Rise & Fall Of The Soviet Union Test 1
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Stalin's IMMEDIATE response to the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 was to
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Coordinate a secret counteroffensive through the Caucasus
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Go into seclusion for several days
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Appeal to the Allies for assistance
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Publicly rally the population around the socialist cause
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The Soviet Union was one of the world’s biggest and most powerful Nation in the world. The collapse of this union brought with it cheers and fears. This collapse led to the end of the cold war that had lasted for almost 44 years. Test your knowledge of this rise and fall by taking the quiz below.
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- 2.
The food crisis that existed when the Bolsheviks seized power in 1917 persisted for several years afterward, mostly because
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A widespread drought was killing off many Russian crops
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Surplus stores of grain were hoarded by thuggish overlords in rural areas
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Most Russian grain was being exported to support the expansion of Bolshevik power
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Peasants were given no incentive to produce under War Communism's requisition policies
Correct Answer
A. Peasants were given no incentive to produce under War Communism's requisition policiesExplanation
The food crisis that existed when the Bolsheviks seized power in 1917 persisted for several years afterward because peasants were given no incentive to produce under War Communism's requisition policies. This policy involved the government seizing grain from peasants to redistribute it to the urban population and the Red Army. However, since the peasants had no incentive to produce more than what was required by the government, agricultural production declined, leading to food shortages and the persistence of the food crisis.Rate this question:
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- 3.
In 1986, the Soviet Union and Japan had no working peace agreement because of
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Lingering tensions from the Soviet destruction of a commercial airliner just north of Japan
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The Soviet occupation of four northern Japanese islands since World War II
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The Japanese refusal to cede all of Sakhalin Island
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The lack of a formal treaty after the Russo-Japanese War
Correct Answer
A. The Soviet occupation of four northern Japanese islands since World War IIExplanation
The correct answer is the Soviet occupation of four northern Japanese islands since World War II. This is because the Soviet Union occupied the islands of Shikotan, Kunashir, Iturup, and Habomai after World War II, and this occupation created tensions between the Soviet Union and Japan. The two countries were unable to reach a peace agreement because Japan wanted the return of the islands, while the Soviet Union refused to give them up. This issue remained unresolved, leading to the absence of a working peace agreement between the two nations.Rate this question:
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- 4.
In 1926, a United Opposition was formed within the Communist Party. Against whom was this opposition united?
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Stalin
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Gorky
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Trotsky
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Zinoviev and Kamenev
Correct Answer
A. StalinExplanation
The correct answer is Stalin. In 1926, a United Opposition was formed within the Communist Party, and it was united against Stalin. This opposition consisted of various members, including Trotsky, Zinoviev, and Kamenev, who were critical of Stalin's leadership and policies. They opposed Stalin's consolidation of power and his deviation from the original ideals of the Communist Party. This opposition eventually led to their expulsion from the party and Stalin's further consolidation of power.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Which of the following were principles adopted at the 1966 23rd Party Congress, led by Brezhnev and Kosygin? I. An economic program that emphasized defense production and heavy industry II. A relaxation of artistic and ideological controls III. An end to the discussion of human rights abuses that occurred under Stalin
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I, II
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II only
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II, III
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I, II, III
Correct Answer
A. I, IIExplanation
At the 1966 23rd Party Congress led by Brezhnev and Kosygin, two principles were adopted. The first principle was an economic program that focused on defense production and heavy industry. This suggests that the Soviet Union aimed to strengthen its military capabilities and promote industrial growth in strategic sectors. The second principle was a relaxation of artistic and ideological controls. This indicates a shift towards allowing more artistic freedom and a loosening of restrictions on ideological expression. Therefore, the correct answer is I, II.Rate this question:
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- 6.
A large subdivision of a Soviet republic, comparable to a province, was known as a(n)
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Raion
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Balkan
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Soyuz
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Oblast
Correct Answer
A. OblastExplanation
In the Soviet Union, a large subdivision comparable to a province was known as an oblast. This term refers to an administrative division within a republic, similar to a state or province in other countries. Oblasts were responsible for governing and managing various aspects of the region, including economic development, infrastructure, and social services. They played a crucial role in the centralized governance structure of the Soviet republics.Rate this question:
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- 7.
