1.
Hvilke ideologier er reaksjoner på Liberalisme, fordi de setter fellesskapet før individet? (mer enn ett svar)
Correct Answer(s)
A. Sosialisme/Kommunisme
B. Fascisme
Explanation
The ideologies of socialism/communism and fascism are reactions to liberalism because they prioritize the collective or community over the individual. Socialism/communism advocates for the collective ownership and control of resources and means of production, aiming to create a more equal society. Fascism, on the other hand, promotes a totalitarian system where the state has complete control over individuals and their actions, prioritizing the interests of the nation over individual rights and freedoms. Both of these ideologies challenge the liberal notion of individualism and emphasize the importance of the collective.
2.
Hvilke politiske skillelinjer fokuserer Rokkan og Lipset på? (mer enn et svar)
Correct Answer(s)
A. Høyre-Venstre
B. Senter-Perferie
C. Stat-Kirke
D. Rural-Urban
E. Arbeidstaker-Arbeidsgiver
Explanation
Rokkan and Lipset focus on multiple political divisions, including the left-right divide (Høyre-Venstre), the center-periphery divide (Senter-Periferi), the state-church divide (Stat-Kirke), the rural-urban divide (Rural-Urban), and the worker-employer divide (Arbeidstaker-Arbeidsgiver). These divisions highlight different aspects of political and social tensions, such as economic ideologies, regional disparities, the role of religion in governance, geographic differences, and labor relations. They also touch on the traditional-modern divide (Tradisjon-Forandring) and gender and age divides (Kvinner-Menn, Unge-Gamle), although these are not explicitly mentioned in the answer.
3.
Hvilke av følgende er fordeler ved proposjonal representasjon (kontra pluralistisk representasjon [de resterende er altså fordeler ved pluralistisk representasjon])? (mer enn ett svar)
Correct Answer(s)
A. Antall stemmer korresponderer "bedre" til støtte i folket
B. Mindre partier blir hørt
C. Typisk høyere valgdeltakelse, fordi man føler stemmer betyr mer
D. Ingen stemmer blir "sløst"
E. Man slipper å endre valgkretsene for å få dem til å være i relativt lik "størrelse"
F. Ved benyttelse av listesystem trenger ikke individuelle representanter å bruke penger på sin personlige kampanje
Explanation
The advantages of proportional representation over pluralistic representation include:
1) Smaller parties are heard, meaning that their voices and perspectives are not marginalized.
2) No votes are wasted, as every vote counts towards the overall representation.
3) The number of votes better corresponds to the support of the people, ensuring a more accurate reflection of public opinion.
4) Typically, there is higher voter turnout because individuals feel that their votes matter more.
5) There is no need to change electoral districts to achieve relative equality in size.
6) In a list system, individual representatives do not need to spend money on personal campaigns.
4.
Hva er komponentene i en ideologi? (mer enn ett svar)
Correct Answer(s)
A. Kritikk av eksisterende system
B. Visjon om fremtidig samfunn
C. Teori om hvordan forandring skal foregå
Explanation
The components of an ideology include criticism of the existing system, a vision for a future society, and a theory on how change should occur. These components are essential in shaping an ideology as they provide a framework for identifying flaws in the current system, envisioning a better future, and outlining the strategies and methods to bring about the desired change. Additionally, the involvement of individuals who must contribute to the ideology is also a crucial aspect, as it emphasizes the collective effort required to implement the ideology effectively.
5.
Hva blir forandret i en revolusjon ifølge S. Huntington (de andre er altså ifølge et marxistisk perspektiv)? (mer enn ett svar)
Correct Answer(s)
A. Dominante verdier og "myter"
B. Politiske institusjoner
C. Sosiale Struktur
D. Lederskap
Explanation
According to S. Huntington, in a revolution, dominant values and "myths," political institutions, social structure, and leadership are all changed. This means that the beliefs and narratives that hold society together are challenged and transformed, the established political systems and organizations are overthrown or restructured, the social hierarchy and relationships are disrupted, and new leaders emerge or take power. This perspective differs from the Marxist perspective, which focuses on the ruling class as the driving force of change in a revolution.
