Linux Certification Practice Quiz

1. Identify the Linux command that renames a file named oldfile to newfile in current working directory.

Cp oldfile newfile

Ren oldfile newfile

Mv oldfile newfile

Touch oldfile newfile

None of the above

The correct answer is "mv oldfile newfile". The "mv" command in Linux is used to move or rename files and directories. In this case, the command renames the file "oldfile" to "newfile" in the current working directory.

Explanation

The correct answer is "mv oldfile newfile". The "mv" command in Linux is used to move or rename files and directories. In this case, the command renames the file "oldfile" to "newfile" in the current working directory.

2. What command can you use to remove a directory with files in it in Linux.

Rm

Rm -r

Rmdir

Rmdir -p

None of the above

The correct answer is "rm -r" because the "rm" command is used to remove files and directories in Linux, and the "-r" option is used to remove directories and their contents recursively. Therefore, "rm -r" is the command that can be used to remove a directory with files in it in Linux.

Explanation

The correct answer is "rm -r" because the "rm" command is used to remove files and directories in Linux, and the "-r" option is used to remove directories and their contents recursively. Therefore, "rm -r" is the command that can be used to remove a directory with files in it in Linux.

3. Which of the following are all valid basic file permissions under Linux?

Read, Write, Hidden, Read Only, Execute

Read, Hidden, Execute

Read, System, Hidden, Archive

Read, Write, Execute

None of the above

The correct answer is "Read, Write, Execute". These are the three basic file permissions in Linux. The "Read" permission allows a user to view the contents of a file, the "Write" permission allows a user to modify the file, and the "Execute" permission allows a user to run the file as a program.

Explanation

The correct answer is "Read, Write, Execute". These are the three basic file permissions in Linux. The "Read" permission allows a user to view the contents of a file, the "Write" permission allows a user to modify the file, and the "Execute" permission allows a user to run the file as a program.

4. Given the following -rwxr-x-w- 2 paul students 127 Oct 5 13:37 filetwo Who is the owner of filetwo?

Paul

Students

Root

Files dont have owners

None of the above

Devins mom

The owner of filetwo is "paul" because in the given file permission string "-rwxr-x-w-", the first character indicates the file type (in this case, it is a regular file), the next three characters "rwx" represent the permissions for the owner (paul), the next three characters "r-x" represent the permissions for the group (students), and the last three characters "-w-" represent the permissions for others.

Explanation

The owner of filetwo is "paul" because in the given file permission string "-rwxr-x-w-", the first character indicates the file type (in this case, it is a regular file), the next three characters "rwx" represent the permissions for the owner (paul), the next three characters "r-x" represent the permissions for the group (students), and the last three characters "-w-" represent the permissions for others.

5. The command that displays the name of current shell is ____________________.

Echo $SHELL

Cat /etc/shells

Uname -r

Cat /etc/fstab

None of the above

The correct answer is "echo $SHELL" because the "echo" command is used to display the value of a variable, and "$SHELL" is a special variable that holds the name of the current shell being used. By executing this command, the name of the current shell will be printed on the console.

Explanation

The correct answer is "echo $SHELL" because the "echo" command is used to display the value of a variable, and "$SHELL" is a special variable that holds the name of the current shell being used. By executing this command, the name of the current shell will be printed on the console.

6. You use the ______ symbol to mark the beginning of a comment in a script.

#

$

!

>

None of the above

The correct answer is "#". In scripting, the "#" symbol is used to mark the beginning of a comment. Comments are lines of code that are not executed by the computer and are used to provide explanations or notes for the human reader.

Explanation

The correct answer is "#". In scripting, the "#" symbol is used to mark the beginning of a comment. Comments are lines of code that are not executed by the computer and are used to provide explanations or notes for the human reader.

7. Which of the following uses the bash shell for the command interpreter in a script?

/bin/bash

#/bin/bash

!/bin/bash

#!/bin/bash

None of the above

The correct answer is "#!/bin/bash". This is because the "#!" symbol, also known as the shebang, is used to specify the interpreter for the script. In this case, "/bin/bash" is specified as the interpreter, indicating that the bash shell should be used to interpret the commands in the script.

Explanation

The correct answer is "#!/bin/bash". This is because the "#!" symbol, also known as the shebang, is used to specify the interpreter for the script. In this case, "/bin/bash" is specified as the interpreter, indicating that the bash shell should be used to interpret the commands in the script.

8. The command find . -name practice would search from?

Root directory

Users home directory

Parent directory

Current directory

None of the above

The command "find . -name practice" is used to search for files or directories with the name "practice" within the current directory. The "." represents the current directory, so the search will start from the current directory and search recursively through all subdirectories. Therefore, the correct answer is the current directory.

Explanation

The command "find . -name practice" is used to search for files or directories with the name "practice" within the current directory. The "." represents the current directory, so the search will start from the current directory and search recursively through all subdirectories. Therefore, the correct answer is the current directory.

9. Identify the command that is used to delete an existing group in Linux

Groupdel

Gpasswd

Groupmod

Userdel

None of the above

The correct answer is "groupdel". In Linux, the "groupdel" command is used to delete an existing group. This command removes the specified group from the system, along with any associated files or directories owned by that group. The other options listed, such as "gpasswd", "groupmod", and "userdel", are not specifically used for deleting groups in Linux.

Explanation

The correct answer is "groupdel". In Linux, the "groupdel" command is used to delete an existing group. This command removes the specified group from the system, along with any associated files or directories owned by that group. The other options listed, such as "gpasswd", "groupmod", and "userdel", are not specifically used for deleting groups in Linux.

10. The Linux command that allows for deleting a directory, but only if it is empty_____________.

Mv

Del

Rm

Rmdir

None of the above

The Linux command "rmdir" is used to delete a directory, but it can only delete a directory if it is empty. If the directory contains any files or subdirectories, the "rmdir" command will not work and will display an error message. Therefore, "rmdir" is the correct answer for this question.

Explanation

The Linux command "rmdir" is used to delete a directory, but it can only delete a directory if it is empty. If the directory contains any files or subdirectories, the "rmdir" command will not work and will display an error message. Therefore, "rmdir" is the correct answer for this question.

11. __________ is the operator that is used when you want one command to execute only if another command executes successfully.

*

||

&&

>

None of the above

The correct answer is &&. The && operator is used in programming when you want one command to execute only if another command executes successfully. It is also known as the logical AND operator.

Explanation

The correct answer is &&. The && operator is used in programming when you want one command to execute only if another command executes successfully. It is also known as the logical AND operator.

12. Identify the linux command used to display the inode number of /etc/fstab

Ls /etc/stab

Ls -l /etc/fstab

Ls -a /etc/fstab

Ls -i /etc/fstab

None of the above

The correct answer is "ls -i /etc/fstab". The "-i" option is used with the "ls" command to display the inode number of a file or directory. In this case, it is used to display the inode number of the file "/etc/fstab".

Explanation

The correct answer is "ls -i /etc/fstab". The "-i" option is used with the "ls" command to display the inode number of a file or directory. In this case, it is used to display the inode number of the file "/etc/fstab".

