Microbiology Exam Trivia: MCQ! Quiz

Otomycosis is a fungal infection of the external ear. It is characterized by symptoms such as itching, pain, inflammation, loss of hearing, and serous secretions. This infection is caused by various types of fungi, including Candida and Aspergillus species. Treatment typically involves antifungal medication to clear the infection and relieve symptoms.

Normal flora refers to the microorganisms that naturally and consistently inhabit the body without causing any harm or disease. These organisms can be found on the skin, in the respiratory tract, digestive tract, and other areas. They have a symbiotic relationship with the body, as they benefit from the environment provided by the body while also providing certain benefits to the host, such as aiding in digestion or preventing the growth of harmful bacteria.

Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor is a fungal infection that causes pinkish-white patches on the skin. It is more common in individuals with darker skin tones, such as African Americans. The infection is caused by a type of yeast called Malassezia, which is naturally present on the skin but can overgrow and cause discoloration. The patches are usually more noticeable in areas with higher concentrations of oil glands, such as the upper body. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, such as topical creams or oral medications, to eliminate the yeast and restore the normal skin color.

The patient has otomycosis, which is a fungal infection of the external auditory meatus. This infection is characterized by the presence of large masses of epithelial debris containing fungi and/or bacteria and fungi.

The given answer is Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor because the description of "short, stubby hyphae and globose budding yeast cells" is characteristic of this fungal infection. Pityriasis versicolor is caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur and typically presents with hypo- or hyperpigmented scaly patches on the skin. The "spaghetti and meatballs" appearance refers to the combination of short hyphae and yeast cells seen on microscopic examination, resembling pasta and meatballs. This finding is consistent with the KOH/PAS staining of skin scrapings in Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor.

The correct answer is Pityriasis (tinea) versicolor. Pityriasis versicolor is a fungal infection that causes patches of discolored skin. It is caused by an overgrowth of yeast on the skin and commonly affects the upper body. The patches can be red, brownish, blotchy, scaly, hypopigmented, or hyperpigmented. The condition is usually painless and may be more noticeable in pale individuals.

Parasitism is an obligatory relationship between two organisms where one organism, the parasite, depends on the other organism, the host, for its metabolic needs. In this relationship, the host is usually harmed. This is different from other types of relationships such as mutualism, where both organisms benefit, commensalism, where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected, and normal flora, which refers to the microorganisms that live in or on the body without causing harm.

Otomycosis is a superficial infection of the outer ear caused by an opportunistic mold. It is classified as a saprophytic mold, meaning that it obtains nutrients from dead organic matter. Otomycosis is also monomorphic, which means that it exists in only one form or shape. This condition specifically affects the outer ear and can cause symptoms such as itching, pain, and discharge.

Tinea Capitis Ectothrix is a fungal infection of the scalp caused by certain species of fungi. It is primarily transmitted from person to person through direct contact with an infected individual or through contaminated fomites such as combs, hats, or pillows. It can also be transmitted by non-human mammals, such as cats and dogs, which can carry the fungi on their fur. Additionally, it can be transmitted through aerial dissemination, where the fungal spores become airborne and are inhaled by others. However, it is not transmitted through kissing, as the fungi do not typically reside in the oral cavity.

Malassezia furfur is a type of yeast that is responsible for causing Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor. This condition is a common fungal infection of the skin that results in the development of discolored patches on the skin. The yeast overgrowth disrupts the normal pigmentation of the skin, leading to the appearance of lighter or darker patches. Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor is typically not harmful or contagious, but it can cause cosmetic concerns and may recur in some individuals. Treatment usually involves the use of antifungal medications to control the yeast overgrowth and restore the normal color of the skin.

Leukonychia mycotica refers to a nail invasion that is limited to white patches or pits on the surface of the nail. It does not involve exfoliative changes or vesicular red circumscribed patches.

Tinea faciei is a fungal infection that affects the glabrous skin of the face. Glabrous skin refers to the smooth, hairless skin on the face. This infection does not involve the hair on the face, which differentiates it from tinea barbae, which affects the hair follicles of the beard area. Otomycosis is a fungal infection of the ear canal, tinea corporis is a fungal infection of the body, and tinea capitis ectothrix is a fungal infection of the scalp. Therefore, the correct answer is tinea faciei.

