Motor Development Exam 2

The statement suggests that in order to process and comprehend information, one must first have attention. This implies that attention is a necessary requirement for the mind to focus and absorb information effectively. Therefore, the answer is true, as it aligns with the idea that attention is a prerequisite for the attention of information.

Teratogens are environmental agents that have the potential to cause birth defects or harm the developing fetus. These agents can include substances such as drugs, chemicals, infections, and radiation. Exposure to teratogens during pregnancy can lead to a wide range of physical and developmental abnormalities in the baby. Therefore, it is important for pregnant individuals to avoid exposure to known teratogens to ensure the healthy development of their fetus.

Growth hormone, also known as somatotropin, plays a crucial role in the growth and development of muscles and bones. It stimulates the production of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), which promotes bone growth and increases muscle mass. Additionally, growth hormone helps in the regeneration and repair of tissues, including muscles and bones. Therefore, it is correct to say that growth hormone aids in the development of muscles and bones.

The statement is true because a pre mature newborn is indeed a baby born in less than 38 weeks. Full-term pregnancies typically last for about 40 weeks, so any baby born before that is considered premature. Premature babies may have certain health issues as they may not have fully developed in the womb, and they may require special medical attention and care.

The vestibular apparatus is a sensory system located in the inner ear that helps maintain balance and equilibrium. It consists of the semicircular canals and the otolith organs, which detect changes in head position and movement. This information is then sent to the brain, allowing us to maintain our balance and sense our body's position in space. Therefore, the statement that the vestibular apparatus is used for balance and equilibrium is true.

The statement suggests that when there is variability in practice, it helps in improving overall motor performance. This is because practicing different variations of a skill helps in developing adaptability and flexibility, which can enhance motor skills. By exposing oneself to different conditions and challenges, individuals can learn to adjust and perform better in various situations. Therefore, the statement is true as variability in practice can indeed promote general motor performance.

The vestibular apparatus is indeed located in the ear. It is a complex system of structures that includes the semicircular canals and the otolith organs. These structures are responsible for detecting and providing information about the body's position, movement, and balance. They play a crucial role in maintaining equilibrium and coordinating movements.

All of the listed factors (radiation, smoking, STD's, and nutrition) can have an impact on prenatal development. Radiation exposure during pregnancy can lead to birth defects and developmental issues. Smoking increases the risk of premature birth, low birth weight, and developmental delays. STD's can be transmitted from the mother to the fetus, causing complications such as blindness, deafness, and intellectual disabilities. Adequate nutrition is essential for the healthy growth and development of the fetus. Therefore, all of these factors can affect prenatal development.

Selective attention refers to the ability to focus on specific stimuli while ignoring others. It is a cognitive skill that allows individuals to filter out irrelevant information and concentrate on what is important. The statement suggests that by the age of 12, individuals have developed the capacity for selective attention. This aligns with research in developmental psychology, which indicates that selective attention improves throughout childhood and reaches adult-like levels during early adolescence. Therefore, the answer "true" is correct.

The statement is true because reaction time is commonly used as a measure of processing speed. Reaction time refers to the time it takes for an individual to respond to a stimulus, such as pressing a button when a light turns on. It is believed that faster reaction times indicate quicker processing of information in the brain. Therefore, reaction time can be considered as a basic measure of processing speed.

The statement suggests that the differences in development are mainly attributed to the strategies used for processing information rather than the structural increases. This implies that the way individuals approach and handle tasks or problems has a greater impact on their development than any physical changes or growth.

Radiation, drugs and chemicals, and STDs are all examples of external factors. These factors are external to the body and can have an impact on an individual's health. Radiation exposure, the use of drugs and chemicals, and contracting sexually transmitted diseases are all external influences that can affect a person's well-being.

The placenta is a vital organ that forms during pregnancy and connects the developing fetus to the mother's uterus. It plays a crucial role in providing oxygen, nutrients, and removing waste products from the fetus. Additionally, the placenta acts as a barrier, protecting the fetus from harmful substances such as bacteria and certain drugs that may be present in the mother's bloodstream. Therefore, it is correct to say that prenatal development is protected by the placenta.

The given statement suggests that speed and accuracy are two types of coincidental timing. This implies that when something is done quickly, it is also done accurately. The answer "true" indicates that the statement is correct and supports the idea that speed and accuracy go hand in hand.

A person who has a BMI (Body Mass Index) of less than 18.5 is considered underweight. BMI is a measure of body fat based on a person's height and weight. When the BMI falls below 18.5, it indicates that the person has a lower body weight in relation to their height, which is classified as underweight.

