of the head and the societal expectation of not touching it represents a folkway because it reflects the shared values and customs of Ywadee's culture.

The correct answer is "involuntary". In this context, "involuntary" refers to the fact that Adolpho did not have control over choosing his coworkers, but he is still required to interact with them. These interactions are not by choice, but rather a result of the circumstances of their work environment.

Denise and her friends forming an in-group means that they feel comfortable with and loyal to each other. This suggests that they have developed a sense of belonging and trust within their group, creating a strong bond and camaraderie. In-group formation often involves shared interests, values, and experiences, which further strengthens their connection. This sense of comfort and loyalty fosters a supportive and cohesive group dynamic, leading to a deeper level of understanding and cooperation among its members.

According to Malcolm Gladwell's book Outliers, successful people have a combination of nature qualities, nurtured qualities, and luck. This suggests that luck plays a significant role in achieving success. While nature qualities and nurtured qualities are important factors, luck can often be the determining factor that allows individuals to capitalize on opportunities and achieve extraordinary success.

Large numbers of people with similar incomes, education levels, and occupations are said to make up a social class. Social class refers to the grouping of individuals in society based on their economic and social status. It is determined by factors such as income, occupation, education, and wealth. People within the same social class tend to have similar opportunities, lifestyles, and social networks. Social class plays a significant role in shaping individuals' access to resources, opportunities, and social mobility.

Language is an example of nonmaterial culture because it is a system of communication that consists of words, symbols, and rules for their use. Unlike buildings and clothing, which are physical objects and part of material culture, language is intangible and exists only through shared understanding and usage. It is a crucial aspect of human society, shaping our thoughts, beliefs, and social interactions.

The Statue of Liberty, the American flag, and the White House are all examples of national symbols for the United States. The Statue of Liberty represents freedom and democracy, the American flag symbolizes the values and ideals of the nation, and the White House serves as the iconic residence and workplace of the President. These symbols hold significant cultural and historical meaning for the United States and are recognized both domestically and internationally.

Anita's mother and three uncles are considered her reference group because she seeks their opinion and guidance in making a decision about whether to go to college or trade school. A reference group is a group of people that an individual looks to for guidance, advice, and validation in order to shape their attitudes, beliefs, and behavior. In this case, Anita is seeking the opinions of her mother and uncles to help her make an informed decision about her future education.

Karl Marx is the correct answer because he is known for his theories on class conflict and the overthrow of capitalism. Marx believed that in industrial societies, the bourgeoisie (capitalists) would exploit the proletariat (working class), leading to a class struggle. He predicted that this conflict would eventually lead to the downfall of capitalism and the establishment of a communist society. Marx's ideas have had a significant impact on the field of sociology and continue to be influential today.

Subcultures and countercultures are both similar in that they exist within a larger culture. This means that they are distinct groups with their own beliefs, values, and practices that exist alongside the dominant culture. While subcultures may have different interests or preferences from the larger culture, countercultures actively oppose and challenge the dominant culture. Nonetheless, both subcultures and countercultures are influenced by and have an impact on the larger culture in which they exist.

Sociologists would expect a group made up of people from different cultures to interact more with outsiders because they would have diverse perspectives and experiences. This diversity would likely lead to more interactions with individuals outside of the group in order to navigate and understand different cultural norms and practices.

Max Weber's view of bureaucracies is that they improve the efficiency of an organization. Weber believed that bureaucracies, with their hierarchical structure, standardized procedures, and clear division of labor, are the most efficient way to organize and manage large-scale institutions. He argued that bureaucracies provide stability, predictability, and precision, which ultimately lead to increased efficiency in achieving organizational goals. Weber's perspective highlights the positive aspects of bureaucracies in terms of streamlining processes, reducing ambiguity, and promoting rational decision-making.

Injuring a stranger is an example of a crime against a person because it involves physically harming another individual without their consent. This act is considered a crime because it violates the personal rights and safety of the victim, causing them physical harm and potentially long-lasting consequences.

Carmine demonstrates social power by influencing his friends' clothing choices and encouraging them to dress like him. This behavior shows that Carmine has a certain level of influence and persuasion over his friends, as they are willing to follow his lead in fashion. By showcasing his unique style and guiding others to emulate it, Carmine exercises social power by shaping the preferences and behaviors of those around him.

The superego, according to Sigmund Freud, refers to the part of the psyche that represents the internalized moral and ethical standards of society. It acts as a regulator of behavior, reflecting society's needs and expectations. The superego is responsible for enforcing rules, norms, and values, often leading individuals to feel guilt or shame when they deviate from societal expectations. It serves as a counterbalance to the id (individual desires) and ego (personality traits), guiding individuals to make decisions that align with the collective well-being.

Charles Horton Cooley added the concept that some groups are considered primary while others are considered secondary to the field of sociology. This concept refers to the social hierarchy and the idea that certain groups hold more power, influence, and privilege than others. Cooley's work emphasized the importance of understanding the dynamics and relationships between different social groups in society.

This example shows that deviance is relative because it highlights how societal expectations and norms can vary across different cultures. What is considered deviant behavior in one culture may be completely acceptable in another. Therefore, deviance is not an absolute concept, but rather depends on the cultural context in which it is being evaluated.

Control theory states that people who have little to lose are more likely to be deviant. This theory suggests that individuals are motivated to engage in deviant behavior when their bonds to society are weak or when they lack social control. When individuals have little to lose, such as limited social ties, weak attachments, or low stakes in conformity, they are more likely to engage in deviant behavior because they have less to lose in terms of social consequences or punishments.

During the first stage of learning how to take on the roles of others, according to George Herbert Mead, individuals engage in mimicking what other people do. This means that they observe and imitate the actions and behaviors of others as a way to learn and understand how to take on different roles in social interactions. Mimicking allows individuals to gain a basic understanding of the expectations and behaviors associated with specific roles, laying the foundation for further development in role-taking abilities.

Erik Erikson views socialization as a series of steps. This suggests that socialization is a process that occurs in stages, with each stage building upon the previous one. It implies that individuals go through specific developmental tasks and challenges at different ages, which shape their social and emotional growth. This perspective aligns with Erikson's psychosocial theory, which emphasizes the importance of social interactions and the development of a sense of identity throughout the lifespan.

The outcome of the example is an example of conformity. Conformity refers to the act of matching one's behavior or beliefs to fit in with a group or society's norms and expectations. In this case, it suggests that the outcome aligns with the group's expectations or standards, indicating conformity rather than moral judgement, individual choice, or uniform participation.