1.
What is caused by Malassezia furfur?
Correct Answer
C. Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor
Explanation
Malassezia furfur is a type of yeast that is responsible for causing Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor. This condition is a common fungal infection of the skin that results in the development of discolored patches on the skin. The yeast overgrowth disrupts the normal pigmentation of the skin, leading to the appearance of lighter or darker patches. Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor is typically not harmful or contagious, but it can cause cosmetic concerns and may recur in some individuals. Treatment usually involves the use of antifungal medications to control the yeast overgrowth and restore the normal color of the skin.
2.
This is a monomorphic mold that causes cutaneous mycoses of the glabrous skin of the face. Doesn't involve the hair on the face.
Correct Answer
A. Tinea Faciei
Explanation
Tinea faciei is a fungal infection that affects the glabrous skin of the face. Glabrous skin refers to the smooth, hairless skin on the face. This infection does not involve the hair on the face, which differentiates it from tinea barbae, which affects the hair follicles of the beard area. Otomycosis is a fungal infection of the ear canal, tinea corporis is a fungal infection of the body, and tinea capitis ectothrix is a fungal infection of the scalp. Therefore, the correct answer is tinea faciei.
3.
What is the treatment for Pityriasis (tinea) Versicolor?
Correct Answer
E. Ketoconazole
Explanation
Ketoconazole is the correct treatment for Pityriasis (tinea) Versicolor. It is an antifungal medication that works by inhibiting the growth of the fungus causing the infection. Ketoconazole can be administered orally or applied topically as a cream or shampoo, depending on the severity of the condition. It is effective in treating Pityriasis Versicolor and helps to eliminate the infection and alleviate symptoms such as itching and skin discoloration.
4.
Which of the following shows partial protective immunity?
Correct Answer
B. Tinea Faciei
Explanation
Partial protective immunity refers to a condition where the immune system is able to provide some level of protection against a specific disease or infection. Tinea Faciei, also known as facial ringworm, is a fungal infection that affects the skin on the face. While it does not provide complete immunity, individuals who have had Tinea Faciei in the past may have some degree of protection against future infections of the same type. This is because the immune system has developed some level of recognition and response to the specific fungus causing the infection.
5.
Otomycosis is NOT part of which species?
Correct Answer
B. Trichophyton
Explanation
Trichophyton is a genus of fungi that commonly cause infections in the skin, hair, and nails. Otomycosis, on the other hand, refers to a fungal infection of the ear canal. While Aspergillus, Penicillin, Mucor, and Rhizopus are all known to cause otomycosis, Trichophyton is not typically associated with this condition. Therefore, Trichophyton is the correct answer as it is not part of the species that cause otomycosis.
6.
Which is an opportunistic mold, saprophytic, monomorphic mold that causes superficial infections of the outer ear?
Correct Answer
B. Otomycosis
Explanation
Otomycosis is a superficial infection of the outer ear caused by an opportunistic mold. It is classified as a saprophytic mold, meaning that it obtains nutrients from dead organic matter. Otomycosis is also monomorphic, which means that it exists in only one form or shape. This condition specifically affects the outer ear and can cause symptoms such as itching, pain, and discharge.
7.
Which of the following DOES NOT have an incubation period of 10 to 14 days (2wks)?
Correct Answer
E. Tinea Unguium
Explanation
Tinea Unguium, also known as onychomycosis or nail fungus, does not have an incubation period of 10 to 14 days. It is a fungal infection that affects the nails, causing them to become thickened, discolored, and brittle. The incubation period for Tinea Unguium can vary, but it is typically longer than 14 days. The infection usually starts at the tip of the nail and gradually spreads to the rest of the nail. Treatment for Tinea Unguium often involves antifungal medications and may take several months to completely eliminate the infection.
8.
Which of the following require re-treatment for chronic, relapsing lesions?
Correct Answer
A. Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor
Explanation
Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor requires re-treatment for chronic, relapsing lesions because it is a fungal infection caused by the yeast Malassezia, which is a normal part of the skin flora. The yeast can overgrow and cause discolored patches on the skin, especially in hot and humid conditions. Although treatment with antifungal medications can initially clear the infection, the yeast can persist in the skin and cause recurrent episodes. Therefore, re-treatment is often necessary to control the symptoms and prevent relapses.
