Human Performance

1. Why does cold make you more susceptible to Hypoxia?

Hear beats faster which uses up more oxygen

More energy is required when shivering therefore more oxygen used

Lowers temperature of the body which makes it less efficient

Lowers temperature of the body and especially the head which has a debilitating effect on the brain

2. When flying in conditions of poor visibility due to mist, fog or snow, pilots may experience an illusion that means that:

Objects appear to be closer than they really are

Objects appear to move faster than they really do

Objects appear to be further away thanm they really are

Objects appear to move slower than they really do

3. A pilot must wait at least 24 hours before flying after donation blood:

True

False

4. A stroke occurs when:

The blood supply to a certain part of the brain is cut off

The blood supply to a certain part of the circulatory is cut off

The blood supply to a certain part of the heart is cut off

The blood supply to a certain part of the body is cut off

5. If a runway slopes downwards, how does this effect the pilots' approach?

It is likely to be too high

It is likely to be too low

It is likely to be too fast

It is likely to be too slow

6. The approximate percentage by volume of O2 in the atmosphere at ground level is:

40%

15%

21%

78%

7. The peripheral nervous system consists of: 1. Sensory nervous 2. Motor nerves 3. The autonomic nervous system

1 only

2 and 3

1, 2 and 3

1 and 2

8. The part of the brain responsible for the processing of information is the:

Pons

Cerebellum

Hypothalamus

9. Increased automation and glass cockpit instrumentation:

Hasremoved the need for the flight crew to monitor each others actions other in normal operations

Allows increased reliance on the autopilot to free up both pilots to carry out secondary tasks in normal operations

Has resulted in a reduction in the need of both pilots monitor the actions of each other in normal operations

Still requires the flight crew to monitor each others actions and selections in normal operations

10. The vestibular system consists of the otoliths and semi-circular canals, the otoliths sense (a) and the semi-circular canals sense (b) .

(a) angular acceleration (b) angular acceleration

(a) linear acceleration (b) linear acceleration

(a) angular acceleration (b) linear acceleration

(a) linear acceleration (b) angular acceleration

11. Which of the following statements is false motor nerves?

Motor nerves control the digestive system

Motor nerves are attached to the muscles of the body

The majority of motor nerves are voluntary

If more control is needed than more motor nerves are required

12. Above what altitude must supplemental O2 be used if the cabin is not pressurized?

33,700 ft

18,000 ft

40,000 ft

10,000 ft

13. When the heart is beating too fast:

The automatic nervous system will send signals to slow the heart down

The individual is able to control the heart beat voluntarily

The sympathetic nervous system will send signals to slow the heart down

The parasympathetic nervous system will send signals to slow the heart down

14. If two aircraft are on a line of constant bearing, what is the likely outcome?

Depends whether by day or by night

They will collide

There will be a near miss

It is quite safe and they will pass well clear of each other

15. Henry's Law has applications in Human Performance to:

Otic Barotrauma

DCS

Carbon Monoxide poisioning

Partial pressure in the alveoli

16. Knowledge based behaviors are those:

That are developed from rule and symptom directed skills

That uses a form of motor program

That requires the pilot to evaluate information and then use his knowledge and experience

Are acquired by concentrating on a particular skill

17. Which of the following statement is correct in regard to motivation?

Low motivation will guarantee adequate attention management capabilities

Too much motivation may result in hypo vigilance and thus in a decrease in attention

Extremely high motivation in combination with excessive stress will limit attention management capabilities

Motivation will reduce the task automation process

18. Approximately what percentage of communication is achieved by metacommunications?

30%

80%

50%

10%

19. The ideal leader, and therefore pilot should exhibit which qualities:

G+G+

G++G++

G+P+

P+P+

20. Respiration is:

The exchange of the respiratory gases O2/CO2 between the environment and tissues

The transport of O2 from the lungs to the tissues of the body

The change of O2 to CO2

21. The number of items that the average person can hold in working memory is:

7

10-20

5

9

22. The best method for losing weight is:

The use of appetite suppressants

Plenty of exercise

Crash diets

Eat less

23. The most important factor in an approach to stress management is:

Making action plans to cope with any problem

Identifying stress reactions and dealing with them one at a time

Recognizing that there is a problem and deciding to do something about it

Identifying stressors and dealing with them one at a time

24. Supplemental oxygen must be earned on all flights where the atmospheric pressure is less than:

500 hPa

700 hPa

800 hPa

600 hPa

25. The scanning technique should differ by day and night

True

False

26. The four elements of the SHELL model are:

Software, Hardware, Environment and Liveware

Software, Heading, Environment and Liveware

Software, Human, Environment and Licensing

Software, Hardware, Environment and Licensing

27. After changing time zones, circadian rhythms:

Rapidly adjust to the new time zone

Adjust quickly if the pilot has flown an eastbound route

Adjust slowly at a rate of 1-1.5 hours per week

Adjust slowly at a rate of 1-1.5 hours per day

28. How can man cope with low tolerant situations?

By increasing error detection in all circumstances

By constantly complying with cross-over verification procedures (cross monitoring)

By generally avoiding situations in which tolerance to error is low

By randomly applying a combination of optimum detection, warning and monitoring

29. What is one of the initial indications of Hypoxia?

Blue tinge in the lips

Stomach cramps

Pain in the joints

Impaired judgment

30. Why is it essential to ensure that the combustion heaters are serviceable?

To prevent carbon dioxide poisoning and possible fire

To prevent carbon dioxide poisoning, possible fire or explosion

To prevent carbon monoxide poisoning

To prevent carbon dioxide poisoning and possible fire

31. When suffering from sleep deprivation, will performance be further decreased by altitude?

No

Yes

Sometimes

Under certain circumstances

32. The factor which most increases the risk of coronary heart disease is:

Family history

Lack of exercise

Obesity

Smoking

33. Increased reliability and automation can result in:

A reduction in situational awareness due to over reliance no non failsystems

An increase in work load reducing the pilots ability to maintain situational awareness