6.
Hvilke av disse har uskrevne grunnlover? (mer enn ett svar)
Correct Answer
A. UK
Explanation
The UK has unwritten constitutional laws. Unlike countries with written constitutions, the UK's constitution is a combination of statutes, court decisions, and conventions. This means that certain constitutional principles and practices are not explicitly written down but are instead based on historical precedent and tradition. These unwritten grunnlover include the principle of parliamentary sovereignty, the rule of law, and the independence of the judiciary.
7.
Hvem skrev "Om låvenes ånd"/"The spirit of the laws" ?
Correct Answer
A. Charles de Montesquieu
Explanation
Charles de Montesquieu wrote "The Spirit of the Laws". This book was published in 1748 and is considered one of the most influential works in the field of political science. Montesquieu's book discusses the separation of powers and the importance of checks and balances in a government system. His ideas greatly influenced the development of modern democratic systems and the concept of the rule of law.
8.
Hvilke av disse er karakteristikker ved et Parlamentarisk demokrati? (de andre er altså "Presidental") (mer enn ett svar)
Correct Answer(s)
A. Regjeringen/Presidenten kommer via parlimentet
B. Utøvende og Lovgivende makt mer avhengige av hverandre
Explanation
In a parliamentary democracy, the government or president is elected through the parliament, which means that the answer "Regjeringen/Presidenten kommer via parlamentet" is correct. Additionally, in a parliamentary democracy, the executive and legislative branches of government are more interdependent, meaning that they rely on each other for the functioning of the government. Therefore, the answer "Utøvende og Lovgivende makt mer avhengige av hverandre" is also correct.
9.
Which one do you like?
Correct Answer
A. Alle demokratier har grunnlover
Explanation
The given answer states that "Alle demokratier har grunnlover" which translates to "All democracies have constitutions." This suggests that in order for a country to be considered a democracy, it must have a constitution. This aligns with the understanding that constitutions outline the fundamental principles and laws of a nation, providing a framework for governance and protecting the rights of its citizens. Therefore, it can be inferred that the presence of a constitution is a characteristic of democratic systems.
10.
Hvem sa?"If men were angels, no government would be necessary." "You must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself."
Correct Answer
A. James Madison
Explanation
James Madison is the correct answer because he is the one who made the statement, "If men were angels, no government would be necessary. You must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself." This quote reflects Madison's belief in the need for a government to both govern the people and have checks and balances to prevent abuse of power.
11.
Hvilke av disse lister Sodero som de demokratiske verdiene ("The "Spirit of Democracy")?
Correct Answer(s)
A. Freedom
B. Inclusion
C. Equality
D. Equity
E. Tolerance
F. Welfare
G. Cooperation
H. Peaceful resolution of conflict
Explanation
The answer includes a list of values that Sodero considers as the "Spirit of Democracy". These values include freedom, inclusion, equality, equity, tolerance, welfare, cooperation, and peaceful resolution of conflict. These values are often associated with democratic societies and are essential for promoting a fair and just society where everyone's rights and voices are respected. Additionally, these values contribute to the overall well-being and harmony of a democratic society.
12.
Hvilke av disse regnes som et slags "Upper House"? (mer enn ett svar)
Correct Answer(s)
A. Senat
B. Bundesrat
C. Council of States (india)
D. House of Councilors (Japan)
E. Hose of Lords
F. Odelstinget
Explanation
The question asks for which of these options are considered as an "Upper House". An Upper House typically refers to a legislative body that represents the federal or regional level of government and has powers to review and revise legislation proposed by the lower house. The correct answer options that fit this description are Senat, Bundesrat, Council of States (India), House of Councilors (Japan), House of Lords, and Odelstinget.
13.
I hvilke land var eliten med på skrive grunnlovene/rettighetene, noe som bidro til at demokratiseringsprosessen gikk lettere enn i land hvor eliten ikke samarbeidet?