In the late nineteenth-century Russia, the commune system that was established after the emancipation of the peasantry proved to be relatively unproductive. The main reason for this was because the
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Majority of peasants did not have hereditary tenure and therefore had no interest in developing the land
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Nobles still controlled the flow of capital resources into the communes
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Population was increasing at a rate that could not be supported by family farming
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Political alliances among commune leaders were mostly corrupt and siphoned off much of the profits
Correct Answer
A. Majority of peasants did not have hereditary tenure and therefore had no interest in developing the landExplanation
The majority of peasants not having hereditary tenure meant that they did not have long-term ownership or control over the land they worked on. This lack of ownership incentive resulted in a lack of interest in investing time, effort, or resources into developing the land. Without the motivation to improve productivity, the commune system became relatively unproductive.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Which of the following was the first country to accept Soviet gold in the period following the 1917 revolution?
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Japan
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Sweden
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Italy
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Norway
Correct Answer
A. SwedenExplanation
Sweden was the first country to accept Soviet gold in the period following the 1917 revolution.Rate this question:
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- 9.
For what reason was Soviet secret police chief Lavrenti Beria tried and executed in 1953?
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Other Soviet leaders felt threatened by his power.
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He was a spy working for the British.
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He protested Krushchev's policy of de-Stalinization.
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He was one of the Jews implicated in the Doctors' Plot.
Correct Answer
A. Other Soviet leaders felt threatened by his power.Explanation
Lavrenti Beria was tried and executed in 1953 because other Soviet leaders felt threatened by his power. This suggests that Beria had amassed significant influence and authority, which made the other leaders uneasy. In order to eliminate this perceived threat, they decided to remove him from his position and ultimately execute him.Rate this question:
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- 10.
The New Economic Policy (NEP) declared by Lenin in 1921 was, first and formost, a(n) ___ policy.
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Investment
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Agrarian
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Industrial
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Social engineering
Correct Answer
A. AgrarianExplanation
The New Economic Policy (NEP) declared by Lenin in 1921 was primarily an agrarian policy. This policy aimed to revive the Soviet economy by allowing limited private ownership of land and small-scale farming. It was a departure from the previous War Communism policy, which had led to economic collapse and widespread famine. The NEP focused on incentivizing agricultural production and improving the conditions of the peasantry, as agriculture was seen as the foundation of the Soviet economy. This policy allowed peasants to sell their surplus produce in the open market and encouraged them to increase productivity.Rate this question:
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- 11.
The Rapallo Treaty of 1922 marked the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Soviet Republic and
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Germany
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The United States
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Japan
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Great Britain
Correct Answer
A. GermanyExplanation
The Rapallo Treaty of 1922 marked the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Soviet Republic and Germany. This treaty was significant because it allowed both countries to overcome the isolation they faced after World War I and establish political and economic cooperation. The treaty also included secret military provisions that allowed Germany to train its military in Soviet territory, which helped both countries circumvent the restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. The Rapallo Treaty was a turning point in Soviet-German relations and had long-lasting implications for European politics in the interwar period.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Throughout the Soviet era, the most powerful body within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) was the
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Orgburo
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Central Committee
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Politburo
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Supreme Soviet
Correct Answer
A. PolitburoExplanation
The correct answer is Politburo. Throughout the Soviet era, the Politburo was the most powerful body within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). It consisted of the most influential members of the party and made decisions on important matters of state. The Politburo had the authority to appoint and dismiss party officials, determine policies, and shape the direction of the Soviet Union. It played a crucial role in the governance of the country and had significant control over political and economic affairs.Rate this question:
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- 13.
The reign of Alexander III (1881-1894) can be most accurately characterized as
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A period of cautions reform whose slow pace further angered revolutionaries
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Economic stagnation caused by the retrenchment of industrial capabilities
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A harsh police state designed to re-establish autocracy
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A country preoccupied with foreign wars to the neglect of domestic issues
Correct Answer
A. A harsh police state designed to re-establish autocracyExplanation
During Alexander III's reign, he implemented strict measures to suppress any form of opposition and maintain absolute control over the country. He established a harsh police state, which involved increased surveillance, censorship, and the use of secret police to suppress dissent. These measures were aimed at re-establishing autocracy and preventing any challenges to the existing political order. The oppressive nature of the regime further fueled the anger of revolutionaries who sought more significant reforms, contributing to the overall discontent and tensions within the society.Rate this question:
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- 14.