A decrease in work load allowing an increase in situational awareness

None of the above statements are correct it is a pilots innate ability to maintain situational awareness at all times

34. A person who is happy to put ideas to the test is termed:

A theorist

A pragmatist

An activist

A reflectionist

35. Human error is a main cause factor in how many aviation accidents:

65-75%

40-50%

None

5-10%

36. The effects of smoking, particulary in relation to aviation are:

An early onset of hypoxia due to an apparent increase in altitude and a reduction in night vision

An early onset of hypoxia due to an apparent increase in altitude

An early onset of hypoxia to an apparent increase in altitude up to a maximum of 40,000 ft.

An early onset of hypoxia due to an apparent increase in altitude with a resulting risk of anemia

37. Where is 'seat of pants' sensed?

In the toilet

In the ossicles

In the vestibular system comined with the proprioreceptors in the skin

In the limbs and the organs in your lower body

38. With reference to automation, which of the following statement is correct?

Automation reduces complacency and boredom

Automation removes the human element from day performance

Automation aids handling skills

Automation does not cause accidents

39. When a pilot shuts an engine down by reference to a checklist he is displaying:

Skill based behavior

Knowledge based behavior

Reductive reasoning

Rule based behavior

40. The greatest concentration of ozone is to be found in the:

Ionosphere

Stratosphere

Troposphere

Mesosphere

41. Improvement of human reliability should entail:

The analysis of modes of huma failures

In aviation, the elimination of errors on the part of front-line operators

An effort to understand the causes and find means of recovery for errors committed

The elimination of latent errors before they can effect performance How

42. Does it make any difference to the circadian thythm adjusting to time zone changes if the flight is to the East of West?

Yes, due to the free running of the circadian thythm tends to adjust more quickly to West bound flights

Yes, due to the free running of the circadian thythm tends to adjust more quickly to East bound flights

No, it make no difference. West of East has the same effect

Yes, due to the free running of the circadian thythm tends to adjust more slowly to West bound flights

43. Low blood pressure can lead to:

Reduced tolerance to G forces

Low body temperature

Infract

Angina

44. What approach conditions cause "black hole effect"?

Landing at night in sleet or heavy rain

Landing at night with a partially lit runway

Landing at night with the cockpit instruments turned up too high

Landing at night when there are no lights on the approach

45. Situational awareness is:

Ensuring that one maintains an accurate mental model of the environment outside the cockpit

Ensuring that one maintains an accurate mental model of the environment within a specific time and place

Ensuring that at all times one knows the whereabouts of all crew members

Ensuring that one maintains an accurate mental model of the environment within the cockpit

46. What should a pilot rely on if disorientated in IMC?

Vision

Turning head to recover from disorientation

Sense of balance

Instruments

47. What part of the spectrum should sunglasses filter out?

The red and UV end of the spectrum

The blue and UV end of the spectrum

All high intensity light

UV only

48. The two types of fatigue are:

Short term and oppressive

Oppressive and negative

Heavy and light

Chronic and short term

49. What is the first action that should be taken by the pilot in the event of a cabin decompression above 10,000 feet?

Descend as soon as possible

Down oxygen mas and check oxygen flow

Warn the passengers

Descend and check passencgers

50. An ideal leader will:

Generally establish friendly relations on the flight deck but have little concern for the task

Be concerned with the efficient conduct of the flight and expect others to follow his every whim

Care little for either the job or his team members

51. Decompression sickness occurs when bubbles of nitrogen come out of solution in body tissues. Where this bubbles from in the joints is termed as:

The chokes

The leans

The staggers

The bends

52. Exposer to the cold atmosphere at high altitude during a rapid decompression will:

Increase the pilot's demand for oxygen

Increase the pilot's chances of suffering from hyperventilation

Decrease the pilot's demand for oxygen

Have no appreciable affect on the pilot's demand for oxygen

53. Using the BMI formula, when will pilots be considered overweight?

When they score over 30 for males and 29 for females

When they score over 26 for males and 22 for females

When they score 30 for males and 29 for females

When they score over 25 for males and 24 for females

54. Hypervigilance is:

A state of boredom

A state of panic

A state of low blood sugar levels

A state of fatigue

55. Stress reactions are seen or experienced by the body as:

Psychomotor and psychological responses

Psychedelic and psychic responses

Physiological and psychological responses

Physiological and psychiatric responses

56. Our body takes its energy from: 1. Minerals 2. Protein 3. Carbohydrates 4. Vitamins

All statements are correct

1 and 4

1 and 3

2 and 3

57. The amount of stress which we experience influences both the way we feel and also our ability to perform tasks and

Stress should be avoided as it inevitably leads to a breakdown

Any stress will have an adverse effect on our ability

A small amount of stress can have positive effect on our ability

Greater stress or stimulation betters our performance

58. A visual scan should cover the sky in overlapping sections of

5º

10º

15º

20º

59. The normal pH level of the body is:

7.4 very acidic

7.4 slightly acidic

7.4 very alkaline

7.4 slightly alkaline

60. Choose the correct statement below for automation management.

The computer is always wrong

Understanding how to access the different pages and system of an FMS and associated automated systems