Correct Answer(s)
A. Norge
B. Frankrike
C. USA
Explanation
The correct answer is Norge, Frankrike, USA. In these countries, the elite class actively participated in the writing of the constitutions/rights, which facilitated the process of democratization. Their collaboration ensured that the interests and perspectives of different social groups were represented in the constitution-making process, leading to a smoother transition towards democracy.
14.
Hva er kjerneverdiene til Fascismen ifølge Heywood? (mer enn ett svar)
Correct Answer(s)
A. Anti-rasjonalisme
B. "Struggle"/Kamp (sosial-Darwinisme)
C. Lederskap/Elitisme
D. Sosialisme
E. Nasjonalisme
Explanation
According to Heywood, the core values of Fascism include anti-rationalism, the belief that emotions and instincts are more important than reason; "struggle" or social Darwinism, the idea that society should be based on competition and survival of the fittest; leadership and elitism, the belief in the superiority of a select few; socialism, the idea of collective welfare and state control; and nationalism, the belief in the superiority of one's own nation.
15.
Hva er demokratiets kjerneverdier, ifølge Sodaro? (mer enn ett svar)
Correct Answer(s)
A. Demokratiske verdier
B. Rule of Law
C. Folkesuverenitet (popular sovereignty)
D. Rettigheter og friheter (rights and liberties)
E. Økonomisk velstand
Explanation
According to Sodaro, the core values of democracy include democratic values, rule of law, popular sovereignty, rights and liberties, and economic prosperity. These values emphasize the importance of democratic principles, ensuring that the government is accountable to the people, and protecting individual rights and freedoms. Additionally, economic prosperity is seen as essential for a functioning democracy.
16.
Hva kjennetegner kontrollogikk? (mer enn ett svar)
Correct Answer(s)
A. Lage kausale linker mellom uavhengig og avhengig variabel
B. Nødvendig for å påsi kausalitet
C. Holde bakgrunnsvariabler konstante, og variere den uavhengige variablen
D. Et konsept omtalt av Møller
Explanation
The correct answer includes three characteristics of control logic. Firstly, it involves creating causal links between independent and dependent variables. Secondly, it is necessary to establish causality. Lastly, control logic involves keeping background variables constant while varying the independent variable. The answer also mentions that the concept of control logic is referred to by Møller.
17.
Hvem sa ""War made the state, and the state made war"?
Correct Answer
A. Charles Tilly
Explanation
Charles Tilly is the correct answer because he is well-known for his theory that war is a crucial factor in the development of the modern state. According to Tilly, war creates the need for states to centralize power and resources in order to effectively wage war, leading to the formation and consolidation of states. In turn, states use their power to wage war and expand their territories. Tilly's theory emphasizes the interconnectedness of war and state-building, highlighting the role of violence and coercion in shaping political systems.
18.
Hvilke av følgende definisjoner på ideologi er Heywoods? (de andre er mer eller mindre legite definisjoner - de er i hvert fall ment å være objektive/korrekte av dem som lagde dem)
Correct Answer
A. An all-embracing political doctrine that claims monopoly of the truth
Explanation
Heywood's definition of ideology is "An all-embracing political doctrine that claims monopoly of the truth." This means that according to Heywood, ideology is a comprehensive political belief system that asserts its own truth and seeks to dominate other perspectives. It suggests that ideologies are not just individual beliefs, but rather encompass a wide range of ideas and values that shape political thought and action. This definition emphasizes the power and dominance that ideologies can have in shaping societies and influencing political behavior.
19.
Hvem sa "Where there is no law, there is no freedom"?
Correct Answer
A. John Locke
Explanation
John Locke is attributed with the quote "Where there is no law, there is no freedom." This quote reflects Locke's belief in the importance of a structured legal system in order to protect individual rights and freedoms. Locke argued that without laws and a government to enforce them, individuals would be subjected to chaos and the violation of their rights. He believed that the rule of law was essential for maintaining a society where individuals could exercise their freedoms without fear of harm or oppression.
20.