9.
Which is not a predisposing factor for Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor?
Correct Answer
B. Malnutrition and low electrolytes
Explanation
All are correct except for low electrolytes
10.
Which of the following is found worldwide in the soil?
Correct Answer
B. Otomycosis
Explanation
Otomycosis is a fungal infection that affects the ear canal. It is caused by various fungi and can be found worldwide in the soil. This infection occurs when the fungi enter the ear canal and multiply, leading to symptoms such as itching, pain, and discharge. Treatment usually involves antifungal medications to eliminate the infection.
11.
Which of the following can result in hair loss?
Correct Answer(s)
B. Tinea Capitis Ectothrix
C. Tinea Capitis Endothrix
Explanation
Tinea Capitis Ectothrix and Tinea Capitis Endothrix are both types of fungal infections that can result in hair loss. Tinea Capitis Ectothrix affects the outer shaft of the hair and causes the hair to become brittle and break off, leading to hair loss. Tinea Capitis Endothrix, on the other hand, affects the inner shaft of the hair and causes the hair to break off at or just above the surface of the scalp, resulting in patchy hair loss. These fungal infections can be treated with antifungal medications to prevent further hair loss.
12.
What is the incubation period for Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor?
Correct Answer
A. Days
Explanation
The incubation period for Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor is usually a few days. This refers to the time between the initial exposure to the fungus and the appearance of symptoms. During this period, the fungus grows and multiplies on the skin, leading to the development of characteristic patches or spots. It is important to note that the exact length of the incubation period may vary from person to person.
13.
Which of the following if found in Africa and Europe?
Correct Answer
C. Tinea Favosa
Explanation
Tinea Favosa is a fungal infection that can be found in both Africa and Europe. It is characterized by the formation of thick, yellow crusts on the scalp, which can lead to hair loss. The infection is caused by a fungus called Trichophyton schoenleinii. It is more common in areas with poor hygiene and overcrowding. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications and good hygiene practices.
14.
I am an African American woman and I present with pinkish-white patches on the skin of my upper body. What do I have?
Correct Answer
A. Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor
Explanation
Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor is a fungal infection that causes pinkish-white patches on the skin. It is more common in individuals with darker skin tones, such as African Americans. The infection is caused by a type of yeast called Malassezia, which is naturally present on the skin but can overgrow and cause discoloration. The patches are usually more noticeable in areas with higher concentrations of oil glands, such as the upper body. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, such as topical creams or oral medications, to eliminate the yeast and restore the normal skin color.
15.
Infection of Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor is most common between?
Correct Answer
B. Adolescence and Middle Age
Explanation
Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor is a fungal infection that affects the skin. It is caused by an overgrowth of yeast on the skin's surface. The condition is most commonly seen in adolescents and middle-aged individuals. During adolescence, hormonal changes and increased oil production can create an environment favorable for the growth of the yeast. In middle age, factors such as increased sweating, weakened immune system, and changes in the skin's pH levels can contribute to the development of the infection. Therefore, the infection of Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor is most common between adolescence and middle age.
16.
What are the incidence rates of Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor?
Correct Answer
B. 40-60%
Explanation
The incidence rates of Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor are estimated to be between 40-60%. This means that out of 100 people, 40-60 individuals are likely to be affected by this condition. Pityriasis Versicolor is a common fungal infection of the skin caused by an overgrowth of yeast. It typically presents as discolored patches on the skin, which can range in color from white to brown. The condition is more common in tropical and subtropical regions, and it is more prevalent in adolescents and young adults.
17.
KOH/PAS staining of skin scrapings show short, stubby hyphae and globose budding yeast cells (spaghetti and meatballs)
Correct Answer
D. Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor
Explanation
The given answer is Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor because the description of "short, stubby hyphae and globose budding yeast cells" is characteristic of this fungal infection. Pityriasis versicolor is caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur and typically presents with hypo- or hyperpigmented scaly patches on the skin. The "spaghetti and meatballs" appearance refers to the combination of short hyphae and yeast cells seen on microscopic examination, resembling pasta and meatballs. This finding is consistent with the KOH/PAS staining of skin scrapings in Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor.
