Abbasids And Islamic Civilization 

The Ummayads came before the Abbasids in the caliphate. The Ummayad Caliphate was established after the death of Prophet Muhammad and lasted from 661 to 750 CE. It was a period of expansion and consolidation of Islamic rule, with the capital initially in Damascus. The Abbasid Caliphate succeeded the Ummayads in 750 CE and moved the capital to Baghdad. The Abbasids brought significant changes to the caliphate, including a shift in power and a focus on intellectual and cultural advancements.

The correct answer is "Golden age of Islam". Historians refer to the period when science and technology thrived in the Islamic Empire as the "Golden age of Islam". During this time, from the 8th to the 14th centuries, Islamic scholars made significant advancements in various fields such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and philosophy. They translated and preserved ancient Greek and Roman texts, which greatly influenced the development of scientific knowledge in Europe during the Renaissance. This period was characterized by intellectual curiosity, cultural exchange, and the pursuit of knowledge, making it a golden era for Islamic civilization.

The term "al-jabr" in Arabic refers to the process of restoring or balancing equations. This concept was introduced by the mathematician Al-Khwarizmi in his book "Kitab al-Jabr wa al-Muqabala" (The Book of Restoration and Balancing). The term "algebra" is derived from this Arabic word and refers to the branch of mathematics that deals with symbols and the manipulation of equations. Algebra involves solving equations, simplifying expressions, and studying the properties of mathematical operations. Therefore, algebra is the correct answer to the question.

During the Islamic Empire, Arabic became the language of science and learning. This is because the Islamic Empire had a strong emphasis on education and scholarship, and many important scientific and philosophical works were translated into Arabic. Arabic also became the language of the Quran, which further elevated its status and importance within the Islamic world. Arabic-speaking scholars made significant contributions to various fields such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and philosophy, further solidifying its position as the language of science and learning during this time.

The astrolabe was used for religious purposes to determine the direction of Mecca. Mecca is the holiest city in Islam, and Muslims are required to face towards it when praying. The astrolabe, with its ability to measure the altitude of celestial bodies, could accurately determine the direction of Mecca from any location. This was crucial for Muslims who were traveling or living in unfamiliar areas, as it allowed them to fulfill their religious obligations by praying in the correct direction.

During the Golden Age of Islam, both science and art flourished. Islamic scholars made significant advancements in various fields of science, including mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and chemistry. They built upon the knowledge of ancient civilizations and made important contributions to these disciplines. Additionally, Islamic art and architecture reached new heights during this period, with the construction of magnificent mosques, palaces, and other structures adorned with intricate designs and calligraphy. Therefore, it can be concluded that both science and art thrived during the Golden Age of Islam.

Ibn Sina, also known as Avicenna, wrote 'The Canon of Medicine', which became a standard textbook in medical schools for many years.

The Abbasids built their capital near the rivers Tigris and Euphrates.

During the Abbasid era, there was indeed a decline in the promotion and support of science and technology by Muslim scholars. This shift in attitude was influenced by various factors, including conservative religious beliefs and a focus on religious studies. As a result, scientific progress slowed down, hindering the Abbasid Empire's ability to keep up with advancements in other regions. This decline in scientific and technological pursuits contributed to the overall decline of the Abbasid dynasty.