13. What are the permissions in octal mode of the file fileone, given the file listing below: -rwxr-x-w- 2 steven studends 12 Feb 6 10:37 fileone

421401001

Rwxrw-r-x

762

752

None of the above

The file listing shows that the file fileone has the permissions -rwxr-x-w-. In octal mode, each permission is represented by a digit. The first digit represents the owner's permissions, the second digit represents the group's permissions, and the third digit represents the permissions for others. The permissions are assigned values as follows: read (4), write (2), and execute (1).

For the owner, the permissions are rwx, which translates to 4+2+1=7 in octal mode.
For the group, the permissions are r-x, which translates to 4+0+1=5 in octal mode.
For others, the permissions are -w-, which translates to 0+2+0=2 in octal mode.

Therefore, the octal mode permissions for the file fileone are 752.

Explanation

The file listing shows that the file fileone has the permissions -rwxr-x-w-. In octal mode, each permission is represented by a digit. The first digit represents the owner's permissions, the second digit represents the group's permissions, and the third digit represents the permissions for others. The permissions are assigned values as follows: read (4), write (2), and execute (1).

For the owner, the permissions are rwx, which translates to 4+2+1=7 in octal mode.
For the group, the permissions are r-x, which translates to 4+0+1=5 in octal mode.
For others, the permissions are -w-, which translates to 0+2+0=2 in octal mode.

Therefore, the octal mode permissions for the file fileone are 752.

14. Based on /etc/fstab: /dev/sda1 / ext3 defaults 1 1 /dev/sda2 swap swap defaults 0 0 /dev/sda3 /mnt/new ext3 noauto 2 2 /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy ext2 auto, users 0 0 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom iso9660 auto, nouser 0 0 To successfully mount /dev/cdrom , you should log on as _______.

Regular user

Root

Any user

None of the above

To successfully mount /dev/cdrom, you should log on as root.

Explanation

To successfully mount /dev/cdrom, you should log on as root.

15. What is the file that stores encrypted user passwords?

/etc/passwd

/etc/group

/etc/shadow

/etc/inittab

None of the above

The file that stores encrypted user passwords is /etc/shadow. This file is commonly found in Unix-like operating systems and contains information about user accounts, including their hashed passwords. The passwords are stored in an encrypted format to enhance security and protect against unauthorized access. Access to this file is restricted to privileged users only, ensuring that sensitive password information remains confidential.

Explanation

The file that stores encrypted user passwords is /etc/shadow. This file is commonly found in Unix-like operating systems and contains information about user accounts, including their hashed passwords. The passwords are stored in an encrypted format to enhance security and protect against unauthorized access. Access to this file is restricted to privileged users only, ensuring that sensitive password information remains confidential.

16. What is the command used to quit without saving in vim?

:wq

:w

:q

:q!

None of the above

The correct answer is ":q!" because it is the command used to quit vim without saving any changes made to the file. The exclamation mark (!) is added to force the quit operation, discarding any unsaved modifications. The other options mentioned, such as ":wq" (write and quit), ":w" (write), ":q" (quit), and "none of the above" do not fulfill the requirement of quitting without saving.

Explanation

The correct answer is ":q!" because it is the command used to quit vim without saving any changes made to the file. The exclamation mark (!) is added to force the quit operation, discarding any unsaved modifications. The other options mentioned, such as ":wq" (write and quit), ":w" (write), ":q" (quit), and "none of the above" do not fulfill the requirement of quitting without saving.

17. Answer based on the output of fdisk -l /dev/sda: Disk /dev/sda: 16/1 GB, 16106127360 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1958 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 1657 13309821 83 Linux /dev/sda2 1658 1912 2048284+ 82 Linux swap/Solaris /dev/sda3 1913 1929 56227+ 5 Extended /dev/sda5 1913 1914 16033+ 82 Linux swap/Solaris /dev/sda6 1915 1916 16033+ 83 Linux /dev/sda7 1917 1919 24066 83 Linux The extended partition is __________?

/dev/sda1

/dev/sda2

/dev/sda3

/dev/sda5

None of the above

Based on the output of the fdisk -l command, the extended partition is /dev/sda3. This can be determined by looking at the "System" column, which shows that /dev/sda3 has a system ID of 5, indicating that it is an extended partition.

Explanation

Based on the output of the fdisk -l command, the extended partition is /dev/sda3. This can be determined by looking at the "System" column, which shows that /dev/sda3 has a system ID of 5, indicating that it is an extended partition.

18. What special variable is used to determine the exit status of a previously executed command?

$#

$0

$?

$9

None of the above

The special variable "$?" is used to determine the exit status of a previously executed command. It holds the value of the exit status, which is a number indicating whether the command was successful (usually 0) or if there was an error (usually a non-zero value). This variable is commonly used in shell scripting to check the success or failure of a command and make decisions based on it.

Explanation

The special variable "$?" is used to determine the exit status of a previously executed command. It holds the value of the exit status, which is a number indicating whether the command was successful (usually 0) or if there was an error (usually a non-zero value). This variable is commonly used in shell scripting to check the success or failure of a command and make decisions based on it.

19. ____________ is the symbol used to separate commands in a list, which are executed sequentially.

;

>

>>

&&

None of the above

The symbol ";" is used to separate commands in a list, which are executed sequentially.

Explanation

The symbol ";" is used to separate commands in a list, which are executed sequentially.

20. What must you type in order for child shells to be able to use functions created in the parent shell?

Env

Export -f

Set

Name of the function

None of the above

To make functions created in the parent shell accessible to child shells, the "export -f" command must be typed. This command exports the function to the environment, allowing child shells to use it. The "env" command is used to display the current environment variables. The "set" command is used to set shell options and positional parameters. Typing the name of the function alone will not make it accessible to child shells.

Explanation

To make functions created in the parent shell accessible to child shells, the "export -f" command must be typed. This command exports the function to the environment, allowing child shells to use it. The "env" command is used to display the current environment variables. The "set" command is used to set shell options and positional parameters. Typing the name of the function alone will not make it accessible to child shells.

21. Which command is used to change the ownership of a file in Linux?

Chmod

Chown

Chgrp

Ls

In Linux, the chown command is used to change the ownership of a file or directory. It allows you to assign a different owner and/or group to the file. The chmod command changes file permissions, while chgrp changes the group ownership. The ls command is used to list files and directories but does not modify ownership or permissions.

Explanation

In Linux, the chown command is used to change the ownership of a file or directory. It allows you to assign a different owner and/or group to the file. The chmod command changes file permissions, while chgrp changes the group ownership. The ls command is used to list files and directories but does not modify ownership or permissions.

22. What happens when you type the following command line at the given command prompt: user1@localhost : ~$ cd .

You remain in current directory

You change into the parent directory

You will get the error message "bash:...:unknown symbol"

You will create a directory name ".."

None of the above

When you type the command "cd ." in the given command prompt, it means you are trying to change the directory to the current directory itself. Since you are already in the current directory, there is no need to change it, so you remain in the current directory.

