Human Behaviour And The Social Environment I Quiz 3

In the second stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory, autonomy vs. shame and doubt is the crisis that individuals face. This stage occurs during early childhood, typically between the ages of 1 to 3 years. During this stage, children are exploring their independence and developing a sense of autonomy. They want to assert their own will and make choices, but they also experience shame and doubt if their attempts are met with criticism or failure. This stage is crucial for the development of self-confidence and a healthy sense of autonomy.

The given answer states that the infant mortality rate of the poor is almost double the rate of the affluent. This means that infants born into poverty are more likely to die at a higher rate compared to infants born into wealthier families. This suggests that poverty has a significant impact on the health and well-being of infants, leading to a higher mortality rate among the poor.

Breasts are functionally equipped with 15 to 20 clusters of mammary or milk-producing glands. This means that each breast contains multiple clusters of glands responsible for producing milk. The number of clusters can vary between 15 to 20, indicating the range of milk-producing glands present in a breast.

Conflict theory views society as a struggle for power among various social groups. This perspective emphasizes the idea that different social groups compete for resources and power, leading to social conflict and inequality. It suggests that society is not harmonious or unified, but rather marked by ongoing conflicts and tensions between different groups. This theory highlights the role of power dynamics and social inequalities in shaping social relationships and structures.

Approximately 90 percent of all males have nocturnal emissions at one time or another. This means that the majority of males experience nocturnal emissions, also known as "wet dreams," during their lifetime. Nocturnal emissions are a normal physiological response that typically occur during puberty when sexual maturity is reached. It is important to note that nocturnal emissions do not indicate any health problems and are a natural part of sexual development in males.

Social independence involves becoming self-directed rather than other-directed, but not becoming selfish. This means that individuals who are socially independent are able to make their own decisions and choices, rather than relying on others for guidance or approval. However, they also understand the importance of considering the needs and feelings of others, and do not prioritize their own desires at the expense of others. Social independence is about finding a balance between being independent and being considerate of others.

During puberty, individuals experience a growth spurt, which is a period of rapid growth. The growth spurt typically results in an increase in height. The given answer, "two and five," suggests that the typical growth spurt during puberty can result in a height increase of two to five inches. This range is commonly observed during this stage of development.

In Erikson's Intimacy vs Isolation stage, love relationships are important. This stage occurs during young adulthood, and individuals are focused on forming meaningful and intimate relationships with others. Developing a love relationship allows individuals to experience emotional closeness, trust, and commitment. It also provides an opportunity for personal growth and self-discovery. Building a love relationship during this stage helps individuals establish a sense of intimacy and connection with another person, which is essential for their overall well-being and development.

Middle-aged adults have higher rates of hypertension. This is because as individuals age, their blood vessels tend to become less flexible and more narrow, leading to increased blood pressure. Additionally, lifestyle factors such as poor diet, lack of exercise, and stress can also contribute to the development of hypertension. Therefore, it is common for middle-aged adults to have higher rates of this condition compared to younger individuals.

A score of four on the SAD PERSONS scale suggests that the individual is at moderate risk for suicide. Therefore, close follow-up is necessary to monitor their condition and provide support. Additionally, considering hospitalization is important to ensure their safety and provide them with a controlled environment where they can receive appropriate treatment and care.

Peck's theory suggests that successful adjustment in middle adulthood involves mental flexibility. This means being open to new ideas, adapting to change, and being able to think creatively and problem-solve effectively. In middle adulthood, individuals often face new challenges and transitions, such as changes in career, relationships, and health. Having mental flexibility allows individuals to navigate these changes and adjust their thinking and behavior accordingly. It also helps them maintain a sense of resilience and adaptability, which are important for overall well-being and successful adjustment in this stage of life.

The term "secular trend" refers to the tendency for individuals to grow larger in size and reach sexual maturity at an earlier age over generations. This trend is observed over long periods of time and is influenced by various factors such as improved nutrition and healthcare. The other options, equifinality, mitosis, and circular causality, do not accurately describe this phenomenon.

Erikson uses the term psychosocial "moratorium" to describe a period of free experimentation before a final sense of identity is achieved. This term refers to a temporary suspension of certain responsibilities or commitments, allowing individuals to explore different options and possibilities. During this time, individuals may try out different roles, values, and beliefs, in order to develop a clearer understanding of themselves and their place in the world. This period of exploration is considered crucial for the development of a stable and cohesive identity.

During Stage 4: Synthetic Conventional Faith of Fowler's Theory of Faith Development, people have not critically evaluated the fundamental basis of their faith. Rather, they adhere to conventional ideology. This stage is characterized by a conformity to societal norms and beliefs without questioning or critically examining them. Individuals in this stage may rely heavily on external authorities and religious institutions for guidance and may struggle with independent thinking or exploring alternative perspectives.

Some men experience greater hormonal fluctuations during male climacteric. This refers to the period of hormonal changes in men, similar to menopause in women. While not all men may experience significant fluctuations, some may have more noticeable changes in hormone levels. This can result in symptoms such as mood swings, decreased libido, and physical changes. It is important to note that not all men will go through male climacteric, and it does not necessarily mean that men lose the potential to reproduce.

Presbyopia is the correct answer because it is a condition commonly experienced by middle-aged adults where they gradually lose the ability to focus on nearby objects. This results in farsightedness, making it difficult to see things up close. Myopia, myxedema, and presbycusis are unrelated conditions and do not cause farsightedness in middle-aged adults.

According to Maslow, a self-actualized person is self-directed. This means that they are able to make their own choices and decisions, and are not heavily influenced by external factors or the opinions of others. Self-direction is a key characteristic of self-actualization, as it reflects the individual's ability to pursue their own goals and desires, and to act in alignment with their own values and beliefs. Self-actualized individuals are motivated by their own internal drive and have a strong sense of autonomy and independence.

According to Marcia's categories of identity, people who fall into the foreclosure category never experience an identity crisis as such. They glide into adulthood without experiencing much turbulence or anxiety. This means that individuals who fall into this category have made commitments without exploring different options or considering alternative paths. They have adopted the values and beliefs of their parents or society without questioning or exploring other possibilities. This lack of exploration and commitment to predetermined roles and beliefs leads to a smooth transition into adulthood without the need for an identity crisis.

The control theory suggests that the weaker the social bonding, the greater the likelihood that an adolescent will become involved in delinquent gang activities. This theory argues that individuals are motivated to engage in deviant behavior when their social bonds to conventional society are weak or broken. These bonds include attachment to parents, commitment to conventional goals, involvement in conventional activities, and belief in the moral validity of social rules. When these bonds are weak, individuals are more likely to seek alternative sources of social support and engage in delinquent activities, such as joining gangs.

Emergency contraceptive pills may cause nausea and vomiting. This means that when taken within 72 hours after intercourse, these pills can still be 95% effective in preventing pregnancy, but they may also have the side effects of causing nausea and vomiting.