Ipt - Ispit 1. Deo

The characteristics of the PAP protocol are that the password is sent as plain text and it uses a 2-way handshake. This means that the password is not encrypted or protected during transmission, which poses a security risk. Additionally, the 2-way handshake means that both the client and the server authenticate each other before establishing a connection.

The correct answer is "Interface Control Information". ICI is an acronym that stands for Interface Control Information. This term refers to the information or data that is used to control the interface between two systems or components. It includes specifications, protocols, and other details that are necessary for the proper functioning and communication between the interfaces.

The correct answer is "Servisa sa uspostavom veze". This means that a virtual circuit is established in a service that requires a connection to be established before data transfer can occur. This type of service ensures that a reliable and dedicated communication path is established between the sender and receiver before any data is transmitted. This is in contrast to datagram services, where each packet is treated independently and does not require a pre-established connection.

When a router receives a packet, it analyzes the destination IP address to determine where to forward the packet. The destination IP address is crucial in routing the packet to the correct destination. The router uses its routing table to compare the destination IP address with the available routes and selects the appropriate next hop for forwarding the packet.

The correct answer is LCP. LCP stands for Link Control Protocol and is used for configuring, maintaining, and terminating the connection in PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol). LCP is responsible for establishing and configuring parameters such as authentication and compression options between the two endpoints of the PPP connection. It also monitors the link for errors and can terminate the connection if necessary. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and NCP (Network Control Protocol) are not specifically used for configuring and maintaining the PPP connection. MAC (Media Access Control) is a lower-level protocol that operates at the data link layer and is not directly related to PPP configuration.

The given correct answer is "01111110". This is because in PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), data frames are encapsulated between a start delimiter and an end delimiter. The start delimiter is always "01111110", indicating the beginning of a frame. Similarly, the end delimiter is also "01111110", indicating the end of a frame. Therefore, the correct answer represents the end delimiter in PPP.

PPP protokol stavlja ispred sekvenca 01111110 kontrolni bajt kada se ta sekvenca pojavi bilo gde u ramu, osim u polju oznake (flega).

The statement is saying that "Obnavljači i višesportni obnavljači (koncentratori, habovi) ne analiziraju adrese." This translates to "Switches and multiport repeaters (concentrators, hubs) do not analyze addresses." The correct answer is "Tačno" which means "True."

PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) is a data link layer protocol that is commonly used to establish a direct connection between two network nodes. In order to configure, maintain, and terminate the connection, PPP utilizes the Link Control Protocol (LCP). LCP is responsible for establishing and configuring the link, negotiating authentication methods, monitoring the link for errors, and terminating the connection when necessary. Therefore, LCP is the correct answer for this question.

According to the given statement, virtual local area networks (VLANs), as per the IEEE specification, can define broadcast domains at the second layer. This means that VLANs can separate network traffic into different broadcast domains, allowing for more efficient and secure network management. Therefore, the statement "Tačno" (True) is the correct answer.

When applying the principle of disabled loop, there is only one path from one local network to another. This means that there are no alternate or backup paths, and there is no possibility of multiple paths. Therefore, the correct answer is "Samo jedan put" which translates to "Only one path" in English.

The correct answer is the "Mrežni sloj" (Network layer). The network layer provides services to the layer above it, which is the transport layer. It is responsible for routing packets across different networks, ensuring that they reach their intended destination. This layer also handles logical addressing and fragmentation of data packets.

The correct answer is "Servisa sa uspostavom veze." This means that a virtual circuit is established during the connection setup of a service. In a virtual circuit, a dedicated path is created between the sender and receiver before data transmission, ensuring a reliable and ordered delivery of data packets. This is in contrast to datagram services, where each packet is treated independently and may take different routes to reach the destination. The virtual circuit provides a more predictable and controlled communication channel.

The correct answer is CSMA/CD. CSMA/CD stands for Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection. It is a protocol used in Ethernet networks to regulate access to the transmission medium. In CSMA/CD, devices on the network listen for carrier signals before transmitting data. If multiple devices attempt to transmit at the same time and a collision occurs, they stop transmitting and wait for a random amount of time before attempting again. This method helps to minimize collisions and ensure efficient data transmission in Ethernet networks.