Explanation

When you type the command "cd ." in the given command prompt, it means you are trying to change the directory to the current directory itself. Since you are already in the current directory, there is no need to change it, so you remain in the current directory.

23. What is the output of the following? echo "$(pwd)"

Current directory

Pwd

'pwd'

Syntax error

None of the above

The given command "echo "$(pwd)"" will print the current directory path. The "$(pwd)" is a command substitution which will be replaced by the output of the "pwd" command, which stands for "print working directory". Therefore, the output of the command will be the current directory path.

Explanation

The given command "echo "$(pwd)"" will print the current directory path. The "$(pwd)" is a command substitution which will be replaced by the output of the "pwd" command, which stands for "print working directory". Therefore, the output of the command will be the current directory path.

24. What is the result? for animal in cat dog bear do echo $animal done

The words "cat", "dog", "animal", and "bear" are displayed on one line

"animal" is displayed

"cat", "dog", and "bear" are displayed on separate lines

Nothing displays

None of the above

The given code is a simple loop that iterates over the words "cat", "dog", and "bear" one by one. The echo command is used to display each word on a separate line. Therefore, the output will be "cat", "dog", and "bear" displayed on separate lines.

Explanation

The given code is a simple loop that iterates over the words "cat", "dog", and "bear" one by one. The echo command is used to display each word on a separate line. Therefore, the output will be "cat", "dog", and "bear" displayed on separate lines.

25. What do you type to pause your script for two seconds?

Sleep 2

Wait 2

Pause 2

Devins weiner is the size of a leprechauns pinky

None of the above

The correct answer is "sleep 2". In programming, the "sleep" command is used to pause the execution of a script for a specified amount of time. In this case, "sleep 2" indicates that the script should pause for 2 seconds before continuing. The other options ("wait 2", "pause 2", and "none of the above") are not valid commands for pausing a script.

Explanation

The correct answer is "sleep 2". In programming, the "sleep" command is used to pause the execution of a script for a specified amount of time. In this case, "sleep 2" indicates that the script should pause for 2 seconds before continuing. The other options ("wait 2", "pause 2", and "none of the above") are not valid commands for pausing a script.

26. Which of the following commands can be used to verify if user has been created in the file system?

Ls /home

Ls /root

Cat /etc/passwd|grep user1

Cat /etc/group|grep user1

None of the above

The correct answer is "cat /etc/passwd|grep user1". This command allows us to view the contents of the /etc/passwd file, which contains information about all the users on the system. By using the grep command with the specific username "user1", we can search for that user's information in the file. If the user exists, their details will be displayed.

Explanation

The correct answer is "cat /etc/passwd|grep user1". This command allows us to view the contents of the /etc/passwd file, which contains information about all the users on the system. By using the grep command with the specific username "user1", we can search for that user's information in the file. If the user exists, their details will be displayed.

27. Select all the ways you can cd into test1 , a sub-directory of user1's home directory, /home/user1, given the command promt listed below (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY) user1@localhost: /bin$

Cd ./test1

Cd ../test1

Cd ../../test1

Cd ~/test1

Cd /home/user1/test1

The correct answer is selecting "cd ~/test1" because the "~" character is a shorthand representation for the user's home directory. So, "cd ~/test1" will take the user to the test1 sub-directory of user1's home directory.

Explanation

The correct answer is selecting "cd ~/test1" because the "~" character is a shorthand representation for the user's home directory. So, "cd ~/test1" will take the user to the test1 sub-directory of user1's home directory.

28. Identify the root user accounts home directory in Linux

/

/root/home

/home/root

/root

None of the above

The correct answer is /root. In Linux, the root user is the superuser with administrative privileges. The root user's home directory is typically located at /root. This directory serves as the root user's default working directory and contains their personal configuration files and data.

Explanation

The correct answer is /root. In Linux, the root user is the superuser with administrative privileges. The root user's home directory is typically located at /root. This directory serves as the root user's default working directory and contains their personal configuration files and data.

29. Based on /etc/fstab: /dev/sda1 / ext3 defaults 1 1 /dev/sda2 swap swap defaults 0 0 /dev/sda3 /mnt/new ext3 noauto 2 2 /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy ext2 auto, users 0 0 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom iso9660 auto, nouser 0 0 Which device/partition is not mounted automatically during startup?

/dev/sda1

/dev/sda2

/dev/sda3

/dev/fd0

/dev/cdrom

The device/partition that is not mounted automatically during startup is /dev/sda3. This is indicated by the "noauto" option in the /etc/fstab file, which means that it will not be mounted automatically at boot time.

Explanation

The device/partition that is not mounted automatically during startup is /dev/sda3. This is indicated by the "noauto" option in the /etc/fstab file, which means that it will not be mounted automatically at boot time.

30. Which of the following statements is used to display the length of the data value of the second element in an array named tests.

Echo ${tests}

Echo ${tests[1]}

Echo ${#tests[1]}

Echo $#{tests[1]}

None of the above

The correct answer is "echo ${#tests[1]}". In Bash, the "#" symbol is used to get the length of a variable or array element. In this case, ${#tests[1]} will display the length of the data value of the second element in the array named "tests".

Explanation

The correct answer is "echo ${#tests[1]}". In Bash, the "#" symbol is used to get the length of a variable or array element. In this case, ${#tests[1]} will display the length of the data value of the second element in the array named "tests".

31. Identify the environment variable that defines primary prompt.

PS1

PS2

SHELL

HOME

None of the above

The correct answer is PS1. PS1 is an environment variable that defines the primary prompt in Unix-like operating systems. It allows users to customize the appearance of their command prompt by setting various parameters such as colors, display of username, hostname, current working directory, and more. By modifying the value of PS1, users can create personalized and informative prompts that suit their preferences and needs.

Explanation

The correct answer is PS1. PS1 is an environment variable that defines the primary prompt in Unix-like operating systems. It allows users to customize the appearance of their command prompt by setting various parameters such as colors, display of username, hostname, current working directory, and more. By modifying the value of PS1, users can create personalized and informative prompts that suit their preferences and needs.

32. Log in as root, and run the following commands: mkdir ~/test1 cd ~/test1 mkdir -p parent/child touch f1 f2 f3 cp f3 f4 mv f1 f2 f3 ./parent/child cp f4 ./parent/child/f5 cd parent cd ../../ pwd rmdir ~/test1/parent/child rm -r ~/test1/parent How many directories have been successfully removed?

0

1

2

3

None of the above

Two directories have been successfully removed. The command "rmdir ~/test1/parent/child" removes the "child" directory, and the command "rm -r ~/test1/parent" removes the "parent" directory.

Explanation

Two directories have been successfully removed. The command "rmdir ~/test1/parent/child" removes the "child" directory, and the command "rm -r ~/test1/parent" removes the "parent" directory.

