Linux Essentials Final Exam
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Questions and Answers
- 1.
One of the jobs of the kernel is to:
- A.
Manage the system's recources
- B.
Turn source code into machine code
- C.
Load the operating system after the computer is turned on
- D.
Transfer mail from one machine to another
Correct Answer
A. Manage the system's recourcesExplanation
The kernel is responsible for managing the system's resources, such as memory, CPU, and input/output devices. It allocates and deallocates resources to different processes, ensuring efficient utilization and preventing conflicts. This includes managing memory allocation, scheduling processes, handling interrupts, and controlling device drivers. Therefore, managing the system's resources is one of the primary tasks of the kernel.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Unix is: (Choose two)
- A.
An operating system
- B.
A type of hardware
- C.
A trademark
- D.
A distribution of Linux
- E.
A text editor
Correct Answer(s)
A. An operating system
C. A trademarkExplanation
Unix is an operating system that was developed in the 1960s and is still widely used today. It is known for its stability, security, and scalability. Additionally, Unix is also a trademark, indicating that it is a specific implementation of the operating system. However, Unix is not a type of hardware, a distribution of Linux, or a text editor.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Linux is written in:
- A.
C
- B.
NET
- C.
C++
- D.
Java
- E.
Perl
Correct Answer
A. CExplanation
Linux is written in C because C is a low-level programming language that provides direct access to memory and hardware, making it suitable for developing an operating system like Linux. C is known for its efficiency, speed, and ability to handle system-level tasks. Additionally, C has a large community and extensive libraries that support Linux development.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Source code refers to:
- A.
The version of a program that the computer runs on the CPU
- B.
The license that dictates how you may use and share the software
- C.
The interface that software uses to talk to the kernel
- D.
A human readable version of computer software
Correct Answer
D. A human readable version of computer softwareExplanation
Source code refers to a human readable version of computer software. It is the original version of a program that is written in a programming language and can be understood by programmers. It is not the version that the computer runs on the CPU, the license that dictates how you may use and share the software, or the interface that software uses to talk to the kernel.Rate this question:
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- 5.
What is the standard option to provide a command line program to view its documentation?
- A.
-info
- B.
-doc
- C.
-help
- D.
-h
Correct Answer
C. -helpExplanation
The standard option to provide a command line program to view its documentation is "-help". This option is commonly used in command line interfaces to display a brief summary of the available commands and their usage. By using the "-help" option, users can quickly access the documentation and get information on how to use the program effectively.Rate this question:
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- 6.
The command man -k is the same as the command apropos. True or false?
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The statement is true because both the "man -k" command and the "apropos" command serve the same purpose, which is to search for commands or keywords in the system's manual pages. They provide a list of relevant manual pages that contain the searched keyword or command, allowing users to find the appropriate documentation for their needs.Rate this question:
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- 7.
The whatis command is the same as man -w.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The statement is true because the "whatis" command in a Unix-like operating system is used to display a brief description of a command or function. Similarly, the "man -w" command is used to display the location of the manual page for a command or function. Both commands serve a similar purpose of providing information about commands or functions in a Unix-like operating system.Rate this question:
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- 8.
The directory where additional documentation for software packages most likely can be found is:
- A.
/var/lib/doc
- B.
/usr/software/doc
- C.
/usr/share/doc
- D.
/var/share/doc
Correct Answer
C. /usr/share/docExplanation
The correct answer is /usr/share/doc. This directory is commonly used to store additional documentation for software packages in many Linux distributions. It is a standard location where users can find documentation files, such as manuals, guides, and README files, related to installed software packages.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Hidden files are files that begin with what character?
- A.
A plus (+)
- B.
A dash (-)
- C.
A period (.)
- D.
An asterisk (*)
Correct Answer
C. A period (.)Explanation
Hidden files are files that begin with a period (.) in their file name. This is a common convention in many operating systems, such as Unix and Unix-like systems, to indicate that a file is hidden and should not be displayed in normal file listings. The use of a period as the first character in a file name is a way to hide files from casual users and prevent accidental modification or deletion.Rate this question:
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- 10.