18.
Infection with this can develop into itchy papules and pustules (inflammation of hair follicles or the lacrimal sac) or atopic dermatitis on the back and upper trunk.
Correct Answer
A. Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor
Explanation
Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor is a fungal infection that can cause itchy papules and pustules on the skin, particularly on the back and upper trunk. It can also lead to inflammation of hair follicles or the lacrimal sac, as well as atopic dermatitis. This infection is caused by a type of yeast called Malassezia, which is naturally present on the skin but can overgrow and cause symptoms in certain conditions. Treatment usually involves antifungal medications applied to the affected areas.
19.
Most infections of this mold resolve rapidly and spontaneously.
Correct Answer
C. Tinea Capitis Ectothrix
Explanation
Tinea Capitis Ectothrix is the correct answer because it is a fungal infection of the scalp caused by certain types of fungi that grow on the outside of the hair shaft. This type of infection usually resolves quickly and spontaneously without the need for treatment.
20.
Griseofulvin is used for all of the following except?
Correct Answer(s)
B. Tinea Corporis
E. Tinea Faciei
Explanation
Griseofulvin is an antifungal medication used to treat fungal infections of the skin, hair, and nails. It works by inhibiting the growth of fungi. Tinea corporis is a fungal infection of the body, while tinea faciei is a fungal infection of the face. Therefore, griseofulvin is not used for treating tinea corporis and tinea faciei. However, it is used for treating other types of fungal infections such as tinea barbae (fungal infection of the beard area) and tinea capitis (fungal infection of the scalp).
21.
In this infection conidia and hyphae are seen inside hair shafts on the KOH/PAS stains.
Correct Answer
E. Tinea Capitis Endothrix
Explanation
Tinea Capitis Endothrix is the correct answer because it is a fungal infection of the scalp caused by dermatophytes that invade the hair shaft internally. On KOH/PAS stains, conidia (asexual spores) and hyphae (filamentous structures) can be seen inside the hair shafts, confirming the diagnosis of Tinea Capitis Endothrix.
22.
Non-infective, cutaneous allergic reactions can occur as a result of this infection.
Correct Answer
A. Tinea Capitis Endothrix
Explanation
Non-infective, cutaneous allergic reactions can occur as a result of Tinea Capitis Endothrix infection.
23.
A chronic infection that can persist through adult life.
Correct Answer
B. Tinea Capitis Endothrix
Explanation
Tinea Capitis Endothrix is the correct answer because it refers to a chronic infection that can persist throughout adult life. Tinea Capitis is a fungal infection that affects the scalp, and Endothrix specifically refers to the type of infection where the fungal hyphae invade the hair shaft internally. This type of infection can be difficult to treat and can lead to hair loss and scarring if left untreated.
24.
This is also known as gray-patch ringworm that is a prepubertal infection of the scalp, eyelashes and eyebrows.
Correct Answer
A. Tinea Capitis Ectothrix
Explanation
Tinea Capitis Ectothrix is the correct answer because it refers to a type of fungal infection that affects the scalp, eyelashes, and eyebrows. It is commonly seen in children before puberty. The term "ectothrix" indicates that the fungal infection occurs on the outside of the hair shaft, which is a characteristic feature of this type of tinea capitis. The other options listed are different types of fungal infections that affect various parts of the body, but they do not specifically match the description given in the question.
25.
What is the treatment for Tinea Capitis Ectothrix?
Correct Answer
B. Griseofluvin
Explanation
Griseofluvin is the correct treatment for Tinea Capitis Ectothrix. Tinea Capitis is a fungal infection of the scalp, and Griseofluvin is an antifungal medication commonly used to treat this condition. It works by inhibiting the growth of fungi, including the fungus causing Tinea Capitis. Other antifungal medications like Fluconazole, Terbinafine, Ketoconazole, and Miconazole may be used for different types of fungal infections, but Griseofluvin is specifically indicated for Tinea Capitis Ectothrix.