33. You use the _______ statement to display all the elements in an array named labs.

Echo ${labs}

Echo ${labs[0]}

Echo ${labs[*]}

Echo ${labs[#]}

None of the above

The correct answer is "echo ${labs[*]}". This is because the "${labs[*]}" syntax is used to display all the elements in an array named "labs". The "${labs}" syntax without the [*] will only display the first element in the array. The "${labs[0]}" syntax will also only display the first element in the array. The "${labs[#]}" syntax is not a valid syntax for displaying elements in an array.

Explanation

The correct answer is "echo ${labs[*]}". This is because the "${labs[*]}" syntax is used to display all the elements in an array named "labs". The "${labs}" syntax without the [*] will only display the first element in the array. The "${labs[0]}" syntax will also only display the first element in the array. The "${labs[#]}" syntax is not a valid syntax for displaying elements in an array.

34. Login as joot, to change to login shell to /bin/csh for user1, you type ____________.

Useradd -s /bin/csh user1

Echo $SHELL

Usermod -s /bin/csh user1

$SHELL=/bin/csh user1

None of the above

To change the login shell to /bin/csh for user1, the correct command is "usermod -s /bin/csh user1". This command modifies the user account settings and sets the login shell to /bin/csh for the user named user1.

Explanation

To change the login shell to /bin/csh for user1, the correct command is "usermod -s /bin/csh user1". This command modifies the user account settings and sets the login shell to /bin/csh for the user named user1.

35. To immediately shutdown and halt a Linux machien from command line, you should:

Log in as root and type: shutdown -h now

Log in as root and type: shutdown -r now

Log in as root and type: stop linux -1

Turn power off and walk away

None of the above

The correct answer is to log in as root and type "shutdown -h now". This command is used to shut down the Linux machine immediately. The "-h" option stands for halt, which means to power off the system after shutting down all processes. The "now" parameter indicates that the shutdown should happen immediately. By logging in as root, the user has the necessary permissions to execute this command.

Explanation

The correct answer is to log in as root and type "shutdown -h now". This command is used to shut down the Linux machine immediately. The "-h" option stands for halt, which means to power off the system after shutting down all processes. The "now" parameter indicates that the shutdown should happen immediately. By logging in as root, the user has the necessary permissions to execute this command.

36. Answer based on the output of fdisk -l /dev/sda: Disk /dev/sda: 16/1 GB, 16106127360 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1958 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 1657 13309821 83 Linux /dev/sda2 1658 1912 2048284+ 82 Linux swap/Solaris /dev/sda3 1913 1929 56227+ 5 Extended /dev/sda5 1913 1914 16033+ 82 Linux swap/Solaris /dev/sda6 1915 1916 16033+ 83 Linux /dev/sda7 1917 1919 24066 83 Linux How many logical drives have been created?

1

2

3

4

None of the above

Based on the output of fdisk -l /dev/sda, there are three logical drives that have been created. These drives are represented by /dev/sda1, /dev/sda2, and /dev/sda7. Each drive has a different start and end cylinder, as well as a different system type (Linux or Linux swap/Solaris). Therefore, the correct answer is 3.

Explanation

Based on the output of fdisk -l /dev/sda, there are three logical drives that have been created. These drives are represented by /dev/sda1, /dev/sda2, and /dev/sda7. Each drive has a different start and end cylinder, as well as a different system type (Linux or Linux swap/Solaris). Therefore, the correct answer is 3.

37. The command that displays all mounted devices ________________.

Mount

Cat /etc/fstab

Fdisk -l

Fsck

None of the above

The command "mount" is used to display all mounted devices.

Explanation

The command "mount" is used to display all mounted devices.

38. Is the following the correct way of having a loop exit if 'Q' or 'q' was entered? while [ #CHOICE = 'Q' ] || [ $CHOICE = 'q' ]

Yes

No

Devins mom?

The given code is not the correct way of having a loop exit if 'Q' or 'q' was entered. The correct way would be to use a conditional statement within the loop, such as an if statement, to check if the input is equal to 'Q' or 'q'. If it is, then the loop can be exited using a break statement.

Explanation

The given code is not the correct way of having a loop exit if 'Q' or 'q' was entered. The correct way would be to use a conditional statement within the loop, such as an if statement, to check if the input is equal to 'Q' or 'q'. If it is, then the loop can be exited using a break statement.

39. Which of the following would not place you in your home directory?

Cd

Cd ~

Cd ~/username

Cd /home/username

None of the above

The command "cd ~/username" would not place you in your home directory. The "~" symbol represents the home directory, so "cd ~" would take you to your home directory. However, appending "/username" to it would take you to a subdirectory named "username" within your home directory, not the home directory itself. Therefore, this command would not place you in your home directory.

Explanation

The command "cd ~/username" would not place you in your home directory. The "~" symbol represents the home directory, so "cd ~" would take you to your home directory. However, appending "/username" to it would take you to a subdirectory named "username" within your home directory, not the home directory itself. Therefore, this command would not place you in your home directory.

40. Which of the following commands deletes user1 from /etc/passwd and removes user1's home directory and any files stored in it?

Userdel user1

Userdel -r user1

Usermod -r user1

Usermod -d user1

None of the above

The correct answer is "userdel -r user1". This command is used to delete a user account along with their home directory and any files stored in it. The "-r" option stands for "remove" and ensures that the user's home directory and its contents are deleted as well. The other options and commands mentioned do not include the "-r" option, so they would not remove the user's home directory and files.

Explanation

The correct answer is "userdel -r user1". This command is used to delete a user account along with their home directory and any files stored in it. The "-r" option stands for "remove" and ensures that the user's home directory and its contents are deleted as well. The other options and commands mentioned do not include the "-r" option, so they would not remove the user's home directory and files.

41. Which linux command line copies directories dir1, dir2, to dir3 (dir1,dir2 and dir3 are all located in the current working directory)?

Cp dir1 dir2 dir3

Cp -r dir1 dir2 dir3

Cp --parent dir1 dir2 dir3

Cp -p dir1 dir2 dir3

None of the above

The correct answer is "cp -r dir1 dir2 dir3". The "-r" option is used to copy directories recursively, meaning it copies all files and subdirectories within the specified directories. Therefore, this command will copy dir1, dir2, and their contents into dir3.

Explanation

The correct answer is "cp -r dir1 dir2 dir3". The "-r" option is used to copy directories recursively, meaning it copies all files and subdirectories within the specified directories. Therefore, this command will copy dir1, dir2, and their contents into dir3.

42. Log in as root, and run the following commands: mkdir ~/test1 cd ~/test1 mkdir -p parent/child touch f1 f2 f3 cp f3 f4 mv f1 f2 f3 ./parent/child cp f4 ./parent/child/f5 cd parent cd ../../ pwd rmdir ~/test1/parent/child rm -r ~/test1/parent How many directories have been created (included deleted directories)?

2

3

4

5

None of the above

The command "mkdir ~/test1" creates the directory "test1". The command "mkdir -p parent/child" creates the directories "parent" and "child" inside "test1". So, two directories have been created. The command "rmdir ~/test1/parent/child" deletes the directory "child". The command "rm -r ~/test1/parent" deletes the directory "parent". So, two directories have been deleted. Therefore, the total number of directories created (including deleted directories) is 2 + 2 = 4.