The short-term effect of the 1967 Six-Day War on Soviet foreign relations was
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Arab skepticism of Soviet resolve
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Improved diplomatic relations with Israel
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Increased Soviet involvement in building the Arab militaries
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A strengthening of cooperation with the West
Correct Answer
A. Arab skepticism of Soviet resolveExplanation
The short-term effect of the 1967 Six-Day War on Soviet foreign relations was Arab skepticism of Soviet resolve. This means that the Arab countries doubted the commitment and reliability of the Soviet Union in supporting them during the conflict. The outcome of the war, where Israel emerged victorious, led to a loss of confidence in the Soviet Union's ability to protect and assist Arab nations. This skepticism had a negative impact on Soviet foreign relations in the region in the immediate aftermath of the war.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Which of the following was NOT an idea that was characteristic of the changing landmarks movement of the 1920s? The
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Bolsheviks were the embodiment of the Russian spirit and would achieve the ultimate stability of the nation
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Revolution had been halted by the Soviet government, which was proceeding to carry out programs
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Evolution from radicalism to empire would proceed as it had after the French revolution
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Russian revolution was fundamentally a nationalist revolution with Slavic roots
Correct Answer
A. Bolsheviks were the embodiment of the Russian spirit and would achieve the ultimate stability of the nationExplanation
The changing landmarks movement of the 1920s was characterized by various ideas, such as the belief that the Russian revolution had been halted by the Soviet government and the expectation that the evolution from radicalism to empire would proceed similarly to what happened after the French revolution. Additionally, it was believed that the Russian revolution was fundamentally a nationalist revolution with Slavic roots. However, the idea that the Bolsheviks were the embodiment of the Russian spirit and would achieve the ultimate stability of the nation was not characteristic of the changing landmarks movement of the 1920s.Rate this question:
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- 16.
The USSR's quota-driven command economy was in operation to some degree from the year ___ to the fall of the Soviet Union.
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1918
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1921
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1929
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1934
Correct Answer
A. 1929Explanation
The correct answer is 1929. The quota-driven command economy of the USSR was implemented in 1929 and continued to some degree until the fall of the Soviet Union. This system involved the government setting production targets, known as quotas, for various industries and collectivizing agriculture. It aimed to centralize economic control and promote industrialization, but ultimately led to inefficiencies and economic stagnation. The command economy was a defining feature of the Soviet Union's economic system during this period.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Among the factors that permitted the Bolsheviks' relatively bloodless takeover of the Winter Palace in the fall of 1917, the most significant was
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Their appeal to the peasantry
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The lack of resistance from from the military
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Their ability to appease the landed aristocracy
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The brilliance of Lenin and Trotsky
Correct Answer
A. The lack of resistance from from the militaryExplanation
The most significant factor that permitted the Bolsheviks' relatively bloodless takeover of the Winter Palace in the fall of 1917 was the lack of resistance from the military. This suggests that the military either supported or did not oppose the Bolsheviks' actions, allowing them to seize control without facing significant opposition. The lack of resistance from the military would have made it easier for the Bolsheviks to carry out their plans and establish their authority without resorting to violence.Rate this question:
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- 18.
The 1961 Vienna meetings between Kennedy and Krushchev were forced primarily on the issue of
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The Cuban missile crisis
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Nuclear arms reduction in general
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Communist China's world role
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Germany and Berlin
Correct Answer
A. Germany and BerlinExplanation
The 1961 Vienna meetings between Kennedy and Krushchev were primarily focused on the issue of Germany and Berlin. This was a critical topic at the time as Berlin was divided into East and West, with tensions rising between the Soviet Union and the United States. The meetings aimed to address the future of Berlin and find a peaceful resolution to the conflict. The Cuban missile crisis, nuclear arms reduction, and Communist China's world role were not the main topics of discussion during these meetings.Rate this question:
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- 19.