26.
Chains of macroconidia and hyphae are seen on hair shafts treated with KOH/PAS stains.
Correct Answer
C. Tinea Capitis Ectothrix
Explanation
The presence of chains of macroconidia and hyphae on hair shafts treated with KOH/PAS stains indicates Tinea Capitis Ectothrix. This is a type of fungal infection that affects the scalp and hair shafts, characterized by the presence of fungal spores and hyphae on the outer surface of the hair shaft. This differs from Tinea Capitis Endothrix, where the fungal spores and hyphae are found inside the hair shaft.
27.
Which of the following is true concerning Tinea Capitis Ectothrix?
Correct Answer
C. Male infection common before puberty and female infections common after puberty
Explanation
Tinea Capitis Ectothrix is a fungal infection of the scalp. It is more common in children, especially before puberty, which explains why male infection is common before puberty. However, after puberty, female hormones and increased oil production in the scalp make females more susceptible to this infection, which is why female infections are common after puberty.
28.
Lesions begin as coalesced papules in a ring form and can develop into kerion (body areas of massive inflammation or keloids (scars produced by collagen deposition).
Correct Answer
B. Tinea Capitis Ectothrix
Explanation
This answer is correct because tinea capitis ectothrix is a type of fungal infection that affects the scalp and hair shafts. It is characterized by lesions that start as coalesced papules in a ring form and can progress to form kerion or keloid scars.
29.
I am not transmitted from person to person or by animals?
Correct Answer
B. Coccidioidomycosis
Explanation
Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection caused by inhaling spores of the Coccidioides fungus. It is primarily found in arid regions and is commonly known as Valley fever. Unlike other options, such as Histoplasmosis and Tinea infections, Coccidioidomycosis is not transmitted from person to person or by animals. Instead, it is contracted by inhaling the fungal spores present in the soil.
30.
This is a dimorphic fungus found in arid and semiarid regions in SW United States, Central America, and S. America in the soil.
Correct Answer
A. Coccidioidomycosis
Explanation
Coccidioidomycosis is caused by a dimorphic fungus and is commonly found in arid and semiarid regions in the mentioned areas. It primarily affects the lungs and can cause flu-like symptoms such as fever, cough, and fatigue. The fungus is typically found in the soil and can be inhaled by humans, leading to infection. This explanation aligns with the given information about the fungus being dimorphic, found in specific regions, and present in the soil.
31.
Which is not true of the transmission of the Tinea Capitis Ectothrix?
Correct Answer
E. Can be transmitted by kissing
Explanation
Tinea Capitis Ectothrix is a fungal infection of the scalp caused by certain species of fungi. It is primarily transmitted from person to person through direct contact with an infected individual or through contaminated fomites such as combs, hats, or pillows. It can also be transmitted by non-human mammals, such as cats and dogs, which can carry the fungi on their fur. Additionally, it can be transmitted through aerial dissemination, where the fungal spores become airborne and are inhaled by others. However, it is not transmitted through kissing, as the fungi do not typically reside in the oral cavity.
32.
Monomorphic molds that cause cutaneous mycoses of the scalp and belong to the Microsporum species.
Correct Answer
B. Tinea Capitis Ectothrix
Explanation
The correct answer is Tinea Capitis Ectothrix. Tinea Capitis is a fungal infection that affects the scalp, and it can be caused by different species of fungi, including Microsporum. Ectothrix refers to the location of the infection, where the fungal spores are found on the outside of the hair shaft. In this case, the question specifies that the molds belong to the Microsporum species, which is commonly associated with ectothrix infections.
33.
I am a pale white person and I present with red, brownish, blotchy, scaly, painless, hypopigmented, or hyperpigmented patches on the skin of my upper body? What do I have?
Correct Answer
D. Pityriasis (tinea) versicolor
Explanation
The correct answer is Pityriasis (tinea) versicolor. Pityriasis versicolor is a fungal infection that causes patches of discolored skin. It is caused by an overgrowth of yeast on the skin and commonly affects the upper body. The patches can be red, brownish, blotchy, scaly, hypopigmented, or hyperpigmented. The condition is usually painless and may be more noticeable in pale individuals.