Explanation

The command "mkdir ~/test1" creates the directory "test1". The command "mkdir -p parent/child" creates the directories "parent" and "child" inside "test1". So, two directories have been created. The command "rmdir ~/test1/parent/child" deletes the directory "child". The command "rm -r ~/test1/parent" deletes the directory "parent". So, two directories have been deleted. Therefore, the total number of directories created (including deleted directories) is 2 + 2 = 4.

43. What is the order of execution to prepare a partition for data storage in Linux?

Mount, mkfs, fsck, fdisk

Fdisk, fsck, mkfs, mount

Fdisk, mkfs, fsck, mount

Fsck, fdisk, mount, mkfs

None of the above

The correct order of execution to prepare a partition for data storage in Linux is fdisk, mkfs, fsck, mount. First, fdisk is used to create a partition on the disk. Then, mkfs is used to create a file system on the partition. After that, fsck is used to check the file system for any errors. Finally, the partition is mounted to make it accessible for use.

Explanation

The correct order of execution to prepare a partition for data storage in Linux is fdisk, mkfs, fsck, mount. First, fdisk is used to create a partition on the disk. Then, mkfs is used to create a file system on the partition. After that, fsck is used to check the file system for any errors. Finally, the partition is mounted to make it accessible for use.

44. Answer based on the output of fdisk -l /dev/sda: Disk /dev/sda: 16/1 GB, 16106127360 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1958 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 1657 13309821 83 Linux /dev/sda2 1658 1912 2048284+ 82 Linux swap/Solaris /dev/sda3 1913 1929 56227+ 5 Extended /dev/sda5 1913 1914 16033+ 82 Linux swap/Solaris /dev/sda6 1915 1916 16033+ 83 Linux /dev/sda7 1917 1919 24066 83 Linux Identify whether new partitions or logical drives can be created without deleting an existing partition or adding a new hard drive.

No partitions or logical drives can be created

A partition can be created, and it has to be a primary partition

A partition can be created, and it has to be extented partition

One primarry partition and more than one logical drives can be created

None of the above

Based on the output of the fdisk command, it can be observed that there is one primary partition (/dev/sda1) and an extended partition (/dev/sda3) which contains logical drives (/dev/sda5, /dev/sda6, /dev/sda7). Therefore, the correct answer is that one primary partition and more than one logical drives can be created without deleting an existing partition or adding a new hard drive.

Explanation

Based on the output of the fdisk command, it can be observed that there is one primary partition (/dev/sda1) and an extended partition (/dev/sda3) which contains logical drives (/dev/sda5, /dev/sda6, /dev/sda7). Therefore, the correct answer is that one primary partition and more than one logical drives can be created without deleting an existing partition or adding a new hard drive.

45. You can keep your preferred settings by creating a ________ file in vim.

Vimrc

Bashrc

Man

History

You can keep your preferred settings by creating a "vimrc" file in vim. The vimrc file is a configuration file for Vim that allows users to customize their preferred settings and key mappings. By creating and editing the vimrc file, users can personalize their Vim experience and make it more efficient and tailored to their needs.

Explanation

You can keep your preferred settings by creating a "vimrc" file in vim. The vimrc file is a configuration file for Vim that allows users to customize their preferred settings and key mappings. By creating and editing the vimrc file, users can personalize their Vim experience and make it more efficient and tailored to their needs.

46. Identify the command used to activate a swap partition

Fdisk -l

Swapon

Mkfs

Mkswap

None of the above

The command "swapon" is used to activate a swap partition. This command is used in Linux systems to enable the swapping of data between the RAM and the swap space on the hard disk. By activating the swap partition with the "swapon" command, the system can utilize additional virtual memory when the physical memory (RAM) is running low.

Explanation

The command "swapon" is used to activate a swap partition. This command is used in Linux systems to enable the swapping of data between the RAM and the swap space on the hard disk. By activating the swap partition with the "swapon" command, the system can utilize additional virtual memory when the physical memory (RAM) is running low.

47. What is the result of the following statements? ((g=5)) until [ $g -lt 1 ] do echo $g ((g--)) done

5,4,3,2,1 displayed on separate lines

5,4,3,2 displayed on separate lines

4,3,2,1,0 displayed on separate lines

Nothing - syntax error

None of the above

The given code initializes the variable "g" with a value of 5. Then, it enters a loop that continues until the value of "g" is less than 1. Inside the loop, it prints the value of "g" and then decreases it by 1. This process continues until "g" becomes 0. Therefore, the output will be 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 displayed on separate lines.

Explanation

The given code initializes the variable "g" with a value of 5. Then, it enters a loop that continues until the value of "g" is less than 1. Inside the loop, it prints the value of "g" and then decreases it by 1. This process continues until "g" becomes 0. Therefore, the output will be 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 displayed on separate lines.

48. Which of the following Linux commands prevents you from accidentally overwriting a file when you redirect output to a file?

Echo $PATH

Set +C

Umask

Set -noclobber

None of the above

The correct answer is "set -noclobber". This command prevents you from accidentally overwriting a file when you redirect output to a file. By using this command, if the file already exists, it will not be overwritten and an error message will be displayed instead.

Explanation

The correct answer is "set -noclobber". This command prevents you from accidentally overwriting a file when you redirect output to a file. By using this command, if the file already exists, it will not be overwritten and an error message will be displayed instead.

49. The Linux command that prints the current working directory in absolute path.

Dir

Ls

Pwd

Cd

None of the above

The Linux command "pwd" is used to print the current working directory in absolute path. This command displays the full path of the directory you are currently in, starting from the root directory. It is helpful to know the absolute path when navigating through the file system or when referencing specific directories in commands or scripts.

Explanation

The Linux command "pwd" is used to print the current working directory in absolute path. This command displays the full path of the directory you are currently in, starting from the root directory. It is helpful to know the absolute path when navigating through the file system or when referencing specific directories in commands or scripts.

50. To redirect standard output and error of script1 to a file named outerr.txt, use the ___________ command.

Script1 1> outerr.txt

Script1 2> outerr.txt

Script1 &> outerr.txt

Script1 > /dev/null

None of the above

The correct answer is "script1 &> outerr.txt". This command redirects both the standard output and error of script1 to a file named outerr.txt. The "&>" symbol is used to redirect both outputs simultaneously.

Explanation

The correct answer is "script1 &> outerr.txt". This command redirects both the standard output and error of script1 to a file named outerr.txt. The "&>" symbol is used to redirect both outputs simultaneously.

51. The command that will set an option so a search of substitute ignores cases in vim:

:set hls

:set hls is

:set ic

:set noic

The correct answer is ":set ic". In Vim, the "ic" option stands for "ignorecase". When this option is set, the search and substitute commands will ignore the case sensitivity, meaning that uppercase and lowercase letters will be treated as the same. This can be useful when you want to perform searches or substitutions without being concerned about the case of the text.

Explanation

The correct answer is ":set ic". In Vim, the "ic" option stands for "ignorecase". When this option is set, the search and substitute commands will ignore the case sensitivity, meaning that uppercase and lowercase letters will be treated as the same. This can be useful when you want to perform searches or substitutions without being concerned about the case of the text.