Hvem av følgende var med på å utvikle konseptet om samfunnskontrakten? (mer enn ett svar)
Correct Answer(s)
A. Niccoló Machiavelli
B. John Locke
C. Jean J. Rousseau
D. Thomas Hobbes
Explanation
John Locke, Jean J. Rousseau, Thomas Hobbes, and Niccoló Machiavelli were all involved in developing the concept of the social contract. Each of these philosophers contributed to the understanding of how individuals enter into a mutual agreement with the government or society to maintain order and protect their rights. Locke emphasized the importance of individual rights and limited government, Rousseau focused on the general will of the people, Hobbes argued for a strong central authority to prevent chaos, and Machiavelli explored the relationship between power and governance. Together, their ideas shaped the concept of the social contract and influenced political thought.
21.
Både Thomas Hobbes og John Locke mente at det var nødvendig med en "samfunnskontrakt". Hvem av dem mente at man likevel skulle ha en form for frihet - regulert av lov? (Den andre mente at lederen/ledelsen skulle ha fullstendig autoritet)
Correct Answer
A. John Locke
Explanation
John Locke believed that it was necessary to have a "social contract" but also advocated for a form of freedom regulated by law. He believed that individuals should have certain natural rights, such as life, liberty, and property, and that the government's role was to protect these rights. Locke argued that if a government failed to protect the rights of its citizens, the people had the right to rebel against it. In contrast, Thomas Hobbes believed in a strong central authority with absolute power, where individuals would willingly give up their rights for security and order.
22.
Kan man studere politikk på en vitenskapelig måte?
Correct Answer
A. Ja, man kan generalisere ved bruk av vitenskaplig forskningsmetode
Explanation
The correct answer states that one can generalize by using scientific research methods. This implies that through the use of scientific research methods, it is possible to draw general conclusions and make generalizations about the study of politics. This suggests that studying politics in a scientific manner involves the application of systematic and rigorous research methods to gather data, analyze it, and draw meaningful conclusions that can be generalized to a larger population or context.
23.
Hva er deduktiv metode? (den andre er induktiv)
Correct Answer
A. Å avlede hypoteser fra teori
Explanation
Deduktiv metode innebærer å avlede hypoteser fra teori. Dette betyr at man tar utgangspunkt i etablert teori eller kunnskap og bruker logiske resonnementer for å trekke konklusjoner eller formulere hypoteser. Det er en prosess der man går fra det generelle til det spesifikke. Ved å bruke deduktiv metode kan man teste og bekrefte eller avkrefte teorier ved å se om hypotesene som er avledet fra teorien er gyldige eller ikke.
24.
Hva er Møllers krav til kontrollogikk? (mer enn ett svar)
Correct Answer(s)
A. Må være teoretisk sammenheng mellom årsak og virkning
B. Må være empirisk sammenheng mellom årsak og virkning
C. Årsaken må komme før virkningen i tid
D. Må kontrollere for andre årsaker
Explanation
The correct answer for this question is a combination of statements that describe Møller's requirements for control logic. According to the given options, Møller's requirements for control logic include the need for a theoretical and empirical relationship between cause and effect, the cause must precede the effect in time, the control must account for other causes, and there must be a statistical relationship between cause and effect. These requirements ensure that the control logic is based on sound theoretical and empirical evidence, considers the temporal sequence of events, accounts for alternative explanations, and relies on statistical analysis.
25.
Hvem sin definisjon på demokrati lyder slik:"Konkret styreform på bredeste vis; et beslutningssystem med utstrakt deltakelse gjennom allmenn og lik stemmerett, og med politiske rettigheter som gjør opposisjon og konkurranse mellom organiserte alternativer mulig"?(Den andres lyder slik:"Demokrati er et styringssystem består av gitte kjerneverdier; rettsikkerhet, folkesuverenitet, garanterte rettigheter og friheter, samt økonomisk velstand for befolkningen")
Correct Answer
A. Østerud
Explanation
The correct answer is Østerud because the given definition of democracy matches Østerud's description, which emphasizes broad participation, universal and equal suffrage, and the existence of political rights that allow for opposition and competition between organized alternatives. Sodaro's definition, on the other hand, focuses on core values such as rule of law, popular sovereignty, guaranteed rights and freedoms, and economic prosperity for the population.