34.
Which of the following infects humans and animals but humans and animals are not reservoirs?
Correct Answer
B. Otomycosis
Explanation
Otomycosis is a fungal infection that affects the ear canal. It is caused by various types of fungi, such as Aspergillus and Candida. While otomycosis can infect both humans and animals, neither humans nor animals serve as reservoirs for the infection. This means that the fungi do not typically colonize and multiply within the bodies of humans or animals, but rather are acquired from external sources. Therefore, otomycosis does not rely on humans or animals as a source for continued transmission.
35.
KOH preps of the exudate reveal fragments of mycelium with or without branches and septa?
Correct Answer
D. Otomycosis
Explanation
The presence of fragments of mycelium with or without branches and septa in KOH preps of the exudate suggests the diagnosis of Otomycosis. Otomycosis is a fungal infection of the ear canal, commonly caused by species of Candida or Aspergillus. The mycelium fragments seen in the KOH preps are characteristic of fungal infection, and the location of the infection in the ear canal aligns with the diagnosis of Otomycosis.
36.
Itching, pain, inflammation, loss of hearing, and serous secretions of a chronic infection of the external ear are characterized by?
Correct Answer
A. Otomycosis
Explanation
Otomycosis is a fungal infection of the external ear. It is characterized by symptoms such as itching, pain, inflammation, loss of hearing, and serous secretions. This infection is caused by various types of fungi, including Candida and Aspergillus species. Treatment typically involves antifungal medication to clear the infection and relieve symptoms.
37.
I am transmitted by contact with contaminated fomites.
Correct Answer(s)
A. Otomycosis
B. Tinea Faciei
C. Pityrasis (tinea) versicolor
D. Tinea capitis Ectothrix
E. Tinea Barbae
Explanation
The given statement suggests that the condition described is transmitted through contact with contaminated fomites. Fomites are objects or surfaces that can carry infectious agents. Otomycosis, Tinea Faciei, Pityrasis (tinea) versicolor, Tinea capitis Ectothrix, and Tinea Barbae are all fungal infections that can be transmitted through contact with contaminated objects or surfaces. Therefore, any of these conditions could be the correct answer.
38.
A patient comes into the doctor's office and their external auditory meatus contains large masses of epithelial debris containing fungi and/or bacteria and fungi. What does the patient have?
Correct Answer
A. Otomycosis
Explanation
The patient has otomycosis, which is a fungal infection of the external auditory meatus. This infection is characterized by the presence of large masses of epithelial debris containing fungi and/or bacteria and fungi.
39.
A dimorphic mold that produces subcutaneous infection.
Correct Answer
B. Sporotrichosis
Explanation
Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by the dimorphic mold Sporothrix schenckii. It primarily affects the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and lymphatic system. The mold is found in soil, plants, and decaying organic matter. Infection occurs through direct contact with contaminated material, such as thorns or splinters. Sporotrichosis usually presents as a painless, slowly progressive skin lesion that can ulcerate and spread along the lymphatic vessels. It is more common in gardeners, farmers, and individuals who handle plant material. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, such as itraconazole or potassium iodide.
40.
A monomorphic mold that produces subcutaneous infections.
Correct Answer
D. Psedallescheriasis
Explanation
Pseudallescheriasis is a fungal infection caused by the fungus Pseudallescheria boydii. It commonly affects individuals with compromised immune systems and can cause subcutaneous infections. The other options, such as pneumocystosis, sporotrichosis, rhodotorulosis, and cryptococcosis, are caused by different pathogens and may not necessarily be monomorphic molds or specifically cause subcutaneous infections. Therefore, Pseudallescheriasis is the most suitable answer based on the given information.
41.
PAS tissue stains show chlamydospores in asteroid bodies and cigar-shaped budding yeast forms in pus-filled granulomas.
Correct Answer
C. Sporotrichosis
Explanation
The correct answer is Sporotrichosis because PAS tissue stains show chlamydospores in asteroid bodies and cigar-shaped budding yeast forms in pus-filled granulomas, which are characteristic features of Sporotrichosis.