What option for the ls command will display all files, including hidden files?
- A.
-w
- B.
-H
- C.
-L
- D.
-a
Correct Answer
D. -aExplanation
The option "-a" for the ls command is used to display all files, including hidden files. Hidden files in Unix-like operating systems are files that start with a dot (.) and are typically not shown in directory listings. By using the "-a" option, all files, including these hidden files, will be displayed in the output of the ls command.Rate this question:
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- 11.
The top-level directory on a Linux system is represented as:
- A.
/
- B.
/root
- C.
/home
- D.
C:
Correct Answer
A. /Explanation
The top-level directory on a Linux system is represented as "/". This is because the forward slash (/) is used as the root directory in Linux. The root directory is the starting point for the file system hierarchy and contains all other directories and files in the system. The other options mentioned (/root, /home, C:) are not the top-level directory, but rather specific directories within the file system.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Is the following path absolute or relative? /etc/ppp
- A.
Relative
- B.
Absolute
Correct Answer
B. AbsoluteExplanation
The given path "/etc/ppp" is an absolute path because it starts with a forward slash ("/") which indicates the root directory. Absolute paths provide the complete and exact location of a file or directory in the file system, regardless of the current working directory.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Is the following path absolute or relative? Sysadmin/Documents
- A.
Relative
- B.
Absolute
Correct Answer
A. RelativeExplanation
The given path "Sysadmin/Documents" is a relative path. A relative path is a path that is relative to the current working directory or another given starting point. In this case, the path is relative to the current working directory, which means that it specifies the location of the "Documents" folder within the "Sysadmin" directory, relative to the current location of the user or program.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Compressing on a file works by:
- A.
Removing the high order bit from each byte
- B.
Consolidating multiple files into one
- C.
Removing redundant information
- D.
Storing most of the data on removable media and just leaving a pointer
- E.
Eliminating gaps within the file
Correct Answer
C. Removing redundant informationExplanation
Compressing a file involves removing redundant information. Redundant information refers to data that is repetitive or unnecessary for the file's intended purpose. By eliminating this redundant information, the file size is reduced, making it easier to store, transmit, or process. This process can be achieved through various compression algorithms that identify and remove patterns, repetitions, or unused data within the file, resulting in a more efficient representation of the original data.Rate this question:
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- 15.
In general, for which of the following would you want to use lossless compression?
- A.
An mp3 audio file
- B.
A movie
- C.
A log file
- D.
A JPEG image
- E.
An encrypted email
Correct Answer
C. A log fileExplanation
Lossless compression is preferred for a log file because it ensures that no data is lost during the compression process. Log files contain important information that needs to be preserved accurately, such as system events, errors, and user activities. By using lossless compression, the log file can be reduced in size without sacrificing any details or compromising the integrity of the data. This is crucial for analyzing and troubleshooting purposes, where every piece of information in the log file is valuable.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Lossy compression: (choose three)
- A.
Is ofter used with documents
- B.
Decompresses to an identical version as the original
- C.
Sacrifices some quality
- D.
Usually results better compression than lossless
- E.
Is often used with images
Correct Answer(s)
C. Sacrifices some quality
D. Usually results better compression than lossless
E. Is often used with imagesExplanation
Lossy compression is a technique that sacrifices some quality in order to achieve better compression than lossless methods. It is often used with images because the human eye is less sensitive to certain types of quality loss in visual data. However, it is not typically used with documents, as it may result in the loss of important information. When decompressed, the file may not be identical to the original, as some data has been permanently discarded during the compression process.Rate this question:
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- 17.
You type gzip myfile.tar. What happens? (choose two)
- A.
Myfile.tar.gz holds a compressed version of myfile.tar
- B.
An error; you forgot to pass the name of the output file
- C.
An error; you forgot to specify the file with -f
- D.
Myfile.tar is unarchived into the current directory
- E.
Myfile.tar is removed
Correct Answer(s)
A. Myfile.tar.gz holds a compressed version of myfile.tar
E. Myfile.tar is removed -
- 18.