26.
Hvilke forhold mener Sodaro er nødvendige (i hvert fall svært viktige) for at et demokrati skal kunne oppstå og opprettholdes?
Correct Answer(s)
A. Folket må ville ha demokrati
B. Insitusjoner
C. Nasjonal enhet
D. Nasjonal rikdom
E. Privat næringsliv
F. En middelklasse
G. Svakerestilte grupper må støtte demokrati
H. Deltakelse, sivilsamfunn og en demokratisk politisk kultur
I. Utdanning og fri tilgang til informasjon
J. Gunstige internasjonale forhold
Explanation
The correct answer includes a combination of factors that are necessary for the emergence and sustainability of a democracy. These factors include the willingness of the people to have democracy, the presence of strong institutions, national unity, national wealth, a thriving private sector, a middle class, support from marginalized groups, participation, a democratic political culture, education, free access to information, and favorable international conditions. These factors collectively contribute to the establishment and maintenance of a democratic system.
27.
Ifølge Sodaro er det sterk korrelasjon mellom et demokratisk etablert regime og økonomisk velstand. Hva er eksempler på land hvor det er etablert relativt stabile demokratier tross stor fattigdom?
Correct Answer(s)
A. India
B. Botswana
Explanation
India and Botswana are examples of countries where relatively stable democracies have been established despite significant poverty. Both countries have a history of democratic governance and have managed to maintain political stability despite economic challenges.
28.
Hvilken definisjon av politisk kultur tilhører Sidney Verba?
Correct Answer
A. "The political culture of a society consists of the system of empirical beliefs,
expressive symbols, and values which defines the situation in which political action takes place."
Explanation
Sidney Verba's definition of political culture states that it consists of the system of empirical beliefs, expressive symbols, and values that define the situation in which political action takes place. This definition emphasizes the importance of the beliefs and values held by individuals in a society, as well as the symbols and expressions they use to communicate and engage in political activities. It suggests that political culture shapes and influences political behavior and actions within a society.
29.
Hvilke av følgende er eksempler på konsosierte (Consociational) demokratier?
Correct Answer(s)
A. Belgia
B. Nederland
C. India
D. Sveits
Explanation
The correct answer is Belgium, the Netherlands, India, and Switzerland. These countries are examples of consociational democracies, which are characterized by power-sharing arrangements between different ethnic or religious groups. In consociational democracies, minority groups are given a significant role in decision-making processes to ensure their representation and prevent conflicts. These countries have implemented various mechanisms such as proportional representation, coalition governments, and special rights or privileges for minority groups to maintain stability and inclusivity in their democratic systems.
30.
I hvilket land kan lobbyister påvirke mer, fordi partiene i seg selv ikke står så sterkt?
Correct Answer
A. USA
Explanation
In the United States, lobbyists can have a greater influence because political parties do not hold as much power. Unlike in the UK, where party loyalty is strong and party discipline is enforced, the US political system allows for more independent decision-making by individual legislators. This creates opportunities for lobbyists to sway individual politicians and shape policy outcomes. Additionally, the US has a more decentralized political structure, with power spread across different levels of government, which further allows lobbyists to exert influence at various levels.
31.
Hva stemmer om Barrington Moore, og hans bidrag til statsvitenskapen? (mer enn ett svar)
Correct Answer(s)
A. "Bred enighet om at Moores forklaringer ikke er særlig overbevisende."
B. Prøver å forstå hvorfor demokrati oppsto noen steder, og diktatur andre
C. Definerer demokrati som konstitusjonalisme, snarere enn folkestyre
D. Borgerklasse/middelklasse nødvendig for demokrati
E. Store landeiere er demokratiets hovedfiende
F. Voldelige revolusjoner nødvendig for demokratiets fremvekst
Explanation
The correct answer includes multiple statements about Barrington Moore and his contributions to political science. It states that there is a broad consensus that Moore's explanations are not particularly convincing. It also mentions that Moore attempted to understand why democracy emerged in some places and dictatorship in others. He defined democracy as constitutionalism rather than popular rule and argued that the middle class is necessary for democracy. Additionally, he believed that large landowners are the main enemy of democracy and that violent revolutions are necessary for the emergence of democracy. However, the answer also notes that Moore's ideas have inspired many but have been criticized by Marxists.