42.
What is used to treat Otomycosis along with a wax hook to remove exudate?
Correct Answer
C. Ketoconazole
Explanation
Ketoconazole is used to treat Otomycosis along with a wax hook to remove exudate. Otomycosis is a fungal infection of the ear, and ketoconazole is an antifungal medication that works by stopping the growth of the fungus. The use of a wax hook helps to remove any discharge or debris from the ear, allowing the medication to reach the affected area more effectively and improve the treatment outcome.
43.
What is the treatment for Tinea Faciei?
Correct Answer
B. Miconazole
Explanation
Miconazole is the treatment for Tinea Faciei. Tinea Faciei is a fungal infection that affects the face and is commonly known as "ringworm of the face." Miconazole is an antifungal medication that works by stopping the growth of the fungus. It is available in various forms such as creams, powders, and sprays, which can be applied directly to the affected area. Miconazole is effective in treating Tinea Faciei and helps to relieve symptoms such as itching, redness, and inflammation.
44.
The close association or living together of organisms of different species.
Correct Answer
B. Symbiosis
Explanation
Symbiosis refers to the close association or living together of organisms of different species. It is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other. This can include mutualism, where both organisms benefit, or commensalism, where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected. Symbiosis can also involve parasitism, where one organism benefits at the expense of the other. In this context, symbiosis is the best fit as it encompasses all types of relationships where different species live together.
45.
Which statement is false?
Correct Answer
C. Tinea manuum is most prevalent in males and associated with Tinea Corporis
Explanation
The false statement is "Tinea manuum is most prevalent in males and associated with Tinea Corporis." Tinea manuum is a fungal infection of the hand, and it is not more prevalent in males. It can be associated with Tinea Corporis, which is a fungal infection of the body, but this association is not exclusive to males.
46.
An obligatory relationship in which one organism, the parasite, is metabolically dependent on another organism, the host. The host is usually harmed.
Correct Answer
E. Parasitism
Explanation
Parasitism is an obligatory relationship between two organisms where one organism, the parasite, depends on the other organism, the host, for its metabolic needs. In this relationship, the host is usually harmed. This is different from other types of relationships such as mutualism, where both organisms benefit, commensalism, where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected, and normal flora, which refers to the microorganisms that live in or on the body without causing harm.
47.
Type of symbiosis in which both host and parasite benefit.
Correct Answer
D. Mutualism
Explanation
Mutualism is a type of symbiotic relationship where both the host and the parasite benefit. In this type of interaction, both organisms rely on each other for survival and gain some advantage from the relationship. This can involve exchanging nutrients, protection, or other resources. In mutualism, both parties have a mutually beneficial arrangement, which distinguishes it from other types of symbiosis such as commensalism or parasitism.
48.
Organisms that are normally and consistently found in or on the body in the absence of disease.
Correct Answer
A. Normal Flora
Explanation
Normal flora refers to the microorganisms that naturally and consistently inhabit the body without causing any harm or disease. These organisms can be found on the skin, in the respiratory tract, digestive tract, and other areas. They have a symbiotic relationship with the body, as they benefit from the environment provided by the body while also providing certain benefits to the host, such as aiding in digestion or preventing the growth of harmful bacteria.
49.
Which of the following is treated with Terbinafine?
Correct Answer(s)
A. Tinea Corporis
B. Tinea Unguium
C. Tinea Cruris
E. Tinea Pedis
Explanation
Terbinafine is a medication used to treat fungal infections. Tinea Corporis, Tinea Unguium, Tinea Cruris, and Tinea Pedis are all types of fungal infections commonly known as ringworm. Therefore, all of these conditions can be treated with Terbinafine.
50.
Leukonychia mycotica is a_____
Correct Answer
B. Nail invasion resticted to white patches or pits on the surface of the nail
Explanation
Leukonychia mycotica refers to a nail invasion that is limited to white patches or pits on the surface of the nail. It does not involve exfoliative changes or vesicular red circumscribed patches.