Overnutrition refers to excessive intake of nutrients, leading to an imbalance and negative health effects. The statement "Overnutrition affects 25 million children" implies that there are 25 million children who are experiencing the negative consequences of consuming too many nutrients. This suggests that overnutrition is a prevalent issue among children worldwide, which is supported by evidence and makes the statement true.

The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone, which is responsible for stimulating growth and development in the body. It plays a crucial role in regulating bone and muscle growth, as well as the metabolism of nutrients. Growth hormone is essential for normal physical growth during childhood and adolescence, and it also helps maintain healthy body composition and bone density in adults. Additionally, it has important effects on the immune system and can influence various other hormonal functions in the body.

Neuronal group selection is a theoretical framework that combines maturation theory and dynamic systems. Maturation theory suggests that the development of the brain and its neural networks occurs in a predetermined sequence, while dynamic systems theory emphasizes the importance of interactions between different elements in the system. Neuronal group selection proposes that the brain's development is shaped by both genetic factors and environmental influences, and that the selection and refinement of neural connections occur through a dynamic process. Therefore, the statement "Neuronal group selection combines maturation theory and dynamic systems" is true.

Around 3-4 months after birth, primitive reflexes are typically suppressed. These reflexes, such as the Moro reflex or the grasp reflex, are automatic responses that newborns exhibit in response to certain stimuli. As the baby's nervous system develops and matures, these reflexes gradually disappear and are replaced by more voluntary and controlled movements. This suppression of primitive reflexes is an important milestone in a baby's motor development and indicates the progress of their neurological development.

A BMI of 25-29 is considered overweight. BMI, or Body Mass Index, is a measure of body fat based on a person's weight and height. A BMI between 25 and 29 indicates that a person has excess weight for their height, which is classified as overweight. This means that their weight may be higher than what is considered healthy for their height, increasing the risk of various health conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer.

This statement is true because memory is the ability to retain and recall information or past experiences, while discrimination is the ability to differentiate between different stimuli or make judgments based on those differences. In order to discriminate between different stimuli, one must first have the ability to remember and recognize those stimuli. Therefore, memory comes before discrimination in the cognitive process.

Habituation refers to the process by which an organism's response to a stimulus decreases over time. This means that with repeated exposure to the same stimulus, the organism becomes less responsive or interested in it. Therefore, the statement "Habituation is when the reaction to a new stimulus declines" is true.

Depth perception refers to the ability to perceive the distance of an object from oneself. It allows us to accurately judge the relative distances and positions of objects in our environment. This is achieved through the coordination of visual cues, such as binocular disparity (the difference in the images seen by each eye) and monocular cues (such as relative size, texture gradient, and linear perspective). Depth perception is crucial for tasks such as driving, playing sports, and navigating through our surroundings.

Recall is the correct answer because it refers to the form of memory that involves remembering a stimulus that is not present. It is the ability to retrieve information or experiences from the past without any external cues or prompts. This can be done by consciously bringing back previously learned information or by reconstructing past events based on memory. Recall is different from recognition, which involves identifying or remembering a stimulus when it is presented again. Selective memory and deviant memory are not accurate terms for this form of memory.

Dishabituation refers to the recovery of a response to a previously habituated stimulus when a new stimulus is presented. It is a process in which the individual's response to a habituated stimulus is renewed or revived due to the introduction of a novel stimulus. In other words, dishabituation occurs when a person becomes responsive to a previously habituated stimulus again because of the introduction of a new stimulus. Therefore, the statement "The renewed response to a new stimulus is known as dishabituation" is true.

At birth, the visual structures of the eyes are fully developed and intact. This means that the different parts of the eyes, including the cornea, iris, lens, and retina, are present and functioning. Although the vision of a newborn baby is not fully developed and they have limited visual acuity, the physical structures of the eyes are complete. Over time, as the baby grows and their visual system matures, their vision improves.

The answer "recall" is more advanced compared to "recognition" in terms of memory. Recognition refers to the ability to identify or recognize something that has been previously encountered, while recall refers to the ability to retrieve or bring back information from memory without any cues or prompts. Recall requires a higher level of cognitive effort as it involves retrieving information from memory without any external assistance, making it a more advanced form of memory compared to recognition.

The statement that memory span can only have 7±2 items is true. This is based on research in cognitive psychology that suggests that the average person's short-term memory can hold around 7 items, give or take 2. This concept is known as Miller's Law and has been supported by various studies. It means that individuals can typically remember around 5 to 9 pieces of information at a time before their memory starts to deteriorate.

Infants act directly on what they perceive

The statement is true because visual motor coordination, which refers to the ability to coordinate visual perception with motor skills, typically develops and becomes more refined as a child grows. By 14 months of age, most children have reached a stage where their visual motor coordination is similar to that of an adult. This means that they are able to accurately interpret visual information and use their motor skills to respond or interact with their environment in a coordinated manner.

