Macroeconomie Feaa Sem II

The correct answer is "Banca centrala." The Banca centrala is the institution that has the authority to grant credit to banks. It is responsible for regulating and supervising the banking system, implementing monetary policy, and maintaining price stability in the economy. As the central bank of a country, it plays a crucial role in managing the country's money supply, controlling interest rates, and ensuring the stability of the financial system.

The essential characteristic of a good used as money is its acceptability. This means that the good is widely recognized and accepted as a medium of exchange in transactions. Without acceptability, the good would not be able to fulfill its function as a means of facilitating trade and commerce. Ease of transportation and abundance are important factors as well, but they are not as crucial as acceptability in determining the suitability of a good as money.

In an efficient financial market, prices should continuously reflect all relevant information, so that any new information is immediately incorporated into the prices. This means that investors can consistently earn higher returns than the market average, as prices accurately reflect all available information.

In operatiunile cu prima simpla "a la hausse", the buyer has the option to choose between executing or realizing the contract based on the external situation at the maturity date. This means that the buyer can decide whether to go ahead with the contract or not, depending on the market conditions. Therefore, it offers the buyer the possibility to choose between executing or realizing the contract based on the external situation at the maturity date.

The correct answer states that the short-term capital market is an interbank market where banks borrow from each other, performing a function of balancing surplus and deficit. This means that banks can lend or borrow funds from other banks to manage their liquidity needs and balance their excess or shortfall of funds. It also implies that this market includes transactions with long-term financial assets but does not include operations of discounting and rediscounting credit securities.

The correct answer is "rare." Throughout history, many societies have chosen metals like copper, silver, and gold as their preferred medium of exchange because these metals were scarce or rare. This scarcity made them valuable and desirable as a means of trade and commerce.

In order to ensure a high level of satisfaction of the population's needs and efficient use of resources, it is preferable for the economy to specialize and participate in trade. This is because specialization allows for the production of goods and services in which a country has a comparative advantage, leading to increased efficiency and productivity. By participating in trade, countries can exchange their specialized products with others, resulting in a wider variety of goods and services available to meet the needs of the population. This promotes economic growth and overall satisfaction of the population.

A free rider, in economic theory, refers to someone who is able to obtain benefits without paying for them and is not required to contribute to the costs. This means that they are essentially taking advantage of the benefits provided by others without bearing any of the associated costs.

Politicians are encouraged to support policies that confer short-term benefits and long-term costs because they are often focused on gaining immediate popularity and securing their re-election. By implementing policies that provide immediate benefits, such as increased public spending or tax cuts, politicians can gain the support and favor of the public in the short term. However, these policies may have long-term consequences, such as increased debt or reduced funding for essential services, which can be detrimental to the overall well-being of the society. Nonetheless, politicians prioritize their own interests and short-term gains over long-term sustainability.

Clear and enforced property rights provide individuals with a sense of ownership and control over their resources. When property rights are well-defined and protected, individuals have the incentive to invest in and take care of their property, leading to efficient use of resources. This reduces externalities because individuals are more likely to consider the impact of their actions on others when they have a stake in the property. In contrast, when property rights are unclear or not enforced, individuals may not have the incentive to consider the negative effects of their actions on others, leading to increased externalities.

The concept of the prisoner's dilemma helps us understand why sometimes social behavior does not produce the desired results for the entire society. This is because individuals may prioritize their own self-interest over the collective interest, leading to outcomes that are not optimal for the society as a whole. In the prisoner's dilemma, individuals are faced with a choice between cooperating for a mutually beneficial outcome or betraying each other for personal gain. The dilemma arises when both individuals choose to betray each other, resulting in a suboptimal outcome for both.

Anti-inflation policies are not advantageous for governments because they limit government spending by reducing the purchasing power of the currency. This means that governments have less funding available for their expenses. These policies are not favorable for the political class as they restrict their ability to finance their initiatives and projects.

The American workers at the Ford branch in Craiova contribute to the growth of Romania's GDP through the production they carry out.

The correct answer is "exclud posibilitatea cooperarii voluntare ce are la baza eficienta economica." The explanation for this answer is that transaction costs make it more difficult to reduce externalities because they prevent voluntary cooperation, which is based on economic efficiency. Transaction costs refer to the costs associated with conducting economic transactions, such as the costs of searching for information, negotiating contracts, and enforcing agreements. These costs can discourage individuals from cooperating to address externalities, as they may find it more costly to engage in voluntary exchanges that would help reduce the negative effects of externalities.

A bilet de banca is a type of financial instrument that guarantees payment to the holder of a specific amount of currency. It is commonly referred to as a banknote or a paper bill. This type of document is issued by a central bank and is widely accepted as a form of payment in a country's economy.

The correct answer is "populatia somera si populatia activa." Rata somajului, or the unemployment rate, represents the percentage ratio between the unemployed population (populatia somera) and the active population (populatia activa). This ratio helps measure the level of unemployment in a country by comparing the number of unemployed individuals to the total number of individuals in the labor force.