The primary focus of Stalin's first Five-Year Plan was
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An increase in labor productivity
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The qualitative improvement of goods
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The integration of peasants into urban population structures
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An increase in output totals
Correct Answer
A. An increase in output totalsExplanation
The primary focus of Stalin's first Five-Year Plan was to increase output totals. This means that the main goal of the plan was to significantly increase the overall production and output of goods and resources in the Soviet Union. This would help to rapidly industrialize the country and catch up with the more advanced Western nations. By increasing output totals, Stalin aimed to transform the Soviet Union into a major industrial power and strengthen its economy and military capabilities.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Each of the following was an issue that received significant attention at the 1967 Glassboro Summit between Lyndon Johnson and Premier Kosygin EXCEPT
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The Middle East
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Nuclear nonproliferation
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Germany and Berlin
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Vietnam
Correct Answer
A. Germany and BerlinExplanation
The 1967 Glassboro Summit between Lyndon Johnson and Premier Kosygin addressed several significant issues, including the Middle East, nuclear nonproliferation, and Vietnam. However, Germany and Berlin were not discussed during this summit.Rate this question:
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- 21.
What was the term used for senior members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union who held the most important positions in the government and who received substantial material benefits in return for their loyalty?
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Mensheviks
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Apparatchiks
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Procurators
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The Communist Bourgeoisie
Correct Answer
A. ApparatchiksExplanation
Apparatchiks were senior members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union who held important positions in the government and received substantial material benefits in return for their loyalty. They were known for their bureaucratic nature and adherence to party doctrine. They played a crucial role in maintaining the power and control of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Russia's great 19th-century southern trade had its foundation in
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St. Petersburg
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The rail lines breaching out of Irkutsk
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The Black Sea port of Odessa
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Astrakhan, at the delta of the Volga River
Correct Answer
A. The Black Sea port of OdessaExplanation
The correct answer is the Black Sea port of Odessa. In the 19th century, Russia's southern trade flourished due to its strategic location on the Black Sea. Odessa served as a major port, connecting Russia to international markets and facilitating trade with other countries. The city's favorable geographical position and well-developed infrastructure made it a crucial hub for the transportation of goods, contributing to the growth of Russia's southern trade.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Under the 12th Five-Year Plan, launched in 1985, economic growth was to be accomplished chiefly by
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Greater foreign investment
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Greater productivity and higher technology
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Revenues from steel and arms exports
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Increased employment in the defense sector
Correct Answer
A. Greater productivity and higher technologyExplanation
Under the 12th Five-Year Plan, launched in 1985, the main focus for achieving economic growth was through greater productivity and higher technology. This means that the plan aimed to increase the efficiency and output of industries and sectors by adopting advanced technology and improving productivity levels. This approach would lead to increased production and competitiveness, ultimately driving economic growth.Rate this question:
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- 24.
The ___ represented the first -- and last -- collaboration between the Soviet government and members of the intelligentsia?
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All-Russia Famine Relief Committee
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Council of People's Commissars
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Volunteer Army
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Central Executive Committee
Correct Answer
A. All-Russia Famine Relief CommitteeExplanation
The All-Russia Famine Relief Committee is the correct answer because it was the only option that represented a collaboration between the Soviet government and members of the intelligentsia. The committee was formed in 1921 in response to a devastating famine in Russia, and it included members of the intelligentsia who were brought in to help address the crisis. This collaboration was significant because it marked a rare instance of cooperation between the Soviet government and intellectuals, who were often marginalized or persecuted during this time.Rate this question:
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- 25.
At the Potsdam conference of 1945, United States President Truman was not as conciliatory toward Stalin as his predecessor, Roosevelt, had been. The main reason for this was that
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Truman was generally a more forceful personality than Roosevelt
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The new British Prime Minister, Clement Attlee, was urging Truman to exclude the Soviets from the war effort against Japan
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Truman knew the atomic bomb had been developed
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Stalin's designs on Eastern Europe had been made clearer
Correct Answer
A. Truman knew the atomic bomb had been developedExplanation
Truman's knowledge of the development of the atomic bomb was the main reason for his lack of conciliation towards Stalin at the Potsdam conference. This knowledge gave Truman a sense of power and leverage in the negotiations, as he knew that the United States possessed a weapon of immense destructive power. This likely made Truman more confident and less willing to make concessions to Stalin, as he believed that the atomic bomb could potentially be used as a deterrent or as a means to assert American dominance in the post-war world.Rate this question:
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- 26.