The computer is always right

The correct use and interpretation of the flight data given by automated systems

61. On what does NIHL depend?

Both the intensity and duration of the noise above 100 dbs

The duration of the noise above 100 dbs

The duration of the noise above 110 dbs

Both the intensity and duration of the noise above 90 dbs

62. The rods and cones are the light sensitive cells in the eye, the rods:

Are used for night vision and detecting lateral movement

Are used for night vision only

Are used primarily during the day

Are sensitive to color change and lateral movement

63. The errors resulting from an irrational indexing in the operations manual are related to an interface mismatch between:

Liveware and Software

Liveware and Environment

Liveware and Liveware

Livware and Hardware

64. The part of the brain responsible for temperature control is:

Mid brain

Cerebellum

Medulla

Hypothalamus

65. CRM (Crew Resource Management) training is:

Intended solely to alter an individuals personality

Intended to develop effectiveness of crew performance by improving attitudes towards flight safety and human relationship management

Mainly of relevance to pilot with personality disorders or inappropriate attitudes

Not intended to change the individuals attitude at all

66. How is the rate and depth of breathing controlled?

By the amount of oxy-hemoglobin in the blood and lungs

By the amount of hemoglobin in the blood and the lungs

By the amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood and the lungs

By the amount of carbonic acid and water vapour/nitrogen mixture in the blood and lungs

67. List in ascendant order the factors that will increase the risk of coronary heart disease:

Diabetes, raised blood cholesterol, smoking, previous history of cardio vascular problems, age, family history, obesity, raised blood pressure

Raised blood pressure, obesity, family history, age, diabetes, raised blood cholesterol, smoking, previous history of cardio vascular problems

68. Anemia refers to déficience in which element?

Calcium

Zinc

Sodium

Iron

69. Will stokers experience hypoxia lower or higher cabin altitude than non-smokers?

At a lower cabin altitude

At a higher cabin altitude

Both will experience hypoxia at the approximately the same cabin altitude

Smoking, although harmful in other ways, lessens the effects of hypoxia

70. All pilots suffer some hearing loss as a part of the process of growing old. This is called

Presbyaudio

Presbyopia

Presbycusis

Presmyopia

71. Noise energy can permanently damage the ears, initially temporarily lasting a few hours but permanent if prolonged, the damage is assessed by: 1. Damage to the ossicles and tympanic membrane 2. The intensity of the noise 3. The total time the noise is listened to

3 only

2 only

1 only

Both 2 and 3

72. Sleep apnoea is:

Sleep walking

The cessation of breathing during sleep, which can last up to 10 seconds

A form of insomnia that occurs when you are unable to sleep in favorable condition

Frequent awakening during the night

73. The optic nerve is part of the structure of the eye and is:

Used to help focus light on the fovea

Commonly known as the fovea

The reason for the "blind spot"

Part of the retina that is used for low light illumination

74. The relationship between workload and performance can be graphically illustrated by the performancearousal graph. This graph is conceived as:

A straight line

An inverted 'U'

A logarithmic scale

A hyperbolic function

75. Sleep apnoea is condition which will most likely affect people who are:

Underweight and who sleepwalk

Underweight and who snore

Overweight and who talk in their sleep

Overweight and who snore

76. Which biases relate to human decision making? 1. Personal experience tends to alter the perception of the risk of an event occurring 2. There is natural tendency to want to confirm our decision even in the face of facts that ontradict it 3. The group to which an individual belongs tends to influence the particular decision 4. There is a natural tendency to select only objective facts for decision making purposes

1, 2 and 4

1 and 2

3 and 4

1, 2 and 3

77. The perceptual process creates an internal model of the outside world. This model is based on:

The information provided by our senses and experience and expectations

The extremely accurate information conveyed by the senses

Experience

Experience and expectation alone

78. The cerebellum is responsible for:

Rapidly conducting electrical impulse to the hindbrain

Coordination and precise maintenance of equilibrium

Coordination the structures of the brain lying between the spinal chord and the hindbrain

Coordination the diencephalons, midbrain and hindbrain

79. The body can tolerate short duration accelerations of:

45 G in the fore and aft axis and 25 G in the horizontal axis

45 G in the vertical and aft axis and 25 G in the horizontal axis

45 G in the fore and aft axis and 25 G in the vertical axis

45 G in the horizontal and aft axis and 25 G in the vertical axis

80. Body language on the flight deck is used:

When restricted to touch

When restricted to facial expression

To supplement oral communication

Only when the captain is deaf

81. What is the weekly level of alcohol consumption that will cause physical damage?

Consuming 22 units for men and 14 units for women

Consuming 21 units for men and IS units for women

Consuming 24 units for men and 14 units for women

Consuming 21 units for men and 14 units for women

82. Hyperventilation is over breathing which changes the:

CO2 balance in the body

CO balance in the body

Nitrogen balance in the body

O2 balance in the body

83. A high level of motivation is related to:

High level of arousal

High levels of complacency

Complaceny

Monotone

84. There are a number of ways in which a pilot can suffer from disorientation. If you realize that you are suffering from those effects whilst flying in cloud:

Rely on your visual sense

Immediately transfer your scan to the instruments and mix instrument and visual clues

Rely on the visual indications given by your instruments

Accelerate the aircraft to get out of cloud

85. An event is likely to be perceived as stressful when it is perceived as:

Perception has no affect no stress because stress depends upon actual events rather than that which is perceived