An MAC address is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface card (NIC) by the manufacturer. It consists of 6 octets (groups of 8 bits) that are represented in hexadecimal format. Each octet is separated by a colon or a hyphen. Therefore, the correct answer is "6 octets of bits written in hexadecimal."

The correct answer is "Drugi sloj" which translates to "Second layer" in English. This suggests that the device operates on the second layer of a network protocol stack. However, without further context or information about the specific network or device being referred to, it is difficult to provide a more detailed explanation.

The correct answer states that "Statičko popunjavanje tabele rutiranja znači da samo administrator to može ručno da uradi." This means that static routing table filling can only be done manually by the administrator. In static routing, the routes are manually configured and do not change automatically. This allows the administrator to have control over the routing decisions and ensures that the routes remain constant unless manually modified.

The given answer correctly states that this layer of the OSI model provides a way to establish, maintain, and terminate connections. This layer is responsible for managing the communication session between two devices, including the setup and teardown of connections. It ensures that the data is reliably transmitted and received between the sender and receiver.

The given answer "Netačno" is correct because the data unit of the second layer of the OSI reference model is the frame, not the segment. A segment is a data unit used in the transport layer of the OSI model.

The correct answer is SLIP and CSLIP because these protocols were used before the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) was introduced. SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) was an early protocol used for connecting computers to the internet over serial lines. CSLIP (Compressed SLIP) was a variation of SLIP that allowed for data compression, improving transmission efficiency. The other options, KLIP and LLIP, are not mentioned or relevant in the given context.

The Layer 2 switch analyzes MAC addresses. MAC addresses are unique identifiers assigned to network interfaces, and they are used at the data link layer to deliver data packets to the correct destination within a local network. The Layer 2 switch uses these MAC addresses to determine the appropriate port to forward the incoming packets.

The correct answer is "Adresu drugog sloja" which translates to "The address of the second layer" in English. This suggests that the bridge analyzes the address at the data link layer, which is the second layer of the OSI model.

The size of a cell in an ATM system is 53 bytes.

The problem of the occurrence of bit sequence indicators (labels) in the information field is solved by using the technique of inserting bytes.

The session layer provides the dialogue between applications. It establishes, maintains, and terminates connections between two communicating applications. This layer manages the session and ensures that data is transferred correctly and efficiently. It also handles synchronization, checkpointing, and recovery of the session if any interruptions occur.

The LLC (Logical Link Control) sublayer provides functions necessary for establishing and managing a logical connection between local devices in a network. This includes managing the flow of data between devices, handling error detection and correction, and ensuring reliable communication. The LLC sublayer is responsible for establishing and maintaining a logical link between devices, allowing them to communicate effectively and efficiently.

The correct answer is "Nema uticaja na ostale slojeve, što omogućava da se promena mrežne konfiguracije izvrši bez promena na ostalim slojevima". This means that a change in one layer of the OSI model does not affect the other layers, allowing for network configuration changes to be made without impacting the other layers.

The correct answer is "Ram". In networking, a data unit at the data link layer is referred to as a "frame". However, in this context, the term "Ram" is used instead. Ram stands for Random Access Memory, which is a type of computer memory that allows data to be read from and written to in any order. It is used to temporarily store data that is being processed by the computer.

CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) is the method most commonly used for accessing the transmission medium in wireless local area networks. This method allows devices to listen to the medium and check if it is busy before transmitting data, thus avoiding collisions. Additionally, it includes a mechanism for avoiding collisions by requesting and receiving permission to transmit from the access point. This helps to ensure that data is transmitted successfully and reduces the chances of collisions in the wireless network.

Stations C1 and C6 cannot communicate because they do not belong to the same broadcast domain. A broadcast domain is a logical division of a computer network, in which all devices can reach each other through broadcast at the data link layer. In this case, since C1 and C6 are in different VLANs, they are in different broadcast domains and cannot communicate directly.