All are correct except for low electrolytes

Otomycosis is a fungal infection that affects the ear canal. It is caused by various types of fungi, such as Aspergillus and Candida. While otomycosis can infect both humans and animals, neither humans nor animals serve as reservoirs for the infection. This means that the fungi do not typically colonize and multiply within the bodies of humans or animals, but rather are acquired from external sources. Therefore, otomycosis does not rely on humans or animals as a source for continued transmission.

Mutualism is a type of symbiotic relationship where both the host and the parasite benefit. In this type of interaction, both organisms rely on each other for survival and gain some advantage from the relationship. This can involve exchanging nutrients, protection, or other resources. In mutualism, both parties have a mutually beneficial arrangement, which distinguishes it from other types of symbiosis such as commensalism or parasitism.

Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor is a fungal infection that affects the skin. It is caused by an overgrowth of yeast on the skin's surface. The condition is most commonly seen in adolescents and middle-aged individuals. During adolescence, hormonal changes and increased oil production can create an environment favorable for the growth of the yeast. In middle age, factors such as increased sweating, weakened immune system, and changes in the skin's pH levels can contribute to the development of the infection. Therefore, the infection of Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor is most common between adolescence and middle age.

Tinea Capitis Endothrix is the correct answer because it is a fungal infection of the scalp caused by dermatophytes that invade the hair shaft internally. On KOH/PAS stains, conidia (asexual spores) and hyphae (filamentous structures) can be seen inside the hair shafts, confirming the diagnosis of Tinea Capitis Endothrix.

Coccidioidomycosis is caused by a dimorphic fungus and is commonly found in arid and semiarid regions in the mentioned areas. It primarily affects the lungs and can cause flu-like symptoms such as fever, cough, and fatigue. The fungus is typically found in the soil and can be inhaled by humans, leading to infection. This explanation aligns with the given information about the fungus being dimorphic, found in specific regions, and present in the soil.

Symbiosis refers to the close association or living together of organisms of different species. It is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other. This can include mutualism, where both organisms benefit, or commensalism, where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected. Symbiosis can also involve parasitism, where one organism benefits at the expense of the other. In this context, symbiosis is the best fit as it encompasses all types of relationships where different species live together.

Commensalism is a type of symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits (the parasite) while the other is neither benefited nor harmed (the host). In this case, the parasite benefits from the relationship, but the host is not affected positively or negatively. This is different from mutualism, where both organisms benefit, and parasitism, where the host is harmed. Normal flora refers to the microorganisms that naturally inhabit the body without causing harm, and symbiosis is a general term for any close and long-term interaction between two different species.

Trichophyton is a genus of fungi that commonly cause infections in the skin, hair, and nails. Otomycosis, on the other hand, refers to a fungal infection of the ear canal. While Aspergillus, Penicillin, Mucor, and Rhizopus are all known to cause otomycosis, Trichophyton is not typically associated with this condition. Therefore, Trichophyton is the correct answer as it is not part of the species that cause otomycosis.

Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor requires re-treatment for chronic, relapsing lesions because it is a fungal infection caused by the yeast Malassezia, which is a normal part of the skin flora. The yeast can overgrow and cause discolored patches on the skin, especially in hot and humid conditions. Although treatment with antifungal medications can initially clear the infection, the yeast can persist in the skin and cause recurrent episodes. Therefore, re-treatment is often necessary to control the symptoms and prevent relapses.

The presence of chains of macroconidia and hyphae on hair shafts treated with KOH/PAS stains indicates Tinea Capitis Ectothrix. This is a type of fungal infection that affects the scalp and hair shafts, characterized by the presence of fungal spores and hyphae on the outer surface of the hair shaft. This differs from Tinea Capitis Endothrix, where the fungal spores and hyphae are found inside the hair shaft.

Tinea Capitis Ectothrix is the correct answer because it refers to a type of fungal infection that affects the scalp, eyelashes, and eyebrows. It is commonly seen in children before puberty. The term "ectothrix" indicates that the fungal infection occurs on the outside of the hair shaft, which is a characteristic feature of this type of tinea capitis. The other options listed are different types of fungal infections that affect various parts of the body, but they do not specifically match the description given in the question.

Tinea Capitis Ectothrix is a fungal infection of the scalp. It is more common in children, especially before puberty, which explains why male infection is common before puberty. However, after puberty, female hormones and increased oil production in the scalp make females more susceptible to this infection, which is why female infections are common after puberty.

Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by the dimorphic mold Sporothrix schenckii. It primarily affects the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and lymphatic system. The mold is found in soil, plants, and decaying organic matter. Infection occurs through direct contact with contaminated material, such as thorns or splinters. Sporotrichosis usually presents as a painless, slowly progressive skin lesion that can ulcerate and spread along the lymphatic vessels. It is more common in gardeners, farmers, and individuals who handle plant material. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, such as itraconazole or potassium iodide.

Tinea Unguium, also known as onychomycosis or nail fungus, does not have an incubation period of 10 to 14 days. It is a fungal infection that affects the nails, causing them to become thickened, discolored, and brittle. The incubation period for Tinea Unguium can vary, but it is typically longer than 14 days. The infection usually starts at the tip of the nail and gradually spreads to the rest of the nail. Treatment for Tinea Unguium often involves antifungal medications and may take several months to completely eliminate the infection.

Tinea Favosa is a fungal infection that can be found in both Africa and Europe. It is characterized by the formation of thick, yellow crusts on the scalp, which can lead to hair loss. The infection is caused by a fungus called Trichophyton schoenleinii. It is more common in areas with poor hygiene and overcrowding. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications and good hygiene practices.

The incidence rates of Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor are estimated to be between 40-60%. This means that out of 100 people, 40-60 individuals are likely to be affected by this condition. Pityriasis Versicolor is a common fungal infection of the skin caused by an overgrowth of yeast. It typically presents as discolored patches on the skin, which can range in color from white to brown. The condition is more common in tropical and subtropical regions, and it is more prevalent in adolescents and young adults.

Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor is a fungal infection that can cause itchy papules and pustules on the skin, particularly on the back and upper trunk. It can also lead to inflammation of hair follicles or the lacrimal sac, as well as atopic dermatitis. This infection is caused by a type of yeast called Malassezia, which is naturally present on the skin but can overgrow and cause symptoms in certain conditions. Treatment usually involves antifungal medications applied to the affected areas.

The correct answer is Tinea Capitis Ectothrix. Tinea Capitis is a fungal infection that affects the scalp, and it can be caused by different species of fungi, including Microsporum. Ectothrix refers to the location of the infection, where the fungal spores are found on the outside of the hair shaft. In this case, the question specifies that the molds belong to the Microsporum species, which is commonly associated with ectothrix infections.

The false statement is "Tinea manuum is most prevalent in males and associated with Tinea Corporis." Tinea manuum is a fungal infection of the hand, and it is not more prevalent in males. It can be associated with Tinea Corporis, which is a fungal infection of the body, but this association is not exclusive to males.

Ketoconazole is the correct treatment for Pityriasis (tinea) Versicolor. It is an antifungal medication that works by inhibiting the growth of the fungus causing the infection. Ketoconazole can be administered orally or applied topically as a cream or shampoo, depending on the severity of the condition. It is effective in treating Pityriasis Versicolor and helps to eliminate the infection and alleviate symptoms such as itching and skin discoloration.

The presence of fragments of mycelium with or without branches and septa in KOH preps of the exudate suggests the diagnosis of Otomycosis. Otomycosis is a fungal infection of the ear canal, commonly caused by species of Candida or Aspergillus. The mycelium fragments seen in the KOH preps are characteristic of fungal infection, and the location of the infection in the ear canal aligns with the diagnosis of Otomycosis.

Ketoconazole is used to treat Otomycosis along with a wax hook to remove exudate. Otomycosis is a fungal infection of the ear, and ketoconazole is an antifungal medication that works by stopping the growth of the fungus. The use of a wax hook helps to remove any discharge or debris from the ear, allowing the medication to reach the affected area more effectively and improve the treatment outcome.

The incubation period for Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor is usually a few days. This refers to the time between the initial exposure to the fungus and the appearance of symptoms. During this period, the fungus grows and multiplies on the skin, leading to the development of characteristic patches or spots. It is important to note that the exact length of the incubation period may vary from person to person.

Griseofluvin is the correct treatment for Tinea Capitis Ectothrix. Tinea Capitis is a fungal infection of the scalp, and Griseofluvin is an antifungal medication commonly used to treat this condition. It works by inhibiting the growth of fungi, including the fungus causing Tinea Capitis. Other antifungal medications like Fluconazole, Terbinafine, Ketoconazole, and Miconazole may be used for different types of fungal infections, but Griseofluvin is specifically indicated for Tinea Capitis Ectothrix.