A life change of any kind, either positive or negative

A negative life change

A positive life change

86. Which of the following experiences would lead to the highest level of stress?

A major change of health

A personal injury

Death of a spouse or partner

Death of a close family member

87. Human errors can be categorized as:

Error of commission or omission

Errors of command and omission

Errors of commission and operation

Errors of command and operation

88. If the intensity of the runway lights is increased significantly during an approach the runway will appear to be:

Shorter

Closer

Longer

Further away

89. Select the correct line regarding errors

Slip normally occurs under low stress conditions

Slip never occurs due to habit

Slip occurs when the incorrect information is sent

Slip error has no effect on communications

90. A lack of vitamin 'A' can lead to:

Night blindness

Hair loss

Headaches

Loose of badly formed teeth

91. The vestibular apparatus helps the body to:

Maintain spatial orientation

Maintain visual orientation

Hear correctly

Control motion sickness

92. The eye has two methods of adjusting to brightness, they are the:

Pupil changing diameter and chemical changes occurring to the rods and cones in the fovea

Iris changing diameter and chemical changes occurring to the rods and cones in the fovea

Pubil changing diameter and chemical changes occurring to the rods and cones in the retina

Iris changing diameter and chemical changes occurring to the rods and cones in the retina

93. A latent error: 1. Will show itself in time 2. Will not be forseen by programs 3. Lie dormant 4. Only becomes apparent under certain conditions 5. Will easily be recognized by operators

1, 2, 3 and 4

1, 3 and 5

3 only

1, 4 and 5

94. Which of the following is a skill based behavior?

Executing a 30º Angle Of Bank coordinated turn

Knowing that Paris is the capital of France

Carrying out a precautionary icing drill from the checklist

Considering where to divert after an engine fire

95. Which of the following is not a part of the brain?

The cerebrum

The pons

The visual cortex

The adrenal cortex

96. What is the purpose of the 'Sympathetic Nervous System'?

To calm the body after a flight for fight situation has passed

To ensure the supply of adrenaline and nor-adrenaline

To control the bodily functions under stress conditions

To prepare the body for flight of flight

97. Which of the following sayings best describes the word stress?

A person's measure of the demands made upon them and their physiological state

A person's measure of the demands made upon them and their psychological state

Ground school

A person's measure of the demands made upon them and their perceived ability to cope with those demands

98. If an illusion is known to be possible at a particular aerodrome, as Captain of the aircraft, you should:

Say nothing as it might frighten the crew

Ensure you brief the crew

Report the fact to operations so that other crews are aware of the danger

Report the fact to your Oparator so that other crews are aware of the danger

99. As a general rule, if a pilot is rostered for a flight which has 24 hours or more in a country where there is a time zone difference, should he adjest his/her sleep pattern?

Yes and try and arrange it so that the sleep pattern allows 8 hours sleep before "wake-up" call

Yes and try and arrange it so that the sleep pattern allows 10 hours sleep before "wake-up" call

No - stay on Israel time

No - not necessary unless he/she stays for over 48 hours

100. When problem solving, what determines the transition from rule based activities to knowledge based activities?

Lack of knowledge of the rules

Unsuitability of known rules for the problem posed

Knowledge of the rules that apply to the problem

Unsuitability of automated actions

101. What is the recommended course of action if encountering an electrical storm during flight?

Pull the visors down

Turn the cockpit lights down

Turn the cockpit light to full

Put on sunglasses if available

102. Which components of the SHELL model whould create the mismatch when reading a 3 poiner altimeter?

L and L

L and H

L and S

L and E

103. Which of the following is the most likely cause of cornary heart disease?

Family history

High blood pressure

Obesity

Smoking

104. Damage to the ear drum or ossicles can cause

Presbycusis

Transductive deafness

Conductive deafness

NIHL

105. How does the "black hole effect" alter the pilots' judgment of the approach?

Over-estimation of height

Under-estimation of height

Tends to make the approach much too fast

Tends to make the approach faster than normal

106. Visual acuité is best within (a) _ of the fovea and reduces (b) _ towards the periphery of vision:

(a) 1.2º (b) gradually

(a) 1.2º (b) rapidly

(a) 1.20º (b) rapidity

(a) 1.20º (b) gradually

107. The heart is made up of four chambers:

108. Damage to the ear drum of ossicles can cause:

Presbycusis

Transductive deafness

Conductive deafness

NIHL

109. Hypoxic Hypoxia effects night vision:

True

False

110. Domestic worries:

Never lead to stress

Are confined to the home environment

Help a pilot to react to other stresses in a more confident manner

Will always lead to some stress

111. Presbycusis is an impairment of hearing due to

Damage to the cochlea

Damage to the semi-circular canals

Age

Smoking

112. Which of the following are true with regard to smoking and flying? 1. G tolerance is reduced 2. The risk of coronary heart disease increases 3. Less O2 can be carried in the blood due to the affinity of the hemoglobin for CO

Only 3 is correct

Only 2 is correct

Only 1 is correct

1,2 and 3 are correct

113. The average pilot tends to be:

Stable and extroverted

Anxious and introverted

Anxious and extroverted

Stable and introverted

114. The choice of the moment that you select flaps depending on situation and conditions of landing is:

Rule base behavior

Knowledge based behavior

Skill based behavior

Pressure based behavior

115. A graph illustrating the relationship between arousal and stress would be described as:

A 'U' shape

A straight 45 deg. line graph

An inverted 'U' shape graph

An 'M' shape

116. What is synergy in a crew?

A behavioral expedient associated with the desynchronsation of the coordinated actions

The uncoordinated action of the crew members towards a common objective

The coordinated action of unrelated individual performances in achieving an non-standard task