In 1931, the Central Committee passed a resolution calling for the return of Soviet schools to the old methods, courses, lessons, and themes that had been condemned by the revolution. The reason for this was beacuse
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Fewer and fewer students were attending classes
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Experiments in education had been branded as leftist deviations
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It was believed that the schools were becoming too regimented and stifling
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Stalin had succeeded in rewriting the history that would be taught in schools
Correct Answer
A. Experiments in education had been branded as leftist deviationsExplanation
The correct answer is "experiments in education had been branded as leftist deviations." This is because the resolution was passed to return Soviet schools to the old methods, courses, lessons, and themes that had been condemned by the revolution. This implies that the experiments in education, which were seen as leftist deviations, were no longer considered acceptable.Rate this question:
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- 27.
Who was the first top Soviet leader to visit the United States?
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Stalin
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Krushchev
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Brezhnev
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Gorbachev
Correct Answer
A. KrushchevExplanation
Krushchev was the first top Soviet leader to visit the United States. He visited the United States in 1959 as part of a diplomatic mission during the Cold War. This visit marked a significant moment in the history of Soviet-American relations and was seen as a step towards easing tensions between the two superpowers. Krushchev's visit included meetings with President Eisenhower and visits to various American cities, making it a landmark event in the history of Soviet-US diplomacy.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Which of the following contributed to the overall failure of the revolutionary movement of 1905? I. Inability to mobilize support in rural areas II. The splitting of the opposition over the issue of the Duma III. The return of loyalist armed forces from the Far East IV. The disabling of communications networks effected by general strikes
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I, II
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II, III
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I, III, IV
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I, II, III, IV
Correct Answer
A. II, IIIExplanation
The splitting of the opposition over the issue of the Duma and the return of loyalist armed forces from the Far East contributed to the overall failure of the revolutionary movement of 1905. The division within the opposition weakened their collective power and hindered their ability to effectively challenge the existing regime. Additionally, the return of loyalist armed forces from the Far East provided the government with additional support and resources to suppress the revolutionary movement.Rate this question:
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- 29.
The main reason for the slow pace of Gorbachev's early reforms was that he
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Encountered strong resistance from a suspicious populace
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Needed time to consolidate his power in the party
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Did not want to give the impression that the country was weak and in need of reform
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Was not yet sure that wholesale reforms would solve the country's problems
Correct Answer
A. Needed time to consolidate his power in the partyExplanation
Gorbachev's slow pace of early reforms can be attributed to his need to consolidate his power within the party. This suggests that he had to secure support and loyalty from key members within the party before implementing any significant changes. By taking his time to solidify his position, Gorbachev could ensure that he had the necessary backing to push through reforms without facing strong opposition or potential threats to his leadership. This approach indicates that Gorbachev recognized the importance of internal political dynamics and power struggles within the party, which influenced the speed and effectiveness of his reform agenda.Rate this question:
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- 30.
The original Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, established in 1922, included the ___ republic.
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Estonian
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Ukrainian
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Uzbek
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Georgian
Correct Answer
A. UkrainianExplanation
The original Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, established in 1922, included the Ukrainian republic. This can be inferred from the fact that Ukraine was one of the founding members of the USSR and played a significant role in its formation.Rate this question:
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- 31.
Who was elected president of the Russian republic in 1990 and promised to create a market economy in 500 days?
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Grigory Yavlinsky
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Aleksandr Rutskoy
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Boris Yeltsin
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Nikolai Ryzhkov
Correct Answer
A. Boris YeltsinExplanation
Boris Yeltsin was elected president of the Russian republic in 1990 and promised to create a market economy in 500 days.Rate this question:
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- 32.
Which of the following countries did NOT declare war on the Ottoman Empire in 1912?
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Greece
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Bulgaria
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Romania
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Serbia
Correct Answer
A. RomaniaExplanation
Romania did not declare war on the Ottoman Empire in 1912. This can be inferred from the question, which asks for the country that did NOT declare war. Therefore, Romania is the correct answer.Rate this question:
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- 33.
Approximately what percentage of the total population of the Soviet Union was killed during World War II?
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3
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7
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12
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20
Correct Answer
A. 12Explanation
During World War II, approximately 12% of the total population of the Soviet Union was killed. This was a devastating loss for the country, as it resulted in millions of deaths and widespread destruction. The Soviet Union suffered greatly during the war, both in terms of military casualties and civilian deaths. The high percentage of the population killed highlights the immense human cost of the conflict for the Soviet Union.Rate this question:
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- 34.