The correct answer is "Un echilibru intre cererea si oferta de moneda." This means that monetary equilibrium refers to a balance between the demand for and supply of money. In an economy, the demand for money comes from individuals and businesses who need it for transactions and investments, while the supply of money is determined by the central bank. When the demand for money matches the supply of money, there is monetary equilibrium.

In the primary financial market, where new securities are issued and sold for the first time, the majority of operations are facilitated by banks. Banks play a crucial role in underwriting and distributing new securities, as well as providing financial advice and services to both issuers and investors. They act as intermediaries between the issuers of securities and the investors, helping to match the demand and supply of funds in the market. Therefore, banks are the most common entities involved in operations in the primary financial market.

Firmele care detin avantaje comparativ in reducerea poluarii pot imbunatati calitatea mediului la costul cel mai mic. Aceste firme au capacitati si tehnologii mai avansate pentru a reduce poluarea, ceea ce le permite sa faca acest lucru la un cost mai mic. Prin urmare, ele pot contribui la imbunatatirea mediului in mod eficient si economic.

The personal income is calculated by adding the national income, which is 20,000 u.m., with the undistributed profits of commercial companies (5,000 u.m.) and subtracting the taxes on these profits (1,000 u.m.). Additionally, the contributions paid by commercial companies for social insurance (3,000 u.m.) and the allowances for unemployment, aid, scholarships, etc. (2,000 u.m.) are included. The net transfers to the rest of the world (3,000 u.m.) and the direct taxes (500 u.m.) are not relevant to calculating personal income. Therefore, the correct answer is that the personal income available is equal to 12,500 u.m.

Inflatia determina o proasta alocare a resurselor deoarece atunci cand preturile cresc rapid, oamenii sunt incurajati sa cheltuiasca si sa investeasca in mod nerezonabil. De exemplu, oamenii pot cumpara bunuri si servicii in exces, ceea ce duce la o cerere exagerata si la o crestere artificiala a preturilor. Aceasta poate duce la o explozie a bursei sau la o crestere nejustificata a preturilor imobiliare, ceea ce poate duce la o alocare ineficienta a resurselor economice.

Economists use GDP to determine the economic performance of a country over time. GDP is a measure of the total value of goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific period. By analyzing changes in GDP over time, economists can assess the growth or contraction of an economy, identify trends, and make predictions about future economic performance. Therefore, GDP is a key indicator for evaluating the economic health and progress of a country.

Expansiunea monetară conduce la creșterea generalizată a prețurilor. Acest lucru se datorează faptului că o creștere a cantității de bani disponibili în economie duce la o creștere a cererii pentru bunuri și servicii. Pe măsură ce cererea crește, producătorii pot majora prețurile pentru a-și maximiza profiturile. Astfel, expansiunea monetară poate duce la inflație și la creșterea generală a prețurilor în economie.

The negative character of inflation is mainly derived from the distortion of relative prices. Inflation causes prices to rise unevenly, leading to a misallocation of resources and a decrease in the purchasing power of individuals. This distortion can create economic imbalances and uncertainty, making it difficult for businesses and individuals to plan for the future. It can also lead to social unrest and inequality as certain groups may be disproportionately affected by price increases. Therefore, the distortion of relative prices is a significant factor contributing to the negative impact of inflation.

The correct answer is "none of the above" because the question is asking about the enormous superiority of economic systems, and none of the options provided directly address this. The options mention factors such as natural resources, historical decisions of wealthy countries, and the population-to-land ratio, but none of these factors alone determine the superiority of economic systems. Other factors such as technological advancements, political stability, education, and infrastructure also play significant roles in determining the superiority of economic systems. Therefore, none of the options provided can explain the enormous superiority of economic systems.

Deprecierea reprezinta scaderea cursului de piata a unei monede.

The correct answer states that the accumulation of capital has had important contributions to economic growth through the fulfillment of all the mentioned factors. This implies that the accumulation of capital has facilitated extensive specialization, multiplied labor power, and spread technological innovations in capital goods. These factors have collectively played a significant role in promoting economic growth.

The correct answer is "rezerva minima obligatorie" (mandatory reserve requirement). In the banking system, liquidity can be ensured by maintaining a certain percentage of deposits as reserves, which banks are required to hold by law. This reserve acts as a buffer to meet withdrawal demands and ensures that banks have enough funds to cover their liabilities. By setting a mandatory reserve requirement, the central bank can control the amount of money available for lending and maintain stability in the banking system.

When banks create new credit, the total money supply in circulation increases. This is because when banks grant new loans, they are essentially creating new money in the form of credit. This newly created money enters into circulation and increases the total amount of money available in the economy. Therefore, the correct answer is that banks create money by granting new loans.

