Integumentary SySTEM - Anatomy & Pathophysiology

Explanation
The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. It acts as a protective barrier against external factors such as bacteria, UV radiation, and chemicals. It also helps regulate body temperature and prevents excessive water loss. The epidermis is composed of several layers of cells, including the basal layer, which is responsible for the continuous renewal of the epidermis. The dermis is located beneath the epidermis and contains blood vessels, nerves, and other structures. The subcutaneous layer is the deepest layer of the skin, consisting of fat cells that provide insulation and cushioning.

Explanation
The correct answer is "Hypodermis." The subcutaneous tissue is the deepest layer of the skin, located beneath the dermis. It is primarily composed of adipose (fat) tissue and connective tissue. The hypodermis serves various functions, including insulation, cushioning, and energy storage. It also connects the skin to underlying muscles and bones.

Explanation
The combining form "trich/o" refers to hair. This can be seen in words like trichology (the study of hair) and trichotillomania (a compulsive disorder involving hair pulling).

Explanation
The suffix "-plasty" means surgical repair. This can be seen in medical terms such as rhinoplasty (surgical repair of the nose) or mammoplasty (surgical repair of the breast). The suffix "-plasty" is commonly used to describe surgical procedures that involve reshaping or reconstructing a body part.

Explanation
The combining forms cyan/o, jaund/o, and eosin/o all refer to colors. Cyan/o refers to the color blue, jaund/o refers to the color yellow, and eosin/o refers to the color red. However, the combining form pachy/o does not refer to color. Pachy/o is used to indicate thickness or thickness-related conditions, such as pachyderma (thickening of the skin).

Explanation
A stage III pressure ulcer involves full thickness loss of skin up to but not through the fascia. This means that the ulcer extends through the epidermis and dermis, but does not reach the underlying fascia. The ulcer may appear as a shallow crater or have a deep open wound. It may also have slough or eschar present. This stage indicates significant tissue damage and requires medical intervention for proper healing.

Explanation
Psoriasis, pityriasis, and lichen planus are all types of papulosquamous disorder. This term refers to a group of skin conditions characterized by the presence of papules (small raised bumps) and scales on the skin. These conditions share similar clinical features, such as redness, itching, and flaking of the skin. While dermatitis and inflammatory conditions can also cause skin inflammation, they do not specifically fall under the category of papulosquamous disorders. Acne, on the other hand, is a completely different skin condition characterized by the presence of pimples and blackheads, and it is not considered a papulosquamous disorder.

Explanation
Verrucae, commonly known as warts, are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a viral infection that can be transmitted through direct contact with an infected person or contaminated surfaces. Verrucae are characterized by small, rough, and raised growths on the skin, commonly found on hands, feet, and other areas. They are usually harmless but can be contagious and may cause discomfort or pain. Treatment options for verrucae include over-the-counter medications, cryotherapy, and surgical removal.

Explanation
Keratoses is the correct answer because it is a type of tumor that occurs in hair follicles. Keratoses is a term used to describe various skin conditions characterized by thick, scaly patches or growths on the skin. These growths can develop in hair follicles and are often caused by excessive sun exposure or aging. They are usually benign but can sometimes progress to skin cancer if left untreated. Nevi refers to moles, Kaposi's sarcoma is a type of cancer that affects the skin and other organs, and keratoacanthoma is a type of skin tumor that resembles squamous cell carcinoma.

Explanation
Squamous cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer that typically develops in the outer layer of the skin. It is considered superficial because it usually stays confined to the top layers of the skin and does not invade deeper tissues. This characteristic makes it less likely to metastasize or spread to other parts of the body. In contrast, basal cell carcinoma, melanoma, and Kaposi's sarcoma have a higher tendency to metastasize, making them more aggressive forms of skin cancer.