Error messages generated by commands are sent where by default?
- A.
STDIN
- B.
Log files
- C.
STDERR
- D.
STDOUT
Correct Answer
C. STDERRExplanation
When error messages are generated by commands, they are sent to the STDERR stream by default. STDERR is a standard stream used for error output, separate from the STDOUT stream which is used for regular output. This separation allows for easier identification and handling of errors. Log files are used to store logs and not specifically for error messages. STDIN is used for input, not output.Rate this question:
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- 19.
A successful command will print output to STDOUT True or False?
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
A successful command will print output to STDOUT. This means that when a command is executed successfully, it will display the desired output on the standard output stream. Therefore, the statement "A successful command will print output to STDOUT" is true.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Which of the following commands will direct error messages to the file, error.log? (choose one)
- A.
Ls /root > error.log
- B.
Ls /root >> error.log
- C.
Ls /root 2> error.log
- D.
Ls /root $> error.log
Correct Answer
C. Ls /root 2> error.logExplanation
The correct answer is "ls /root 2> error.log". This command uses the "2>" operator to redirect error messages to the file "error.log". The "2" represents the file descriptor for standard error, and the ">" symbol indicates that the output should be redirected to a file. Therefore, any error messages generated by the "ls /root" command will be saved in the "error.log" file.Rate this question:
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- 21.
A pipe allows you to...
- A.
Send the same input to multiple commands
- B.
Send the output of one command to another
- C.
Send the output of a command to a file
- D.
Type multiple commands at one prompt
Correct Answer
B. Send the output of one command to anotherExplanation
A pipe allows you to redirect the output of one command and use it as the input for another command. This is useful when you want to perform a series of operations on the output of a command without saving it to a file first. By using a pipe, you can streamline your workflow and avoid unnecessary intermediate steps.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Channel 2 is:
- A.
STDERR
- B.
STDIN
- C.
STDALL
- D.
STDOUT
Correct Answer
A. STDERRExplanation
Channel 2 refers to STDERR, which stands for Standard Error. STDERR is a standard output stream that is used to display error messages and diagnostics from a program. It is separate from STDOUT (Standard Output), which is used for normal program output. By redirecting STDERR, error messages can be separated from regular output, allowing for better error handling and debugging.Rate this question:
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- 23.
The echo command:
- A.
Tests a variable for duplication
- B.
Ducplicates the input stream to the output stream
- C.
IS used for variable assignment
- D.
Is used to ouput text to the console
- E.
Copies variables from one to another
Correct Answer
D. Is used to ouput text to the consoleExplanation
The echo command is used to output text to the console. It allows the user to display messages or variables on the screen during the execution of a script or command. This can be useful for providing feedback or displaying information to the user.Rate this question:
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- 24.
A file begins with #!/bin/csh. This means:
- A.
C Shell compatibility mode is enabled
- B.
Running the script will invoke /bin/csh to interpret the rest of the file
- C.
The operator should not be using /bin/csh
- D.
This is a Peri script
- E.
Nothing, this is a comment
Correct Answer
B. Running the script will invoke /bin/csh to interpret the rest of the fileExplanation
The correct answer is "Running the script will invoke /bin/csh to interpret the rest of the file." This is because the #!/bin/csh at the beginning of the file is known as a shebang or hashbang, and it specifies the interpreter that should be used to execute the script. In this case, it indicates that the script should be run using the C Shell (/bin/csh).Rate this question:
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- 25.
Which are appropriate editors for writing shell script? (choose two)
- A.
Nano
- B.
LibrOffice Writer
- C.
/bin/bash
- D.
Vi
- E.
Firefox
Correct Answer(s)
A. Nano
D. ViExplanation
The appropriate editors for writing shell script are nano and vi. Nano is a simple and user-friendly text editor that is commonly used for editing files in the terminal. Vi, on the other hand, is a powerful and versatile text editor that is widely used by experienced users. Both editors provide the necessary features and functionality for writing and editing shell scripts effectively. LibrOffice Writer, Firefox, and /bin/bash are not appropriate editors for writing shell scripts as they are not specifically designed for this purpose.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Most of nano's commands take the form of:
- A.
