TOEFL Exercise: Reading Section

Explanation
The first paragraph of the passage includes a definition of IQ, or Intelligence Quotient. It explains that IQ is the ratio of a person's mental age to chronological age, with the ratio multiplied by 100 to remove the decimal. The passage also mentions that mental age is generally measured by some kind of standard test and is not simple to define. Therefore, the correct answer is (B) A definition.

Explanation
The information in the third paragraph differs from that in the second paragraph because it presents real information rather than a premise. The second paragraph discusses the theory behind IQ tests and how they are set up to measure intelligence. In contrast, the third paragraph explains the practical difficulties in devising a test that accurately measures intelligence, such as the inability to arrive at a consensus on which types of intellectual operations demonstrate intelligence and the presence of cultural bias in IQ tests. This information is based on real observations and challenges faced in creating IQ tests, rather than being a theoretical premise.

Explanation
The author's purpose in this passage is to explain the legal status of hypnotically induced confessions. The passage discusses the fact that such confessions have not been admitted into evidence by courts in the United States due to their lack of reliability. The author also mentions a specific case that went to the U.S. Supreme Court, where the confessions obtained under hypnosis were ruled invalid. This supports the idea that the passage is focused on explaining the legal status of hypnotically induced confessions.

Explanation
The passage provides information about the issue of confessions obtained from defendants in a hypnotic state and their admissibility in courts. It explains that such confessions are not considered reliable by experts in the field of hypnosis, as subjects may confess to crimes they did not commit due to either fantasizing or feeling pressured to confess. The passage also mentions a landmark Supreme Court case, Layra v. Denno, where the court ruled that the confessions obtained under hypnosis were invalid because they were the only evidence against the suspect. Therefore, the tone of the passage can be described as informative, as it presents facts and details about the topic without expressing any strong emotions or opinions.

Explanation
The passage discusses a landmark case that went to the U.S. Supreme Court regarding the admissibility of confessions obtained under hypnosis. It explains that such confessions have not been admitted into evidence in the United States due to their lack of reliability. This suggests that the passage would likely be assigned reading in a course on American law, as it pertains to legal procedures and the criteria for admitting evidence in court.