Russian history proper can be said to begin
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Along the eastern shores of the Gulf of Finland, including the area of present-day St. Petersburg
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In the city of Moscow and along the River Volga from its mouth to the Caspian Sea
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In the alluvial plains just west of the Ural mountains
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Along the northern shore of the Black Sea and in the steppe beyond
Correct Answer
A. Along the northern shore of the Black Sea and in the steppe beyondExplanation
The correct answer is along the northern shore of the Black Sea and in the steppe beyond. This answer is supported by the statement in the passage that Russian history proper can be said to begin in the areas along the northern shore of the Black Sea and in the steppe beyond. These regions played a significant role in the early history and development of Russia.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Who was named president of the Soviet Union at a July 2, 1985 session of the Supreme Soviet?
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Grigory Romanov
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Mikhail Gorbachev
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Yegor Ligachev
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Andrel Gromyko
Correct Answer
A. Mikhail Gorbachev -
- 36.
The main difference between the 1924 constitution and the one drafted by Stalin in 1936 was that Stalin's constitution
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Granted a greater degree of freedom to Russians
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Explicitly outlawed all parties but the Communists
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Explicitly denied clergymen the right to vote
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Disavowed the use of terror
Correct Answer
A. Explicitly outlawed all parties but the CommunistsExplanation
Stalin's constitution in 1936 explicitly outlawed all parties except the Communists. This means that under Stalin's constitution, no other political parties were allowed to exist or participate in the political process. This was a significant departure from the 1924 constitution, which did not explicitly outlaw other parties. By outlawing all parties except the Communists, Stalin consolidated power and ensured that the Communist Party had a monopoly on political control in the Soviet Union.Rate this question:
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- 37.
Though originally an umbrella word applied to Gorbachev's entire reform program came to be applied primarily in reference to
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Government accountability
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Economic reform
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Defense restructuring
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Social reform
Correct Answer
A. Economic reformExplanation
The correct answer is economic reform. This is because the question mentions that the term was originally applied to Gorbachev's entire reform program, but later came to be primarily associated with economic reform. This suggests that economic reform was a significant aspect of Gorbachev's reforms and that the term "perestroika" is often used specifically in relation to economic changes.Rate this question:
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- 38.
From the turn of the century, which of the following structures evolved most slowly in Russia?
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Economic
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Social
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Govermental
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Cultural
Correct Answer
A. GovermentalExplanation
The correct answer is "Govermental." This means that among the given options, the structure that evolved most slowly in Russia from the turn of the century is the governmental structure. This suggests that while other aspects such as the economy, society, and culture may have experienced more significant changes and developments, the governmental system in Russia remained relatively stable or progressed at a slower pace during this time period.Rate this question:
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- 39.
Krushchev's 1954 Virgin Lande program can best be described as a(n)
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Risky fringe experiment that had little impact on actual grain production numbers
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Temporary relief from an agrarian crisis that offered no solution to the problem of productivity
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Permanent lift to the Soviet agricultural economy that both boosted production and improved the employment rate
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Unqualified failure that temporarily wiped out the national grain crop and necessitated several years of imports
Correct Answer
A. Temporary relief from an agrarian crisis that offered no solution to the problem of productivityExplanation
The answer suggests that Krushchev's 1954 Virgin Lande program provided temporary relief from an agrarian crisis, but it did not offer a solution to the problem of productivity. This implies that while the program may have temporarily alleviated some of the issues in the agricultural sector, it did not address the underlying problems and did not lead to a long-term improvement in productivity.Rate this question:
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- 40.
Which of the following did NOT become a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)?
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Moldova
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Armenia
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Estonia
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Kirghizstan
Correct Answer
A. EstoniaExplanation
Estonia did not become a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The CIS is a regional organization composed of former Soviet Union republics. While Moldova, Armenia, and Kirghizstan joined the CIS, Estonia did not participate. Estonia, along with Latvia and Lithuania, opted not to join the CIS after gaining independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. These countries instead focused on strengthening their ties with Western Europe and pursuing membership in the European Union and NATO.Rate this question:
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