Escape followed by another character
- B.
Mouse clicks
- C.
The F1 through F12 function keys
- D.
Alt and another character
- E.
Control and another character
Correct Answer
E. Control and another characterExplanation
The correct answer is "Control and another character" because in nano, most commands are executed by pressing the Control key along with another character on the keyboard. This combination allows users to perform various actions such as saving the file, copying and pasting text, searching for specific words, and many more. By using the Control key in combination with another character, users can navigate and manipulate the text efficiently within the nano text editor.Rate this question:
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- 27.
What does this shell cript do? FOO=/tmp/foo if [ ! –d $FOO ]; then mkdir $FOO fi
- A.
Nothing, since there is a problem with the conditions in the if statement
- B.
Makes the /tmp/foo directory if a file by that name exists
- C.
Creates /tmp/foo if it does not exists
- D.
Creates /tmp/foo and raises an error if there is a problem
- E.
Outputs a message to the screen
Correct Answer
C. Creates /tmp/foo if it does not existsExplanation
The given shell script checks if the directory "/tmp/foo" does not exist. If it does not exist, the script creates the directory. Therefore, the correct answer is "Creates /tmp/foo if it does not exist".Rate this question:
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- 28.
Which of the following are valid CPU types for intel-based platforms? (choose two)
- A.
48 bit
- B.
24 bit
- C.
64 bit
- D.
32 bit
Correct Answer(s)
C. 64 bit
D. 32 bitExplanation
The valid CPU types for Intel-based platforms are 64 bit and 32 bit. These refer to the number of bits that the processor can handle at a time. A 64-bit processor can handle larger amounts of data and perform more complex calculations compared to a 32-bit processor. Intel-based platforms support both of these CPU types, allowing for a wide range of applications and software compatibility.Rate this question:
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- 29.
64 bit platforms can acess more memory than 32 bit platforms
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
This statement is true because 64-bit platforms have a larger address space compared to 32-bit platforms. In a 32-bit platform, the memory address is limited to 32 bits, allowing access to a maximum of 4GB of memory. On the other hand, a 64-bit platform has a 64-bit memory address, which allows for a much larger address space, theoretically up to 18.4 million TB of memory. Therefore, 64-bit platforms can indeed access more memory than 32-bit platforms.Rate this question:
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- 30.
What does the acronym RPM mean?
- A.
Relocate Package Manager
- B.
Return Package Management
- C.
RPM Package Mangement
- D.
Recursive Package Manager
Correct Answer
C. RPM Package MangementExplanation
RPM stands for RPM Package Management. RPM is a package management system used in many Linux distributions. It is responsible for managing the installation, upgrading, and removal of software packages on a system. RPM Package Management allows users to easily install, update, and remove software packages using the RPM command-line tool or graphical package managers.Rate this question:
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- 31.
One way to install new software on a Linux system is to use a package management system
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
On a Linux system, one way to install new software is by using a package management system. This system allows users to easily search for, download, and install software packages from official repositories. It ensures that the software is compatible with the Linux distribution and handles dependencies automatically. This method is convenient and efficient as it simplifies the installation process and helps in managing software updates and removals.Rate this question:
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- 32.
When you execute the dmesg command, the system displays messages that are generated by the kernel.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The explanation for the given correct answer is that when the dmesg command is executed, it displays messages that are generated by the kernel. This means that the system will show any kernel-related messages or logs when the dmesg command is run. Therefore, the statement "True" is the correct answer as it accurately reflects the functionality of the dmesg command.Rate this question:
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- 33.
Which of the following are package management commands for distributions with software distributed in files ending in .deb? (Choose three)
- A.
Rpm
- B.
Apt-get
- C.
Dpkg
- D.
Aptitude
Correct Answer(s)
B. Apt-get
C. Dpkg
D. AptitudeExplanation
The correct answer is apt-get, dpkg, and aptitude. These three commands are package management commands specifically used for distributions with software distributed in files ending in .deb. rpm is not a package management command for .deb files, it is used for distributions with software distributed in files ending in .rpm.Rate this question:
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- 34.