Tactile perception refers to the ability to detect and interpret sensory information through touch. This includes the ability to feel and recognize different textures, temperatures, and pressures. It involves the integration of sensory input from the skin and the interpretation of that information by the brain. Tactile perception allows us to explore and interact with our environment through touch, and plays a crucial role in our overall sensory experience.

4 to 5 months

The correct answer is 16 - 35 years. This age range is considered the typical childbearing age for women. It is generally believed that women in this age group have a lower risk of pregnancy complications and are more likely to have healthy pregnancies and babies. Women who are younger than 16 or older than 35 may face higher risks and challenges during pregnancy and childbirth.

Normal birth occurs at 38 - 42 weeks. This is considered the full-term duration for a pregnancy. Most pregnancies last around 40 weeks, but it is also considered normal for a pregnancy to last anywhere between 38 and 42 weeks. This range allows for some natural variation in the length of gestation while still being within the normal range.

The cocktail party phenomenon refers to the ability to focus one's attention on a specific stimulus while filtering out other distracting stimuli in a crowded environment, such as a cocktail party. This process is known as selective attention. It allows individuals to selectively attend to relevant information while ignoring irrelevant or less important information, enhancing their ability to recall and recognize the desired stimulus.

Involuntary, Prehension, Manipulation, Regression

The visual cliff is typically established at 6 months. At this age, infants have developed enough visual and motor skills to perceive depth and understand the concept of a drop-off. This is an important milestone in their cognitive and perceptual development.

Intermodal perception refers to the ability to perceive information from one sensory modality and integrate it with information from another modality. It involves combining and making sense of sensory inputs from different sources, such as combining visual and auditory information. This ability allows us to create a cohesive and comprehensive understanding of the world around us. Tactile perception, on the other hand, specifically refers to the perception of touch. Perceptual integration is a more general term that encompasses the process of combining and integrating sensory information, but it does not specifically emphasize the integration of information from different modalities.

Serial attention is attending to one thing then another.

The acuity of vision refers to the sharpness or clarity of one's vision. The question asks at what age the acuity of vision becomes adult-like. The correct answer is 12 years. This suggests that by the age of 12, a person's vision has typically developed to a level similar to that of an adult, with clear and sharp visual perception.

Long term memory and working memory are two distinct components of memory. Long term memory refers to the storage of information over an extended period of time, while working memory is a temporary storage system that holds information for immediate processing and manipulation. Therefore, the statement that "Long term memory is also known as working memory" is false.

A motor schema refers to the storage of movement elements and the relationship between these elements. It is a cognitive framework that allows individuals to plan and execute movements by retrieving stored information about the sequence, timing, and coordination of motor actions. Motor schemas are essential for the development of motor skills and the efficient execution of movements. They enable individuals to perform tasks with minimal cognitive effort and adapt their movements to different situations or environments.

subcorticol areas

The correct answer is "neuronal group selection." This term refers to the process by which certain groups of neurons are selected and organized in the brain to perform specific functions. It suggests that changes in brain circuitry occur through the selection and coordination of these neuronal groups, which work together as dynamic systems to carry out complex tasks and behaviors. This concept highlights the importance of self-organizing and coordinative structures within the brain's neural networks.

The statement "Stature is affected by physical activity" is false. Stature refers to a person's height, which is primarily determined by genetic factors. While physical activity can have an impact on overall health and posture, it does not directly affect a person's stature or height. Height is largely determined by factors such as genetics, nutrition, and overall health during childhood and adolescence.

The given statement states that a certain percentage of adults are overweight. Out of the options provided, the closest percentage to being overweight is 65%. This suggests that 65% of adults are overweight.

Figure-ground perception refers to the ability to distinguish an object from its surrounding background. It allows us to separate and perceive objects as distinct from the environment they are in. This perceptual process enables us to focus on and identify specific objects, while ignoring the background or irrelevant stimuli. It helps in organizing visual information and understanding the spatial relationships between objects and their surroundings.

Reflexive areas are controlled in subcortical areas. Subcortical areas refer to the regions of the brain that lie beneath the cerebral cortex. These areas play a crucial role in controlling reflexive actions and behaviors. They are involved in processing sensory information and generating automatic responses without the involvement of conscious thought. This includes activities like breathing, heart rate regulation, and basic reflexes. The motor cortex, on the other hand, is responsible for voluntary movements, while the cutaneous cortex is involved in processing tactile sensations.

The field of vision refers to the extent of the visual area that a person can see without moving their eyes or head. In infants, the field of vision is initially limited, but it gradually expands as they grow and develop. By the age of 5 years, a child's field of vision becomes more adult-like, meaning it reaches a similar extent as that of an adult. Therefore, the correct answer is 5 years.

They are self organizing