117. At what rate does the body remove alcohol from the system?

Approximately 1.5 units an hour

Approximately 2 units an hour

Approximately 2.5 units an hour

Approximately 1 unit an hour

118. How do misty/foggy conditions effect the pilots judgment on the approach?

Under-estimation range due to illusionary effect through cockpit glass

Under-estimating range due to the lights appearing dim

Under-estimating range due to illusinary effect through cockpit glass

Over-estimating range due to the lights appearing dim

119. Alcohol degrades:

Stage 3 and 4 sleep

Stage 2 sleep

Paradoxical sleep

Slow wave sleep

120. A pilot marking an approach to an up-sloping runway will be presented with visual clues which may cause him to believe that the aircraft is:

Below the glidepath and after correction the pilot will undershoot the threshold

Above the glidepath and after correction the pilot will undershoot the threshold

Below the glidepath and after correction the pilot will undershoot the threshold

Above the glidepath and after correction the pilot will overshoot the threshold

121. If the symptoms of hyperventilation occur at an altitude where hypoxia is not a consideration, what is the correct remedial action?

Descend to MSL

Decrease rate and depth of breathing

Increase rate of breathing

If possible lay flat and help to calm sufferer

122. A pilot weighs 80 kg and is 175 cm what is the BMI?

24 overweight

26 overweight

20 underweight

23 normal

123. What are the various means that allow for better error detection? 1. Improvement of the manmachine interface 2. Development of systems for checking the consistency of situations 3. Compliance with cross-over redundant procedures by the crew 4. Adaptation of visual alarms to all systems

1 and 3

2, 3 and 4

1, 2 and 3

3 and 4

124. Hypotension is:

Low blood pressure

High blood pressure

High pulse rate

Low pulse rate

125. What increases the risk of DCS occuring in flight?

Scuba diving shortly before flight

Snorkel diving shortly before flight

Alcohol

Smoking

126. What are the restrictions to flying after scuba diving?

No flying within 48 hours if a depth of 40 feet has been exceeded, otherwise the limit is 12 hours.

No flying within 48 hours if a depth of 30 feet has been exceeded, otherwise the limit is 24 hours.

No flying within 12 hours if a depth of 30 feet has been reached, otherwise the limit is 24 hours.

No flying within 24 hours if a depth of 30 feet has been exceeded, otherwise the limit is 12 hours.

127. Paradoxical sleep is the term used to denote:

Stage 1 sleep

Stage 2 sleep

Stage 3 and 4 sleep

REM

128. The human body can tolerate a maximum of short duration g force in the axis:

25G vertical

45G vertical

25G fore/aft

-3G fore/aft

129. Cataracts are associated with the:

Retina

Tear ducts

Iris

Lens

130. In the personalgoal model, a democratic leader would be:

P+G+

G+P-

G-P-

P+G-

131. Food is passed to the stomach via the

Bronchus

Duodenum

Trachea

Esophagus

132. Treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning should include:

Stop all smoking

Immediate descend to MSA

Turn up cabin heat

Keep the patient's body temperature as low as possible

133. From the list beleow select those errors that are considered to be human errors 1. Distraction 2. Failing to meet targets 3. Poor communication 4. Non-standard operations 5. Violation of minima 6. Ambiguity of instruction 7. Discrepancy in situation awareness 8. No one flying the aircraft 9. Confusion

1, 3, 6, 7 and 9

1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6

2, 3, 4, 6 and 8

2, 4, 5 and 8

134. If an aircraft accelerates, what do the otoliths indicate to the brain?

That the aircraft nose in pitching down; this feeling will be re-enforced by an air driven artificial horizon

That the aircraft is turning; this feeling will be re-enforced by an air driven artificial horizon

That the aircraft is climbing and turning; this feeling will be re-enforced by an air driven artificial horizon

That the aircraft is pitching up; this feeling will be re-enforced by an air driven artificial horizon

135. The laissezfaire cockpit may occur when:

The crew performance is reduced due to the captains inability to lead

The copilot is pre-occupied with other events and becomes aggressive

The crew morale is high because of the captains easy going manner

The captain is under stress and behaves in an authoritarian manner

136. A pilot is 2 meters tall an dweighs 80 kgs, calculate his BMI index

22

24

18

20

137. An example of situational insomnia is:

Disturbed sleep patterns

Disruption of REM sleep

Disruption of slow wave sleep

Jet lag

138. The otoliths are part of the sensory system of the inner ear:

And are located in the X, Y and Z axes of the body and contradict the brains sense of movement

Are located in the semicircular canals and sense body movement

And are located in the cochlea and sense body movement

And are situated between the cochlea and semi-circular canals

139. The relative humidity for optimum comfort is:

30-60%

40-60%

30-40%

5%

140. Flying at night over a dark featureless terrain an airfield runway that is fully lit appears to be

Closer and the aircraft appears to be lower than normal

Further away and the aircraft appears to be higher than normal

Further away and the aircraft appears to be lower than normal

Closer and the aircraft appears to be higher than normal

141. A severe cold can cause problems with blocked sinuses and ears. This condition is commonly known as:

Otic barotrauma

The flu

Barotrauma

Sinotic barotraumas

142. DODAR stands for:

Detect, options, deduce, arbitrate, review

Diagnosis, options, decides, assign, review

Diagnosis, options, decides, arbitrate, review

Deduce, options, diagnosis, assign, review

143. There are three levels of building situational awareness

To anticipate one must plan and monitor the situation

One must evaluate the situation before monitoring then anticipating the situation

One must anticipate the situation before evaluation monitoring can be achieved

To anticipate one must monitor and evaluate the situation

144. In commercial aircraft cabin pressure is normally maintained at:

Sea level

6,000 - 8,000 ft.

Below 5,000 ft.