Which of the following are package management commands for distributions with software distributed in files ending in .rpm?
- A.
Yum
- B.
Apt-get
- C.
Rpm
- D.
Yumex
Correct Answer(s)
A. Yum
C. Rpm
D. YumexExplanation
The correct answer is yum, rpm, and yumex. Yum is a package management command for RPM-based distributions. It is used to install, update, and remove software packages. RPM is another package management command specifically for RPM-based distributions. It is used to install, query, verify, update, and remove software packages. Yumex is a graphical user interface for yum, providing a more user-friendly way to manage packages.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Which of the following would be considered a host?
- A.
A printer attached to the network via an IP address
- B.
A CDROM
- C.
The computer's hard drive
- D.
A network cable
Correct Answer
A. A printer attached to the network via an IP addressExplanation
A printer attached to the network via an IP address would be considered a host because it is a device connected to the network that can send and receive data. It has its own unique IP address, allowing it to communicate with other devices on the network.Rate this question:
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- 36.
A service is...
- A.
A file that contains configuration information
- B.
Another name for a computer's hostname
- C.
A feature provided by one computer to another
- D.
Like an IP address
Correct Answer
C. A feature provided by one computer to anotherExplanation
A service is a feature provided by one computer to another. This means that one computer offers a specific functionality or capability that can be accessed and utilized by another computer. It is not a file containing configuration information, another name for a computer's hostname, or like an IP address.Rate this question:
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- 37.
A network packet contains... (choose two)
- A.
The IP address of the destination machine
- B.
A hard drive partition
- C.
The name of ther outer
- D.
The IP address of the source machine
Correct Answer(s)
A. The IP address of the destination machine
D. The IP address of the source machineExplanation
A network packet contains the IP address of the destination machine and the IP address of the source machine. These two pieces of information are crucial for the packet to be properly routed and delivered to the intended recipient. The IP address of the destination machine helps the network infrastructure determine where the packet needs to be sent, while the IP address of the source machine allows the recipient to send a response back to the correct sender.Rate this question:
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- 38.
Only servers have hostnames.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The statement "Only servers have hostnames" is incorrect. Hostnames are used to identify any device connected to a network, not just servers. Devices such as computers, laptops, smartphones, printers, and even IoT devices can have hostnames assigned to them. Therefore, the correct answer is False.Rate this question:
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- 39.
Which files contain user account information? (choose two)
- A.
/etc/passwd
- B.
/etc/shadow
- C.
/etc/group
Correct Answer(s)
A. /etc/passwd
B. /etc/shadowExplanation
The correct answer is /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow. The /etc/passwd file contains basic user account information such as username, user ID, home directory, and login shell. The /etc/shadow file, on the other hand, stores the encrypted passwords for user accounts. These two files are commonly used in Unix-based systems to manage user accounts and authentication. The /etc/group file, mentioned as an option in the question, contains information about system groups and their members, but it does not specifically contain user account information.Rate this question:
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- 40.
Which user can view the /etc/shadow file?
- A.
The root user
- B.
No users
- C.
Any member of the password group
- D.
All users
Correct Answer
A. The root userExplanation
The root user is the correct answer because the /etc/shadow file is a sensitive file that contains encrypted password hashes for user accounts. Only the root user, who has administrative privileges, can access and view this file. Other users, including members of the password group, do not have the necessary permissions to view the /etc/shadow file.Rate this question:
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- 41.
Which command will display the UID, GID and grouops you current user belongs to?
- A.
Id
- B.
Whoami
- C.
Who
- D.
About
Correct Answer
A. IdExplanation
The command "id" is used to display the UID (User ID), GID (Group ID), and the groups that the current user belongs to. This command provides information about the user's identity and group memberships.Rate this question:
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- 42.
Each user belongs to at least one group. True or False?
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
This statement is true because it states that each user belongs to at least one group. This means that there are no users who do not belong to any group.Rate this question:
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- 43.