32.
Hva stemmer om Perry Anderson, og hans verker?
Correct Answer(s)
A. Kritisert av Møller for å behandle store områder som homogene grupper
B. Vest-Europa var bundet sammen av pavestaten, noe som gjorde den lokale lorden/kongen mindre mektig enn sine "kolleger" i øst-europa
C. Fristatene bidro til kapitalisme og demokrati
D. Vest-europa bevarte det greco-romanske tankegodset bedre enn øst-europa
E. Japan hadde ikke antikken, noe som hindret kapitalismen å oppstå
Explanation
Perry Anderson's works have been criticized by Møller for treating large areas as homogeneous groups. Additionally, Vest-Europe was bound together by the papal state, which made the local lord/king less powerful compared to their counterparts in Eastern Europe. The city-states contributed to the development of capitalism and democracy. Japan's lack of feudalism hindered the emergence of capitalism, and Vest-Europe better preserved the Greco-Roman intellectual tradition compared to Eastern Europe.
33.
Hva stemmer om Theda Skocpol, og hennes verker? (mer enn ett svar)
Correct Answer(s)
A. Inspirert av Barrington Moore
B. For at en revolusjon skal oppstå, trenger landet å ha et tradisjonelt statsapparat (ikke-industrialisert/kommersielt)
C. For at en revolusjon skal oppstå, trenger landet å være utviklingsmessig tilbakestående
D. For at en revolusjon skal oppstå, må staten ha delvis svake statsapparater
E. For at en revolusjon skal oppstå, må oppstandelsen være nasjonal - ikke lokal
F. En revolusjon fører til en styrking av staten
Explanation
The given answer states that Theda Skocpol's works were inspired by Barrington Moore. According to Skocpol, for a revolution to occur, a country needs to have a traditional state apparatus (non-industrialized/commercialized), be developmentally backward, have partially weak state apparatuses, and have a national uprising rather than a local one. Additionally, Skocpol argues that a revolution leads to a strengthening of the state.
34.
Hva stemmer om Charles Tilly, og hans verker? (mer enn ett svar)
Correct Answer(s)
A. "War makes the state, and the state makes war."
B. Krig førte til utviklingen av staten, fordi man trengte byråkrati for å organisere hærer
C. Der det var mye kapital allierte staten seg med handelsmenn, og brukte tvang der det var lite
Explanation
Charles Tilly's work suggests that war plays a crucial role in the development of the state. He argues that war necessitates the creation of a bureaucratic structure to organize armies, leading to the formation of a centralized state. Additionally, Tilly suggests that where there is a significant amount of capital, the state aligns itself with merchants and uses coercion in areas with less capital. This implies that the state's alliances and use of force are influenced by economic factors.
35.
Hva stemmer om Ertman, og hans verker? (mer enn ett svar)
Correct Answer(s)
A. Tokammersystem førte til konstitusjonalisme, og trekammersystem til enevelde
B. Tokammersystemet var en slags arv fra romerne, mens trekammersystemet ble laget fra grunnen av
C. Der den militære konkurransen var intensiv tidlig utviklet man en "patrimonialistisk forvaltning", og byråkrati der det kom sent
Explanation
The correct answer states that the tokammersystem (two-chamber system) led to constitutionalism and the trekammersystem (three-chamber system) led to autocracy. It also mentions that the tokammersystem was influenced by Roman practices, while the trekammersystem was created from scratch. Additionally, it states that in areas with intense military competition, a "patrimonialistisk forvaltning" (patrimonial administration) was developed early on, while bureaucracy was introduced later.
36.
Hvem av følgende arbeider i stor grad innenfor "War makes the state"-teorien ? (mer enn ett svar)
Correct Answer(s)
A. Downing
B. Charles Tilly
C. Max Weber
D. Schumpeter
E. Hintze