The correct answer is "reduce rata dobanzii de pe piata monetara." This is because when the central bank expands credit, it injects more money into the economy, which increases the supply of money in the market. With more money available, the demand for loans increases, leading to a decrease in interest rates. As a result, borrowing becomes cheaper, encouraging businesses and individuals to borrow and invest more, which stimulates economic growth. Therefore, the expansion of credit by the central bank reduces interest rates in the money market.

The question provides information about the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) expressed in factor prices, which is equal to 1,000um. It also states that net indirect taxes are 300um and fixed capital consumption is 400um. To determine the national income expressed in market prices, we need to subtract net indirect taxes from GDP expressed in factor prices and add fixed capital consumption. Therefore, the national income expressed in market prices would be 1,000um - 300um + 400um = 1,100um. Hence, the correct answer is 900um.

If transaction costs were zero, it would mean that there are no barriers or obstacles in conducting economic transactions. This would eliminate the need for negotiations, contracts, and other transaction-related activities that often incur costs. Without transaction costs, individuals and businesses would be able to freely engage in economic activities without any hindrance. As a result, there would be no externalities, which are the unintended consequences or effects of economic activities on third parties. Therefore, if transaction costs were zero, externalities would not exist.

The correct answer is 195.000um. This can be calculated by subtracting the indirect taxes (10.000um) and adding the subsidies (15.000um) to the GDP expressed in market prices (200.000um). Then, the net income received from the rest of the world (20.000um) needs to be added, while the income paid to the rest of the world (15.000um) needs to be subtracted. The resulting value is the GNP expressed in factor prices, which is 195.000um.

The question asks for the potential GDP according to Okun's law, given that the natural unemployment rate is 5.9% and the estimated unemployment rate is 8.4%. Okun's law states that for every 1% increase in the unemployment rate above the natural rate, there will be a 2% decrease in the GDP. Therefore, to calculate the potential GDP, we need to determine the difference between the estimated unemployment rate and the natural rate (8.4% - 5.9% = 2.5%) and multiply it by 2 (2.5% * 2 = 5%). Subtracting this 5% from the actual GDP of 570 mld u.m. gives us 570 mld u.m. - (570 mld u.m. * 5%) = 570 mld u.m. - 28.5 mld u.m. = 541.5 mld u.m. Therefore, the correct answer is 560 mld u.m.

The correct answer is "puterii de cumparare" which translates to "purchasing power" in English. Echilibrul moetar refers to market equilibrium, and in this context, it determines the purchasing power. Market equilibrium is the point where the supply and demand for goods and services are balanced, and it affects the purchasing power of individuals in the market.

When the central bank buys bonds, it increases the reserves of commercial banks by the same amount. This means that commercial banks will have more money available to lend out to individuals and businesses. As a result, the money supply in the economy, measured by M1, will increase. Additionally, with an increase in reserves, commercial banks will have more funds to lend, leading to increased competition among banks for borrowers. This increased competition can drive up interest rates. Therefore, the correct answer is that the reserves of commercial banks increase by the respective amount.

The correct answer states that the GDP of 2018 will decrease by 500 lei because the person sold the suit for 500 lei, which means that the value of the suit is deducted from the GDP. Additionally, the answer states that the GDP of 2020 will increase by 300 lei because the suit was resold for 800 lei, which contributes to the GDP. Therefore, the GDP of 2018 decreases and the GDP of 2020 increases, as mentioned in the answer.

When a customer of a bank repays a loan, both M1 and M2 decrease. M1 represents the narrowest definition of the money supply, including only physical currency in circulation and demand deposits (such as checking accounts). When a loan is repaid, the funds are taken out of the bank's reserves, causing a decrease in M1. M2, on the other hand, includes M1 plus additional types of deposits, such as savings accounts and time deposits. Since the repayment of a loan involves a decrease in both types of deposits, M2 also decreases.

A contracyclical fiscal policy involves an increase in tax revenues during a period of recession. This means that when the economy is experiencing a downturn, the government increases taxes to generate more revenue. This can help stabilize the economy by reducing the budget deficit and providing the government with more funds to stimulate economic growth through increased spending or investment. By increasing tax revenues during a recession, the government can counteract the negative effects of the economic downturn and support recovery efforts.

The most important difference between the state and other social institutions is that it possesses an exclusive and recognized right of constraint and coercion. This means that the state has the authority to enforce laws and regulations through the use of force if necessary. Other social institutions may have their own rules and regulations, but they do not have the same power to enforce them. The state's ability to exercise constraint and coercion sets it apart and gives it a unique position of authority in society.

Inflation refers to the general increase in prices of goods and services in an economy over time. One of the negative effects of inflation is the increase in the cost of borrowing. As inflation rises, the value of money decreases, leading to higher interest rates. This, in turn, results in the increased cost of credit provided by banks. Therefore, the correct answer is "scumpirea creditelor acordate de banci" (the increase in the cost of credit provided by banks).