Which command will display the users that are currently logged in to the system?
- A.
Who
- B.
About
- C.
Whoami
- D.
Id
Correct Answer
A. WhoExplanation
The "who" command is used to display the users that are currently logged in to the system. It provides information such as the username, terminal, login time, and remote host. This command is helpful for system administrators to monitor user activity and manage resources effectively.Rate this question:
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- 44.
UIDs 1-500 are usually reserved for what kind of users?
- A.
Are not used for user accounts, but for group accounts
- B.
System accounts, such as server processes
- C.
Remote log-in accounts
- D.
Log-in (human) users
Correct Answer
B. System accounts, such as server processesExplanation
UIDs 1-500 are typically reserved for system accounts, such as server processes. These accounts are used by the operating system to execute various tasks and manage system resources. They are not associated with log-in users or remote log-in accounts, which have different UID ranges. Group accounts also have their own separate range of UIDs and are not included in the 1-500 range.Rate this question:
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- 45.
If a user is deleted, the files and directories that the user owned....
- A.
Are deleted as well.
- B.
Will have no UID owner.
- C.
Will show a UID as the owner, but not user name.
- D.
Will have no user owner.
Correct Answer
C. Will show a UID as the owner, but not user name.Explanation
When a user is deleted, the files and directories that the user owned will still exist. However, the ownership of these files and directories will be changed to a unique identifier (UID), which is a numeric value used to represent the user. The user name associated with the UID will no longer be displayed, but the UID itself will be shown as the owner of the files and directories.Rate this question:
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- 46.
Which of the following options for the useradd command allows root to specify the UID to be associated with the account?
- A.
-g
- B.
-u
- C.
-U
- D.
-G
Correct Answer
B. -uExplanation
The option "-u" for the useradd command allows root to specify the UID (User ID) to be associated with the account. This option is used to assign a specific numerical value to identify the user. By using this option, root can have control over the UID assigned to the account, ensuring it meets any specific requirements or preferences.Rate this question:
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- 47.
Which of the following options for the useradd command allows root to specify supplementary groups the user will be a member of?
- A.
-u
- B.
U
- C.
-g
- D.
-G
Correct Answer
D. -GExplanation
The option "-G" for the useradd command allows root to specify supplementary groups that the user will be a member of. This option is used to add the user to additional groups apart from the default group. By using this option, root can assign the user to multiple groups, granting them access and permissions associated with those groups.Rate this question:
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- 48.
On a system that does not use UPG, the useradd command will also create a user group. For example, user bob, group bob. True or false?
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
On a system that does not use UPG, the useradd command will not create a user group. The useradd command is used to create a new user account, but it does not automatically create a corresponding user group. To create a user group, a separate command like groupadd needs to be used.Rate this question:
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- 49.
Which of the following commands set "other" permissions on file to r-x?
- A.
Chmod o+rx file
- B.
Chmod o-r-w file
- C.
Chmod o=r+x file
- D.
Chmod o=rx file
Correct Answer
D. Chmod o=rx fileExplanation
The correct answer is "chmod o=rx file". This command sets the "other" permissions on the file to r-x. The "o" represents the "other" user category, "=" sets the permissions to the specified value, and "rx" means read and execute permissions are granted. Therefore, this command sets the "other" permissions to read and execute, while removing any other permissions.Rate this question:
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- 50.
Which of the following commands sets "other" permissions on file to r-x?
- A.
Chmod 774 file
- B.
Chmod 776 file
- C.
Chmod 775 file
- D.
Chmod 777 file
Correct Answer
C. Chmod 775 fileExplanation
The correct answer is "chmod 775 file". In Linux, the chmod command is used to change the permissions of a file or directory. The first digit represents the owner's permissions, the second digit represents the group's permissions, and the third digit represents the permissions for others. The number "7" represents read, write, and execute permissions, while the number "5" represents read and execute permissions. Therefore, "chmod 775 file" sets the owner and group permissions to read, write, and execute, and the other permissions to read and execute.Rate this question:
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