10,000 ft.

145. Why are audio warnings the best method of alerting a pilot during an emergency situation?

The working memory is limited and audio systems attract the attention better than visual stimuli

The echoic memory does not get stimulated

Both the semantic and episodic memory are short term

The iconic memory can only retain stimuli for 2-8 seconds

146. Hypothermia causes:

A decrease in the demand for oxygen

None of the alternatives are correct

An increase in the demand for oxygen

An increase in the demand for carbon dioxide

147. Flying as a co-pilot you notice the captain is seating, semi-conscious with a rosy complexion and complaining of pains in the left shoulder and chest. Which of the following could he be suffering from?

CO poisoning

Hyperventilation

Angina

Hypoxia

148. If hyperventilation is suspected the correct action is to

Decreases the rate and increase the depth of breathing

Increase the rate and decrease the depth of breathing

Increase the rate and depth of breathing

Decrease the rate and depth of breathing

149. Lond and short sightedness is mainly caused by:

Distortion of the retina

Distortion of the eyeball

Distortion of the lens

Distortion of the pupil

150. Increased automation and glass cockpit instrumentation has resulted in:

A movement away from the traditional T for primary flight instruments

An increasing complexity in the layout of primary flight instrumentation

The redundancy in need of primary flight instrumentation

The maintenance of the basic T delivered on a single screen

151. Mode error is associated with:

Short term memory

Automation

Motor programmed

Personal information processing

152. The focusing process of the eye is earned out by:

The fovea and retina

The cornea and lens

The lens and retina

The retina and iris

153. Blood is composed of:

45% cells (which transport CO2, nutrients and hormones) and 55% plasma

55% cells (which transport CO2, nutrients and hormones) and 45% plasma

45% cells (red and white blood cells and platelets) and 55% plasma

55% cells (red and white blood cells and platelets) and 45% plasma

154. A prudent pilot should avoid flying for hours having consumed small amounts of alcohol

12 hours

8 hours

24 hours

6 hours

155. Using the BMI formula, when will a pilot be obese?

When they score over 30 for males and 28 for females

When they score over 26 for males and 29 for females

When they score over 30 for males and 29 for females

When they score over 32 for males and 26 for females

156. Is a pilot allowed to fly wearing bi-focal contact lenses?

Yes

Yes, if cleared to do so by a qualified Aviation Specialist

Yes, if cleared to do so by the Authority

No

157. What is the purpose of the Eustachian tube?

To pass sound waves across the middle ear to the Auditory nerve

To allow ambient pressure to equalize on both sides of the ear drum

To allow ambient pressure to equalize on the middle ear side of the ear drum

To allow ambient pressure to equalize on both sides of the Vestibular apparatus

158. Motivation is a quality which is often considered vital in the pilot's work to maintain safety. Which of the following statements is currect?

Excessive motivation leads to stress which adversely affects performance

Motivation reduced the intensity of sensory illusions

A high degree of motivation makes it possible to make up for insufficient knowledge in complete safety

A high degree of motivation lowers the level of vigilance

159. The runway at your normal base is 45 meters wide. Flying to an airfield where the runway is 30 meters wide will result in:

A low approach and overshoot

A high approach and undershoot

A high approach and overshoot

A low approach and undershoot

160. Rain on the windshield during the approach will give the illusion of being:

Faster than normal

Higher than normal

Lower than normal

Slower than normal

161. A pilot on final approach to land perceives the landing runway to be wider than it actually is one fo the possible consequences would be that:

He would reduce to threshold speed too late

The aircraft would touch down after he expected it to

The aircraft would touch down before he expects it to

He would choose a visual impact point too far into the runway

162. What means can be used to combat human error? 1. Reducing error prone mechanisms 2. Improving the way in which error is taken into account in training 3. Sanctions against the initiations of error 4. Improving recovery from errors and their consequences

1, 2 and 4

2, 3 and 4

1 and 2

3 and 4

163. Ozone (O3) is a naturelle occurrent from of O2 in the upper atmosphere. If inhaled it:

Reduces the amount of oxy-hemoglobin

Is an irritant to the lungs

Is always fatal

Is a stimulant and will make a pilot fell euphoric

164. Long-sightedness is caused by:

The eyeball being longer than normal

The lens being shorter than normal

The eyeball being shorter than normal

The lens being longer than normal

165. One function of the inner ear is to:

Provide in immune system to the ear

Detect noise damage to the semi circular canals

Detect angular and linear acceleration

Connect the ear to the nasal passage

166. It is true to say that person can "perceive" only that which he can "conceive". This process is also influenced by:

The amount of processing capacity that the person is able to give the information arriving at the semantic store

The amount of processing capacity that the person is able to give the information arriving at the receptors

The amount of processing capacity that the person is able to give the information arriving at the working memory store

167. The retinal size of an aircraft approaching on a collision course:

Increases at a very slow rate until shortly before impact

Decreases at a uniform rate as the aircraft gets closer

Remains the same as the aircraft gets closer

Increases at a uniform rate as the aircraft gets closer

168. Which vitamin is essential for blood clotting?

Vitamin K

Vitamin B

Vitamin D

Vitamin C

169. The Autonomic Nercous System comprises of the:

Sensory recepions and the flight of fight Syndrome

Central Nerveux system and the flight of fight syndrome

Sympathetic system and the parasympathetic system

Central nerveux system, the sympathetic system and the parasympathetic system

170. Which of the following is not a function of the liver?

Secretion of insulin

Preparation of fat for utilization as en energy source

Production and secretion of bile

The storage of excess carbohydrate as glycogen

171. How is oxygen transported around the body?

By red blood cells combined with carbon dioxide

By red blood cells combined with nitrogen and water vapour

By red blood cells combined with hemoglobin

By red blood cells combined with nitrogen, hormones and plasma

172. Crews that react best to events not only communicate but

Are aware of the cultural considerations

Are situation ally aware

Are cohesive

Systematically confirm reception of information

173. The sleep cycle of REM sleep and stage 1-4 sleep repeats during the night approximately every:

30 minutes

3 hours

4 hours

90 minutes

174. Rule based behaviors, such as those required to fly an aircraft on an instrument approach:

Are stored in the short termed memory

Are memorized by the central decision maker

Are stored in the long term memory

Are memorized as motor program

175. A motor program is:

A routine that is based on knowledge and experience

A routine that can only be exhibited when knowledge based response are being used