52. To set default directory permission to rwx-wx-wx, you should set umask to _______.

022

622

044

644

None of the above

To set the default directory permission to rwx-wx-wx, you should set the umask to 044. Umask is a value that is subtracted from the default permissions to determine the actual permissions for newly created files and directories. In this case, the umask of 044 means that the read, write, and execute permissions are allowed for the owner of the file, while the group and others have only the write and execute permissions.

Explanation

To set the default directory permission to rwx-wx-wx, you should set the umask to 044. Umask is a value that is subtracted from the default permissions to determine the actual permissions for newly created files and directories. In this case, the umask of 044 means that the read, write, and execute permissions are allowed for the owner of the file, while the group and others have only the write and execute permissions.

53. Login as root and run the following commands: groupadd group1 groupadd group2 useradd user1 useradd -G group1, group2 user3 useradd -G group2, user2 user3 useradd -g group2 user4 gpasswd -a user1 group1 gpasswd -d user2 group2 groups user4 What is the output produced by command: groups user4

Group1

Group2

User3

User4

The output of the command "groups user4" is "group2". This is because the "groups" command lists the groups that a user is a member of, and in this case, user4 is only a member of the "group2" group.

Explanation

The output of the command "groups user4" is "group2". This is because the "groups" command lists the groups that a user is a member of, and in this case, user4 is only a member of the "group2" group.

54. Login as root to create a user account based on the following: username: user1 home directory: /home/userone What command should be used?

Useradd user1

Useradd -d /home/userone -m user1

Usermod -d /home/userone -m user1

Useradd -s /home/userone user1

I just killed your warlock...marklar (none of the above)

The correct command to create a user account with the given username and home directory is "useradd -d /home/userone -m user1". The "-d" option is used to specify the home directory, and the "-m" option is used to create the home directory if it does not already exist. Therefore, this command will create a user account with the username "user1" and the home directory "/home/userone".

Explanation

The correct command to create a user account with the given username and home directory is "useradd -d /home/userone -m user1". The "-d" option is used to specify the home directory, and the "-m" option is used to create the home directory if it does not already exist. Therefore, this command will create a user account with the username "user1" and the home directory "/home/userone".

55. Log in as root, and run the following commands: mkdir ~/test1 cd ~/test1 mkdir -p parent/child touch f1 f2 f3 cp f3 f4 mv f1 f2 f3 ./parent/child cp f4 ./parent/child/f5 cd parent cd ../../ pwd rmdir ~/test1/parent/child rm -r ~/test1/parent What is the output of pwd command?

/

/root

/root/test1/parent

/root/test1

None of the above

The output of the "pwd" command is "/root". This is because the "cd ../.." command moves two directories up from the current directory, which is "/root/test1/parent". Therefore, the current working directory becomes "/root".

Explanation

The output of the "pwd" command is "/root". This is because the "cd ../.." command moves two directories up from the current directory, which is "/root/test1/parent". Therefore, the current working directory becomes "/root".

56. Given the file permission rw-r--r-- for a file names script1 , identify the chmod command that adds executable permissions for owner and group and removes read permission from others:

Chmod 750 script1

Chmod 760 script1

Chmod 770 script1

Chmod 754 script1

None of the above

The given file permission "rw-r--r--" means that the owner has read and write permissions, the group has only read permission, and others have only read permission as well. To add executable permission for the owner and group, we need to use the "7" in the chmod command, which represents read, write, and execute permissions. The "5" in "750" represents read and execute permissions for others. Therefore, the correct answer is "chmod 750 script1."

Explanation

The given file permission "rw-r--r--" means that the owner has read and write permissions, the group has only read permission, and others have only read permission as well. To add executable permission for the owner and group, we need to use the "7" in the chmod command, which represents read, write, and execute permissions. The "5" in "750" represents read and execute permissions for others. Therefore, the correct answer is "chmod 750 script1."

57. Would the following code in a script file print the contents of the variable $name? echo 'this is my $name'

Yes

No

Maybe so?

The code in the script file will not print the contents of the variable $name. The reason is that when using single quotes in the echo statement, variables are not expanded and are treated as literal strings. Therefore, the output will be "this is my $name" instead of the actual value of the variable $name.

Explanation

The code in the script file will not print the contents of the variable $name. The reason is that when using single quotes in the echo statement, variables are not expanded and are treated as literal strings. Therefore, the output will be "this is my $name" instead of the actual value of the variable $name.

58. Answer based on the output of fdisk -l /dev/sda: Disk /dev/sda: 16/1 GB, 16106127360 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1958 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 1657 13309821 83 Linux /dev/sda2 1658 1912 2048284+ 82 Linux swap/Solaris /dev/sda3 1913 1929 56227+ 5 Extended /dev/sda5 1913 1914 16033+ 82 Linux swap/Solaris /dev/sda6 1915 1916 16033+ 83 Linux /dev/sda7 1917 1919 24066 83 Linux List all primary partitions

/dev/sda1, /dev/sda2

/dev/sda1, /dev/sda2, /dev/sda3

/dev/sda5, /dev/sda6, /dev/sda7

/dev/sda3

None of the above

The correct answer is /dev/sda1, /dev/sda2. This is because in the output of fdisk -l /dev/sda, /dev/sda1 and /dev/sda2 are listed as primary partitions. The "Id" column for /dev/sda1 is 83, which indicates a Linux system, and the "Id" column for /dev/sda2 is 82, which indicates a Linux swap/Solaris system. Therefore, /dev/sda1 and /dev/sda2 are the primary partitions on the disk.

Explanation

The correct answer is /dev/sda1, /dev/sda2. This is because in the output of fdisk -l /dev/sda, /dev/sda1 and /dev/sda2 are listed as primary partitions. The "Id" column for /dev/sda1 is 83, which indicates a Linux system, and the "Id" column for /dev/sda2 is 82, which indicates a Linux swap/Solaris system. Therefore, /dev/sda1 and /dev/sda2 are the primary partitions on the disk.

59. The command used to delete all characters from the cursor position to the end of the line in vim is ________

Dd

D$

Dw

D^

None of the above

The command "d$" is used to delete all characters from the cursor position to the end of the line in vim. The "d" stands for delete, and the "$" represents the end of the line. By combining these two commands, all characters from the current cursor position until the end of the line will be deleted.

Explanation

The command "d$" is used to delete all characters from the cursor position to the end of the line in vim. The "d" stands for delete, and the "$" represents the end of the line. By combining these two commands, all characters from the current cursor position until the end of the line will be deleted.

60. What is the result when the following script is executed? array1={a b c d e} echo ${array1 [1+3] }

Syntax error

"c" is displayed

"d" is displayed

"e" is displayed

None of the above

The script initializes an array named array1 with the values "a", "b", "c", "d", and "e". The echo statement then attempts to display the value at index [1+3], which simplifies to index [4]. Since arrays in Bash start indexing from 0, the value at index 4 is "e". Therefore, when the script is executed, "e" is displayed.