The given description of the staining pattern and the presence of broad, branching septate hyphae with dense, neutrophilic exudates as black grains is consistent with the diagnosis of pseudallescheriasis. Pseudallescheriasis is a fungal infection caused by the fungus Pseudallescheria boydii, which is known to produce these characteristic features on staining. Sporotrichosis, Rhodotorulosis, Candidiasis, and Cryptococcosis do not typically exhibit the same staining pattern or the presence of black grains.

The correct answer is Sporotrichosis because PAS tissue stains show chlamydospores in asteroid bodies and cigar-shaped budding yeast forms in pus-filled granulomas, which are characteristic features of Sporotrichosis.

Otomycosis is a fungal infection that affects the ear canal. It is caused by various fungi and can be found worldwide in the soil. This infection occurs when the fungi enter the ear canal and multiply, leading to symptoms such as itching, pain, and discharge. Treatment usually involves antifungal medications to eliminate the infection.

Tinea Capitis Endothrix is the correct answer because it refers to a chronic infection that can persist throughout adult life. Tinea Capitis is a fungal infection that affects the scalp, and Endothrix specifically refers to the type of infection where the fungal hyphae invade the hair shaft internally. This type of infection can be difficult to treat and can lead to hair loss and scarring if left untreated.

Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection caused by inhaling spores of the Coccidioides fungus. It is primarily found in arid regions and is commonly known as Valley fever. Unlike other options, such as Histoplasmosis and Tinea infections, Coccidioidomycosis is not transmitted from person to person or by animals. Instead, it is contracted by inhaling the fungal spores present in the soil.

Tinea Capitis Ectothrix is the correct answer because it is a fungal infection of the scalp caused by certain types of fungi that grow on the outside of the hair shaft. This type of infection usually resolves quickly and spontaneously without the need for treatment.

Mycelial invasion refers to the growth and spread of fungal mycelium, which is a network of branching filaments. In the case of sporotrichosis, a fungal infection caused by the Sporothrix schenckii fungus, mycelial invasion leads to the formation of local lesions in the lymphatics. These lesions contain various immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and giant cells. This immune response is a characteristic feature of sporotrichosis and helps to identify it as the correct answer in this context.

Pseudalescheriasis is a fungal infection caused by the fungus Pseudallescheria boydii. It is characterized by the invasion of hyphae (thread-like structures) into the subcutaneous tissue, leading to the formation of granulomas. These granulomas trigger allergic reactions in the body. Therefore, the given explanation aligns with the characteristics and symptoms of pseudalescheriasis.

Non-infective, cutaneous allergic reactions can occur as a result of Tinea Capitis Endothrix infection.

This answer is correct because tinea capitis ectothrix is a type of fungal infection that affects the scalp and hair shafts. It is characterized by lesions that start as coalesced papules in a ring form and can progress to form kerion or keloid scars.

Pseudallescheriasis is a fungal infection caused by the fungus Pseudallescheria boydii. It commonly affects individuals with compromised immune systems and can cause subcutaneous infections. The other options, such as pneumocystosis, sporotrichosis, rhodotorulosis, and cryptococcosis, are caused by different pathogens and may not necessarily be monomorphic molds or specifically cause subcutaneous infections. Therefore, Pseudallescheriasis is the most suitable answer based on the given information.

Miconazole is the treatment for Tinea Faciei. Tinea Faciei is a fungal infection that affects the face and is commonly known as "ringworm of the face." Miconazole is an antifungal medication that works by stopping the growth of the fungus. It is available in various forms such as creams, powders, and sprays, which can be applied directly to the affected area. Miconazole is effective in treating Tinea Faciei and helps to relieve symptoms such as itching, redness, and inflammation.

Tinea Capitis Ectothrix and Tinea Capitis Endothrix are both types of fungal infections that can result in hair loss. Tinea Capitis Ectothrix affects the outer shaft of the hair and causes the hair to become brittle and break off, leading to hair loss. Tinea Capitis Endothrix, on the other hand, affects the inner shaft of the hair and causes the hair to break off at or just above the surface of the scalp, resulting in patchy hair loss. These fungal infections can be treated with antifungal medications to prevent further hair loss.