A routine that is learnt with practice and can be executed

A routine that is learnt with practice and can be executed with conscious thought

176. Given that pressure at 40,000 ft is 140 mm/HG what is the partial pressure of oxygen?

70.684 mm Hg

29.32 mm Hg

78.08 mm Hg

20.94 mm Hg

177. A pilot starts to complain of severe earache as he descends, what is the possible cause?

A blocked outer ear

Sinotic barotrauma

A blocked middle ear

A blocked inner ear

178. Increased automation has resulted in:

A reduction in pilot work load, which increases the pilots capacity to cope with the tasks in hand

An increase in pilot work load, which reduces the pilots capacity to cope with the tasks in hand

An alternative method of accomplishing the tasks which allows more capacity to be spared for the tasks in hand

179. Hypertension is:

A cause of gout

Elevated arterial blood pressure

A high state of stress

A pre-cursor to the onset of a heart attack

180. Vertigo can be caused by an blocked Eustachian Tube

True

False

181. Ozone is destroyed above which of the following temperatures?

300ºC

100ºC

400ºC

200ºC

182. Above which of the listed altitude must aeroplanes carry equipment to continuously measure the cosmic radiation being received?

52,000 ft

40,000 ft

49,000 ft

46,000 ft

183. What visual technique should be used when searching for an aircraft?

Sweep from side to side with the eyes covering the whole field of vision

Search the sky portion by portion starting on the left

Pinpoint 10 deg segments of the sky and confirm before passing onto another

Use a succession of small and rapid eye movements

184. Around 50% of sleep is:

Stage 4

Stage 2

Stage 1

Stage 3

185. Ozone (O3) is a naturelle occurrent variant of oxygen which is an irritant to the lungs and is present in higher concentrations above 40,000 ft. Why is it not a problem to passengers flying in aircraft above this level?

The ozone is broken down into oxygen by the ambient temperature of a pressurized cabin

The ozone is broken down into oxygen by the reparation process

The ozone is broken down at the compressor stage of ingested air into a jet engine

186. The bronche:

Join the trachea to the lungs

Are easily damaged is subjected to a rapid decompression

Are fine sac like structures in the lungs

Are better known as the windpipe

187. Glaucoma is caused by

An increase in the pressure of the eye

A decrease in the pressure of the eye

A defect of the cornea

A defect of the retina

188. The most common cause of in-flight incapacitation is

Heart Attack

Influenza

The common cold

Gastro-enteritis

189. Which of the following is a function of the kidneys?

Storage of iron

Control the concentration of certain salts in the blood plasma

Secretion of insulin

Regulation of glucose in the blood

190. With regard to the humidity of air in a pressurized cabin, we know that it: 1. Varies between 40 and 50% 2. Varies between 5 and 15% 3. May cause dehydration affecting the performance of the cabin crew 4. Has no special effect on crew members

2 and 3

2, 3 and 4

1 and 4

1 and 3

191. An ineffective leader will tend to:

Listen more to others

Be consistent and direct

Over control all situations which arise and avoid conflict

Be sarcastic and direct

192. What is the absolute minimum time a pilot should stop drinking before flying?

6 hours but it depends upon the amount of alcohol that has been consumed

24 hours but it debends upon the amount of alcohol that has been consumed

12 hours but it depends upon the amount of alcohot that has been consumed

8 hours but it depends upon the amount of alcohol that has beed consumed

193. How much exerciese is sufficient to reduce the risk of coronary disease:

Regular and raise the pulse by 100% at least 20 minutes 2 times a week

Raise the pulse by 100% for at least 20 minutes 3 times a week

Raise the pulse by 100% for at least 30 minutes 3 times a week

Regular and raise the pulse by 100% for at least 20 minutes 3 times a week

194. Rule based behaviors can be defined as thoses:

For which a routine or procedure have been learnt

For which no procedure has been established and required the pilot evaluate information

Are stored as patterns of motor activity

195. Dark adaption takes about for the rods and for the cones

30 minutes 7 minutes

7 minutes 30 minutes

15 minutes 20 minutes

25 minutes 45 minutes

196. What causes otic barotrauma and when is it likely to occur?

Blocage in the Eustachian tube which is most likely to occur in the descent

Blocage in the Eustachian tube which is most likely to occur in the climb

Blocage in the Eustachian tube and around the eardrum which is most likely to toccur in the descent

Blocage in the Eustachian tube and around the eardrum which is most likely to occur in the climb

197. The 'Parasympathetic Nervous System' is used to:

Energize the body during the flight of fight phase

Return the body to befor the flight to fight response

Return the body to normal after the flight of fight response

Prepare the body to flight of fight

198. If, having tried all normal methods, the ears cannot be cleared in flight, the following action should be taken:

Ignore and it will go away

Descend to 10,000

Seek medical advice as soon as possible

Descend as quickly as possible to minimize pain

199. Light levels at high altitude can be dangerous because they:

Contain damaging UV and blue light

Affect the eye when it adapts for low light illumination

Cause dazzling reflections on the cockpit windscreen

Enlarge the blind spot in the eye because of the intensity of the blue and UV light

200. Active listening is where the listener responds with:

A judgmental attitude where the others view will be evaluated and either accepted or rejected a appropriate

A passive attitude such that the others view will be accepted without question

A genuine interest and understanding for the feelings and perceptions of the other person

An argumentative tone in an effort to impose his or her own views

Human Performance

1. Why does cold make you more susceptible to Hypoxia?

2.