The given answer states that the characteristics of the PAP protocol are that the password is sent as plain text and it uses a 2-way handshake. This means that the password is not encrypted or protected in any way during transmission, which can pose a security risk. Additionally, the 2-way handshake implies that the client and server exchange authentication information in two steps, confirming the identity of both parties.

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is used when the destination IP address is known, but its MAC address is unknown. This protocol allows a device to send an ARP request to the network, asking for the MAC address associated with a specific IP address. The device with the corresponding IP address will respond with its MAC address, allowing the sender to establish a direct communication link. This is necessary because devices on a network communicate using MAC addresses, and ARP helps to resolve the MAC address of a device when only the IP address is known.

The LLC (Logical Link Control) sublayer provides functions that are necessary for establishing and managing a logical connection between local devices. This sublayer is responsible for managing the flow of data between the network layer and the physical layer, ensuring reliable transmission of data across the network. It handles tasks such as framing data into frames, error detection and handling, and managing the logical link between devices.

Ruteri preusmeravaju brodkast saobraćaj isto kao mostovi.

The correct answer is CHAP authentication. This can be inferred from the fact that CHAP authentication is mentioned only once in the given options, while the other options (NAP and PAP authentication) are mentioned twice. Therefore, it can be concluded that the correct answer is CHAP authentication.

PPP protokol se koristi u digitalnim preplatničkim petljama zbog ugrađenosti mehanizma za autentifikaciju, jednostavnu dodelu i upravljanje IP adresama. Ovaj protokol omogućava sigurnu komunikaciju između korisnika i mreže, pružajući mogućnost autentifikacije korisnika putem korisničkog imena i lozinke. Takođe, PPP omogućava jednostavnu dodelu i upravljanje IP adresama, što je važno za pravilan rad mreže. Ove funkcionalnosti čine PPP protokol pogodnim za upotrebu u digitalnim preplatničkim petljama.

The correct answer is Mac podsloj, pravljenje ramova, adresiranje, otkrivanje i vođenje računa o greškama. This answer suggests that the layer performs functions such as creating frames, addressing, error detection, and error handling. These functions are typically associated with the data link layer in the OSI model, which is responsible for transmitting data bits between devices and ensuring their reliable delivery.

VLANs (Virtual Local Area Networks) are logical units that are connected through virtual bridges. This means that they are not physically connected to each other but are logically grouped together. VLANs allow for the segmentation of a network, allowing different groups of devices to communicate with each other while remaining isolated from other groups. By using virtual bridges, the broadcast domains of the network devices are logically separated, ensuring efficient and secure communication within the VLAN.

The physical layer of the OSI model is responsible for the transmission of bits between two devices. It deals with the actual physical connection and transfer of data over the network. This layer determines the type of connection that needs to be established and, if necessary, performs data segmentation into datagrams. It is also responsible for flow control and error detection.

The correct answer is "Isti slojevi na različitim mašinama" which translates to "Same layers on different machines" in English. This means that peer-to-peer (P2P) networks consist of the same layers on different machines. In a P2P network, each machine or node functions as both a client and a server, allowing for the sharing of resources and information directly between the nodes without the need for a central server. This answer accurately describes the concept of P2P networks.

The virtual connection between peer entities in the OSI model is established using peer protocols. This means that the communication between two entities at the same layer is facilitated by protocols specifically designed for that layer. These protocols ensure that the data is properly encapsulated and transmitted between the peer entities.

X.25 je standard koji definiše interfejs između DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) i DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment). DTE se odnosi na uređaje kao što su računari ili terminali koji generišu i primaju podatke, dok se DCE odnosi na opremu koja povezuje DTE uređaje sa transmisionim medijumom, kao što su modemi ili ruteri. Dakle, X.25 standard definiše kako će se podaci prenositi između ovih dveju vrsta uređaja.

The correct answer is "Bežičnih mreža" because the question is asking about the standard IEEE802.11, which is a set of protocols for wireless local area networks (WLANs). This standard defines the methods for connecting computers in wireless networks, making it the most appropriate answer among the given options.

A koncentrator (hub) is an active element because it amplifies and regenerates the signal it receives before transmitting it to the connected devices. Unlike a passive element, which simply passes the signal along without any amplification or regeneration, an active element actively participates in the signal transmission process. Therefore, a koncentrator (hub) is considered an active element.

When the value of the indicator field 01111110 appears in the information field, the PPP protocol inserts a control byte before that sequence. This is done to distinguish the indicator field from the information field and ensure proper communication. It helps in identifying the start and end of PPP frames. Therefore, the correct answer is that the PPP protocol inserts a control byte before the indicator sequence.

A router with two physical interfaces belongs to two broadcast domains. Each interface creates a separate broadcast domain, as broadcast traffic is contained within the boundaries of a single network or subnet. Therefore, in this case, the router would belong to two different broadcast domains, one for each interface.

If the hub is replaced with a switch, the number of collision domains will increase. A hub operates at the physical layer of the OSI model and broadcasts all incoming data to all connected devices, causing collisions when multiple devices try to transmit at the same time. On the other hand, a switch operates at the data link layer and creates separate collision domains for each connected device, allowing for simultaneous transmissions without collisions. Therefore, replacing a hub with a switch will increase the number of collision domains, as each device will have its own dedicated collision domain.

CHAP (Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol) is a protocol used for authenticating users in a network. One of the characteristics of CHAP is that the authenticator generates a challenge and sends it to the initiator of the connection. This challenge is used along with the password as input to a cryptographic hash function. The resulting output is then compared with the expected value stored on the server. If they match, authentication is successful. Another characteristic mentioned is that CHAP uses a two-way handshake process. Once the authentication is successfully completed, the CHAP protocol does not need to be repeated for subsequent connections.

By dividing large broadcast domains into smaller ones, it improves network performance by reducing congestion and increasing the efficiency of data transmission. Additionally, it enhances security by limiting the scope of potential security breaches within an organization.

The correct answer is "Format podataka i nivo signala". This refers to the syntax of the protocol, which includes the structure and format of the data being transmitted, as well as the level of the signal used for communication. It is important for ensuring proper communication and understanding between devices or systems using the protocol.

Ripiteri su uređaji koji rade na prvom sloju.

Ukalupljivanje (enkapsulacija) je pojam koji se odnosi na dodavanje zaglavlja na podatak. Ukalupljivanje je proces dodavanja kontrolnih informacija (zaglavlja) na početak podataka kako bi se osigurala ispravnost i integritet podataka prilikom prenosa. Zaglavlje sadrži informacije o izvoru i odredištu podataka, kao i druge kontrolne informacije koje su potrebne za pravilno usmjeravanje i obradu podataka. Dodavanje CRC-a i FCS-a se odnosi na dodavanje kontrolnih suma na podatak kako bi se detektovali eventualni gresi u prenosu, ali to nije specifično za koncept ukalupljivanja.

The given answer suggests that the correct term for the rules about communication in N layers on different machines is "Protokol N – tog sloja" which translates to "Protocol of the Nth layer". This implies that the rules and procedures for communication in the Nth layer of the network are referred to as the protocol.

The correct answer is "Sloj sesije" which translates to "Session layer" in English. The session layer is responsible for establishing, managing, and terminating sessions between applications. It ensures that data exchange between the applications is reliable and error-free. This layer handles tasks such as session establishment, synchronization, and checkpointing. It also manages the session's duration and ensures that the data is delivered in the correct order.

A service is formally specified through primitives. Primitives are the basic operations or functions that can be performed on a service. They define the actions that can be taken by the service and the parameters required for those actions. Primitives provide a standardized way of interacting with the service and allow different components or systems to communicate with each other effectively.

ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) is a network that uses cell switching, which means that data is transmitted in fixed-size cells. These cells are switched and routed through the network independently, allowing for efficient and reliable transmission of data. This form of switching is known as cell switching or "komutacijom ćelija" in Serbian. It is different from message switching or frame switching, which are other methods of data transmission used in different types of networks.

The correct answer is "Jednim kolizionim domenom" which translates to "One collision domain" in English. This means that the concentrator operates within a single collision domain, where network devices share the same communication medium and can potentially collide with each other while transmitting data.

The correct answer is "Na svakom ruteru u adresu sledećeg rutera ili stanice" which translates to "On every router into the address of the next router or station." This means that the MAC address is changed at each router to ensure that the packet is forwarded to the correct destination. Each router replaces the MAC address with the MAC address of the next router or station in the network. This process allows the packet to be correctly routed through the network until it reaches its final destination.

The correct answer is "Uopšte se ne šalje." This means that the password is not sent at all during the CHAP protocol. In the CHAP protocol, the authentication process involves a challenge-response mechanism where the server sends a challenge to the client, and the client responds with a hashed value derived from the challenge and the password. The actual password is not transmitted over the network, ensuring its security.

The IP addresses of interfaces belonging to different VLANs belong to different IP networks. This means that each VLAN operates on a separate IP network and has its own range of IP addresses. This allows for segmentation and isolation of network traffic between VLANs.

The correct answer is PAP authentication. This is because PAP (Password Authentication Protocol) is a simple authentication method that uses a username and password to authenticate a user. It sends the username and password in plain text format, which makes it less secure compared to other authentication protocols like CHAP (Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol). Therefore, based on the given options, PAP authentication is the most appropriate explanation for the image.

Datagram is a type of service where there is no establishment of a connection. This means that there is no need for any initial setup or negotiation between the sender and receiver before data transmission. Each packet, or datagram, is treated independently and can take different routes to reach its destination. This lack of connection establishment allows for faster and more efficient transmission, but it also means that there is no guarantee of delivery or order of arrival.

NCP (Network Control Protocol) se koristi za konfigurisanje PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) protokola za sloj mreže. PPP je protokol koji omogućava uspostavljanje veze između dva računara preko mreže. NCP se koristi za konfigurisanje različitih protokola koji se koriste na sloju mreže, kao što su IP (Internet Protocol), IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange) ili AppleTalk.

The correct answer states that "Lozinka i izazov su ulaz u kriptografsku funkciju izvoda" which means "Password and challenge are inputs to the cryptographic hash function." This statement is true for the CHAP protocol. In CHAP, the password and challenge are used to generate a hash value, which is then compared with the received hash value for authentication. The authentication process involves the initiator receiving the challenge from the authenticator and using the password to generate a response. If the response matches the expected hash value, the authentication is successful.

Komutator 3. sloja (Layer 3 switch) and Ruter (Router) are both devices that are used for connecting virtual networks. Layer 3 switches are capable of routing traffic based on IP addresses, making them suitable for connecting virtual networks. Routers are also designed to connect different networks together, including virtual networks. Therefore, both Komutator 3. sloja and Ruter can be used for connecting virtual networks.

The correct answer is "Drugom sloju" which translates to "Second layer" in English. This suggests that a Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) is defined at the second layer of the IEEE specification. The second layer is the Data Link Layer, which is responsible for the efficient and reliable transmission of data between two nodes on a network. Therefore, VLANs are implemented at this layer to create separate broadcast domains within a single physical network.

The MAC sublayer provides procedures that devices use to manage access to the transmission medium. This means that the MAC sublayer is responsible for controlling how devices on a network share and use the available bandwidth of the transmission medium. It ensures that multiple devices can transmit data without causing collisions or interference.

Komutatori (switches) rade na osnovu MAC adresa. MAC adresa je jedinstveni identifikator koji se dodeljuje mrežnim uređajima kao što su računari, serveri ili mrežne kartice. Komutatori koriste MAC adrese kako bi usmerili pakete saobraćaja na odgovarajući izlazni port. Na taj način se osigurava da paketi stignu do odredišta samo onim uređajima koji su namenjeni. Preusmeravanje i filtriranje na osnovu IP adresa i portova obavljaju se na drugim mrežnim uređajima kao što su ruteri ili firewall-ovi.

X.25 je standard za paketsku komutaciju. Ovaj standard se koristi za prenos podataka u mrežama, gde se podaci dele na pakete pre slanja i svaki paket se zasebno rutira do odredišta. X.25 omogućava efikasan i pouzdan prenos podataka kroz mrežu, koristeći tehniku paketske komutacije.

The correct answer is "Radi sa više kolizionih domena" which translates to "It works with multiple collision domains." This means that a switch can connect multiple devices and separate them into different collision domains, reducing the chances of collisions and improving network performance.

The correct answer is that error correction and flow control are performed on the receiver side.

PPP protokol stavlja kontrolni bajt ispred sekvence 01111110 ako se ona pojavi bilo gde u ramu, izuzev u polju oznake (flega).

NCP (Network Control Protocol) se koristi za konfigurisanje PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) protokola za različite protokole na sloju mreže. PPP je protokol koji se koristi za uspostavljanje veze između dva računara preko mreže. NCP je odgovoran za konfigurisanje specifičnih parametara i opcija za protokole na sloju mreže, kao što su IP (Internet Protocol), IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange) ili AppleTalk. Dakle, NCP se koristi na sloju mreže kako bi se omogućila komunikacija između računara koji koriste različite protokole na tom sloju.

The correct answer is the Prezentacioni sloj (Presentation layer). The Presentation layer is responsible for converting data from the application layer into a standard format that can be understood by the receiving system. It handles tasks such as data encryption, compression, and formatting. The other options mentioned, Transportni sloj (Transport layer), Sloj sesije (Session layer), and Aplikacioni sloj (Application layer), are not directly involved in the conversion of data into a standard format.

The correct answer is IEEE802.16 and ETSI HiperMAN. WiMAX Alliance promotes and certifies interoperability of products for broadband wireless systems that use IEEE802.16 and ETSI HiperMAN standards. These standards define the specifications for wireless communication technologies, ensuring that devices from different manufacturers can work together seamlessly.

The transport layer of the OSI model determines the type of connection that needs to be established and performs data segmentation into datagrams if necessary. This layer is responsible for ensuring reliable communication by controlling the flow and detecting errors, as well as establishing, terminating, and maintaining connections between devices. It does not handle the physical transmission of bits between devices or the logical addressing and routing of packets in the network.

The correct answer is "Sloj veze" (Link layer). In the OSI reference model, the link layer is responsible for the node-to-node communication, providing the means for transmitting data over a single link or a network segment. The PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) is a data link layer protocol commonly used to establish a direct connection between two nodes, such as a computer and a network server. Therefore, PPP belongs to the link layer of the OSI model.

In the header of a PPP frame, the source address is not included. Only the destination address is included in the header. The source address is included in the trailer of the PPP frame. Therefore, the correct answer is "Ne" (No).

The correct answer is "Radi samo sa jednim brodkast domenom" which translates to "It works only with one broadcast domain." This means that a komutator or switch is designed to operate within a single broadcast domain, which is a logical division of a computer network. It allows devices within the same broadcast domain to communicate with each other directly, while devices in different broadcast domains require routing to communicate.

The correct answer is OSI, TCP/IP, X.25. These are three different network architectures. OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) is a conceptual model that standardizes the functions of a communication system into seven different layers. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a suite of protocols that enables communication between devices on the internet. X.25 is a packet-switched network protocol that was widely used in the past for remote access and virtual private networks.

PPP protokol ne pripada mrežnom sloju OSI referentnog modela, već se nalazi na sloju veze podataka. OSI model ima sedam slojeva, a PPP je protokol koji se koristi za uspostavljanje i održavanje veze između dva čvora na mreži. Mrežni sloj uključuje protokole kao što su IP, ICMP i routing protokoli, dok se PPP koristi za prenos podataka između dva čvora.

The field "Upravljanje" in the PPP frame is set to the value 00000011.

The given answer, 11111111, represents the value of the address field in the PPP frame. The address field in PPP is 8 bits long and is always set to the value 11111111, which is a special value called the "all-stations address". This value indicates that the frame is being sent to all stations on the network, rather than to a specific destination station.

PPP krotokol se može koristiti i na sinhronim i asinhronim vezama.