Explanation

The script initializes an array named array1 with the values "a", "b", "c", "d", and "e". The echo statement then attempts to display the value at index [1+3], which simplifies to index [4]. Since arrays in Bash start indexing from 0, the value at index 4 is "e". Therefore, when the script is executed, "e" is displayed.

61. What environment variable is used to store the file name used to store command history in bash shell?

HISTFILE

HISTSIZE

HISTORY

PATH

None of the above

The environment variable used to store the file name used to store command history in the bash shell is HISTFILE. This variable allows users to specify the location and name of the file where the command history will be stored. By default, the command history is saved in the file specified by the value of HISTFILE.

Explanation

The environment variable used to store the file name used to store command history in the bash shell is HISTFILE. This variable allows users to specify the location and name of the file where the command history will be stored. By default, the command history is saved in the file specified by the value of HISTFILE.

62. Given the following: -rwxr-x-w- 2 students 127 Oct 5 13:37 filetwo which of the following is the right command to change filetwo's owner to jack?

Chmod paul jack

Chgrp jack paul

Chown jack filetwo

Chown filetwo jack

None of the above

The correct command to change filetwo's owner to jack is "chown filetwo jack". This command changes the owner of the file "filetwo" to "jack".

Explanation

The correct command to change filetwo's owner to jack is "chown filetwo jack". This command changes the owner of the file "filetwo" to "jack".

63. To search a string "test2" in the BACKWARD direction in vim, you type __________

/test2

?test2

%test2

S/test2

None of the above

In vim, to search a string in the backward direction, you can use the command "?test2". This command will search for the string "test2" in the text, starting from the current cursor position and moving backwards.

Explanation

In vim, to search a string in the backward direction, you can use the command "?test2". This command will search for the string "test2" in the text, starting from the current cursor position and moving backwards.

64. Which of the following statments is used to display the length of an array named lectures.

Echo ${lectures}

Echo ${#lectures[*]}

Echo ${lectures[#]}

Echo ${#lectures}

None of the above

The correct answer is "echo ${#lectures[*]}". In Bash, the syntax ${#array_name[*]} is used to display the length of an array. In this case, it will display the length of the array named "lectures".

Explanation

The correct answer is "echo ${#lectures[*]}". In Bash, the syntax ${#array_name[*]} is used to display the length of an array. In this case, it will display the length of the array named "lectures".

65. Which of the following options for useradd command is used to prevent Linux from creating a group with the same name as username?

-N

-s

-d

-G

None of the above

The option "-N" is used with the useradd command to prevent Linux from creating a group with the same name as the username. This option ensures that a separate group is not created automatically when a new user is added.

Explanation

The option "-N" is used with the useradd command to prevent Linux from creating a group with the same name as the username. This option ensures that a separate group is not created automatically when a new user is added.

66. Which of the following commands is used to list the contents of a directory in Linux?

Ls

Cd

Mkdir

Rm

In Linux, the ls command is your primary tool for navigating the file system. It displays the contents of a directory, including files and subdirectories. You can customize its output with various options, such as -l for a detailed list, -a to show hidden files, or -h for human-readable file sizes.

Explanation

In Linux, the ls command is your primary tool for navigating the file system. It displays the contents of a directory, including files and subdirectories. You can customize its output with various options, such as -l for a detailed list, -a to show hidden files, or -h for human-readable file sizes.

67. Based on /etc/fstab: /dev/sda1 / ext3 defaults 1 1 /dev/sda2 swap swap defaults 0 0 /dev/sda3 /mnt/new ext3 noauto 2 2 /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy ext2 auto, users 0 0 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom iso9660 auto, nouser 0 0 Identify the correct command line that is used to mount /dev/sda3 ___________ (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

Mount /dev/sda3

Mount /mnt/new

Umount /mnt/new /dev/sda3

Mount -t

None of the above

The correct command line that is used to mount /dev/sda3 is "mount /dev/sda3" or "mount /mnt/new".

Explanation

The correct command line that is used to mount /dev/sda3 is "mount /dev/sda3" or "mount /mnt/new".

Submit

68. To make user4 the administrator of group1, login as root and type ___________

Usermod user4 group1

Gpasswd -A user4 group1

Useradd -g group1 user4

Groupadd group1 user4

None of the above

To make user4 the administrator of group1, the correct command to use is "gpasswd -A user4 group1". This command adds user4 to the administrators list of group1, giving them administrative privileges within the group.

Explanation

To make user4 the administrator of group1, the correct command to use is "gpasswd -A user4 group1". This command adds user4 to the administrators list of group1, giving them administrative privileges within the group.

69. What a umask of 066, which will be the default file permission?

Rw-------

----wx-wx

Rw--wx-wx

Rwxrw-r--

None of the above

A umask of 066 means that the permissions that are masked or removed from the default permissions are read, write, and execute for the group and others. Therefore, the default file permission would be rw-------, which means that the owner has read and write permissions, while the group and others have no permissions.

Explanation

A umask of 066 means that the permissions that are masked or removed from the default permissions are read, write, and execute for the group and others. Therefore, the default file permission would be rw-------, which means that the owner has read and write permissions, while the group and others have no permissions.

70. What is the command that is used to create a swap filesystem.

Mkfs

Fdisk

Mke2fs

Mkswap

None of the above

The correct answer is "mkfs". This command is used to create a filesystem on a disk partition or a storage device. It is commonly used to format a partition with a specific filesystem type, such as ext4 or NTFS. However, in the context of the question, it is specifically used to create a swap filesystem. Swap space is a designated area on a disk that is used as virtual memory by the operating system when the physical memory (RAM) is full. Creating a swap filesystem using mkfs allows the system to use disk space as additional memory when needed.

Explanation

The correct answer is "mkfs". This command is used to create a filesystem on a disk partition or a storage device. It is commonly used to format a partition with a specific filesystem type, such as ext4 or NTFS. However, in the context of the question, it is specifically used to create a swap filesystem. Swap space is a designated area on a disk that is used as virtual memory by the operating system when the physical memory (RAM) is full. Creating a swap filesystem using mkfs allows the system to use disk space as additional memory when needed.

71. Log in as root, and run the following commands: mkdir ~/test1 cd ~/test1 mkdir -p parent/child touch f1 f2 f3 cp f3 f4 mv f1 f2 f3 ./parent/child cp f4 ./parent/child/f5 cd parent cd ../../ pwd rmdir ~/test1/parent/child rm -r ~/test1/parent How many regular files are left in ~/test1 after executing the above commands??

0

1

2

3

None of the above

After executing the above commands, only one regular file, "f2", is left in the directory ~/test1. The other regular files "f1", "f3", "f4", and "f5" have been either moved or copied to the directory ~/test1/parent/child, or deleted using the "rm" command. Therefore, the correct answer is 1.

Explanation

After executing the above commands, only one regular file, "f2", is left in the directory ~/test1. The other regular files "f1", "f3", "f4", and "f5" have been either moved or copied to the directory ~/test1/parent/child, or deleted using the "rm" command. Therefore, the correct answer is 1.

72. If user1 is a valid account and the home directory for user1 is /home/user1, the command usermod -d /home/user1_home user1 will _________________________.

Create a new directory named "user1_home" in /home

Only change the home directory of user1 in file /etc/passwd

Create a new directory named "user1_home" in /home, and make the necessary change to /etc/passwd

None of the above

The command "usermod -d /home/user1_home user1" will only change the home directory of user1 in the file /etc/passwd. It will not create a new directory or delete any previous directories. The command updates the user's home directory information in the system's user database, allowing the user to access their files and settings from the new directory specified.

Explanation

The command "usermod -d /home/user1_home user1" will only change the home directory of user1 in the file /etc/passwd. It will not create a new directory or delete any previous directories. The command updates the user's home directory information in the system's user database, allowing the user to access their files and settings from the new directory specified.

73. Which of the following statements about minimum permissions needed to delete a file in Linux is true?

For the directory: None, for the file : write(w) and execute(x)

For the directory: write(w) and execute, for the file: none

For the directory: read(r), write(w) and execute(x), for the file:none

For the directory:read(r) and write(w), for the file: write(w)

None of the above

To delete a file in Linux, the user needs to have write permissions on the directory where the file is located. This allows the user to modify the contents of the directory, including deleting files. However, no specific permissions are required for the file itself. Therefore, the correct answer is "for the directory: write(w) and execute, for the file: none."

Explanation

To delete a file in Linux, the user needs to have write permissions on the directory where the file is located. This allows the user to modify the contents of the directory, including deleting files. However, no specific permissions are required for the file itself. Therefore, the correct answer is "for the directory: write(w) and execute, for the file: none."

74. Login as root, identify the Linux command used to give everyone full access permission to directory /public (select all that apply)

Chmod 777 /public

Chmod ugo=rwx /public

Chmod a+rwx /public

Chmod ugo+rwx /public

Chmod a+rwx /public

The Linux command "chmod" is used to change the permissions of a file or directory. The numbers 777 represent full access permission for the owner, group, and others, respectively. The command "chmod 777 /public" gives everyone full access permission to the directory /public. Similarly, the commands "chmod ugo=rwx /public", "chmod a+rwx /public", "chmod ugo+rwx /public", and "chmod a+rwx /public" also give everyone full access permission to the directory /public.

Explanation

The Linux command "chmod" is used to change the permissions of a file or directory. The numbers 777 represent full access permission for the owner, group, and others, respectively. The command "chmod 777 /public" gives everyone full access permission to the directory /public. Similarly, the commands "chmod ugo=rwx /public", "chmod a+rwx /public", "chmod ugo+rwx /public", and "chmod a+rwx /public" also give everyone full access permission to the directory /public.

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75. Which of the following is true about hard link in Linux (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

You may create multiple hard links to the same file

All hard links have the same inode number as the original files

All hard links become meaninless (orphan link) if the original file is removed

The physical file will not be removed from the disk until all hard links are deleted

None of the above

Multiple hard links can be created to the same file, meaning that multiple names can be associated with the same inode number. Therefore, all hard links have the same inode number as the original file. If the original file is removed, all hard links become meaningless or orphan links. However, the physical file will not be removed from the disk until all hard links are deleted. Therefore, the correct answer is that you may create multiple hard links to the same file, all hard links have the same inode number as the original files, and the physical file will not be removed from the disk until all hard links are deleted.

Explanation

Multiple hard links can be created to the same file, meaning that multiple names can be associated with the same inode number. Therefore, all hard links have the same inode number as the original file. If the original file is removed, all hard links become meaningless or orphan links. However, the physical file will not be removed from the disk until all hard links are deleted. Therefore, the correct answer is that you may create multiple hard links to the same file, all hard links have the same inode number as the original files, and the physical file will not be removed from the disk until all hard links are deleted.

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76. Login as root and run the following commands: groupadd group1 groupadd group2 useradd user1 useradd -G group1, group2 user3 useradd -G group2, user2 user3 useradd -g group2 user4 gpasswd -a user1 group1 gpasswd -d user2 group2 groups user4 Who is a member of group1? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

User1

User2

User3

User4

Based on the given commands, user1 is added to group1 using the command "gpasswd -a user1 group1". However, user2 is removed from group2 using the command "gpasswd -d user2 group2". Therefore, the members of group1 are user1 and user2.

Explanation

Based on the given commands, user1 is added to group1 using the command "gpasswd -a user1 group1". However, user2 is removed from group2 using the command "gpasswd -d user2 group2". Therefore, the members of group1 are user1 and user2.

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77. Login as root and run the following commands: groupadd group1 groupadd group2 useradd user1 useradd -G group1, group2 user3 useradd -G group2, user2 user3 useradd -g group2 user4 gpasswd -a user1 group1 gpasswd -d user2 group2 groups user4 Who is a member of group2? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

User1

User2

User3

User4

The command "useradd -G group1, group2 user3" adds user3 to both group1 and group2.
The command "useradd -G group2, user2 user3" adds user3 to group2 and user2 to user3.
The command "useradd -g group2 user4" adds user4 to group2.
The command "gpasswd -a user1 group1" adds user1 to group1.
The command "gpasswd -d user2 group2" removes user2 from group2.
Finally, the command "groups user4" checks the groups that user4 is a member of.
Therefore, the correct answer is user3 and user4.

Explanation

The command "useradd -G group1, group2 user3" adds user3 to both group1 and group2.
The command "useradd -G group2, user2 user3" adds user3 to group2 and user2 to user3.
The command "useradd -g group2 user4" adds user4 to group2.
The command "gpasswd -a user1 group1" adds user1 to group1.
The command "gpasswd -d user2 group2" removes user2 from group2.
Finally, the command "groups user4" checks the groups that user4 is a member of.
Therefore, the correct answer is user3 and user4.

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78. Login as root and run the following commands: groupadd group1 groupadd group2 useradd user1 useradd -G group1, group2 user3 useradd -G group2, user2 user3 useradd -g group2 user4 gpasswd -a user1 group1 gpasswd -d user2 group2 groups user4 Who is a member of user 2? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

User1

User2

User3

User4

Based on the given commands, user2 and user3 are both members of group2. Therefore, both user2 and user3 are members of each other.

Explanation

Based on the given commands, user2 and user3 are both members of group2. Therefore, both user2 and user3 are members of each other.

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79. Given the following: -rwxr-x-w- 2 students 127 Oct 5 13:37 filetwo to change the group students to faculty, you type _________________(SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

Chown .faculty filetwo

Chmod jack.faculty filetwo

Chgrp faculty filetwo

Chgrp filetwo faculty

None of the above

To change the group of the file "filetwo" to "faculty", the correct commands are "chgrp faculty filetwo". The command "chmod jack.faculty filetwo" is incorrect because it is not a valid command.

Explanation

To change the group of the file "filetwo" to "faculty", the correct commands are "chgrp faculty filetwo". The command "chmod jack.faculty filetwo" is incorrect because it is not a valid command.

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