What first name or nickname would you like us to use?

2. When flying in conditions of poor visibility due to mist, fog or snow, pilots may experience an illusion that means that:

3. A pilot must wait at least 24 hours before flying after donation blood:

4. A stroke occurs when:

5. If a runway slopes downwards, how does this effect the pilots' approach?

6. The approximate percentage by volume of O2 in the atmosphere at ground level is:

7. The peripheral nervous system consists of: 1. Sensory nervous 2. Motor nerves 3. The autonomic nervous system

8. The part of the brain responsible for the processing of information is the:

9. Increased automation and glass cockpit instrumentation:

10. The vestibular system consists of the otoliths and semi-circular canals, the otoliths sense (a) __________ and the semi-circular canals sense (b) __________.

11. Which of the following statements is false motor nerves?

12. Above what altitude must supplemental O2 be used if the cabin is not pressurized?

13. When the heart is beating too fast:

14. If two aircraft are on a line of constant bearing, what is the likely outcome?

15. Henry's Law has applications in Human Performance to:

16. Knowledge based behaviors are those:

17. Which of the following statement is correct in regard to motivation?

18. Approximately what percentage of communication is achieved by metacommunications?

19. The ideal leader, and therefore pilot should exhibit which qualities:

20. Respiration is:

21. The number of items that the average person can hold in working memory is:

22. The best method for losing weight is:

23. The most important factor in an approach to stress management is:

24. Supplemental oxygen must be earned on all flights where the atmospheric pressure is less than:

25. The scanning technique should differ by day and night

26. The four elements of the SHELL model are:

27. After changing time zones, circadian rhythms:

28. How can man cope with low tolerant situations?

29. What is one of the initial indications of Hypoxia?

30. Why is it essential to ensure that the combustion heaters are serviceable?

31. When suffering from sleep deprivation, will performance be further decreased by altitude?

32. The factor which most increases the risk of coronary heart disease is:

33. Increased reliability and automation can result in:

34. A person who is happy to put ideas to the test is termed:

35. Human error is a main cause factor in how many aviation accidents:

36. The effects of smoking, particulary in relation to aviation are:

37. Where is 'seat of pants' sensed?

38. With reference to automation, which of the following statement is correct?

39. When a pilot shuts an engine down by reference to a checklist he is displaying:

40. The greatest concentration of ozone is to be found in the:

41. Improvement of human reliability should entail:

42. Does it make any difference to the circadian thythm adjusting to time zone changes if the flight is to the East of West?

43. Low blood pressure can lead to:

44. What approach conditions cause "black hole effect"?

45. Situational awareness is:

46. What should a pilot rely on if disorientated in IMC?

47. What part of the spectrum should sunglasses filter out?

48. The two types of fatigue are:

49. What is the first action that should be taken by the pilot in the event of a cabin decompression above 10,000 feet?

50. An ideal leader will:

51. Decompression sickness occurs when bubbles of nitrogen come out of solution in body tissues. Where this bubbles from in the joints is termed as:

52. Exposer to the cold atmosphere at high altitude during a rapid decompression will:

53. Using the BMI formula, when will pilots be considered overweight?

54. Hypervigilance is:

55. Stress reactions are seen or experienced by the body as:

56. Our body takes its energy from: 1. Minerals 2. Protein 3. Carbohydrates 4. Vitamins

57. The amount of stress which we experience influences both the way we feel and also our ability to perform tasks and

58. A visual scan should cover the sky in overlapping sections of

59. The normal pH level of the body is:

60. Choose the correct statement below for automation management.

61. On what does NIHL depend?

62. The rods and cones are the light sensitive cells in the eye, the rods:

63. The errors resulting from an irrational indexing in the operations manual are related to an interface mismatch between:

64. The part of the brain responsible for temperature control is:

65. CRM (Crew Resource Management) training is:

66. How is the rate and depth of breathing controlled?

67. List in ascendant order the factors that will increase the risk of coronary heart disease:

68. Anemia refers to déficience in which element?

69. Will stokers experience hypoxia lower or higher cabin altitude than non-smokers?

70. All pilots suffer some hearing loss as a part of the process of growing old. This is called

71. Noise energy can permanently damage the ears, initially temporarily lasting a few hours but permanent if prolonged, the damage is assessed by: 1. Damage to the ossicles and tympanic membrane 2. The intensity of the noise 3. The total time the noise is listened to

72. Sleep apnoea is:

73. The optic nerve is part of the structure of the eye and is:

74. The relationship between workload and performance can be graphically illustrated by the performancearousal graph. This graph is conceived as:

75. Sleep apnoea is condition which will most likely affect people who are:

77. The perceptual process creates an internal model of the outside world. This model is based on:

78. The cerebellum is responsible for:

10. The vestibular system consists of the otoliths and semi-circular canals, the otoliths sense (a) and the semi-circular canals sense (b) .

106. Visual acuité is best within (a) _ of the fovea and reduces (b) _ towards the periphery of vision: