Gibilisco - Cells And Batteries

A cell that cannot be recharged is known as a primary cell. Primary cells are designed for single-use and once their energy is depleted, they cannot be recharged. In contrast, secondary cells, such as rechargeable batteries, can be recharged multiple times. Therefore, a primary cell is the correct answer in this context.

The 12-V automotive battery is rated at 36 Ah, which means it can supply a current of 36 Amps for 1 hour. The 100-W, 12-V bulb will draw a current of 100/12 = 8.33 Amps. Therefore, the battery will be able to power the bulb for 36/8.33 = 4.32 hours. Converting this to minutes, we get 4 hours and 20 minutes. Therefore, the bulb will stay aglow for approximately 4 hours and 20 minutes.

Mercury cells and batteries have a disadvantage in that they are destructive to the environment. Mercury is a toxic substance that can cause serious harm to living organisms and ecosystems if it is released into the environment. When these cells and batteries are disposed of improperly, the mercury can leach into soil and water sources, contaminating them and posing a risk to both human health and the environment. Therefore, the use of mercury in these cells and batteries is a significant drawback due to its negative impact on the environment.

The chemical energy in a battery or cell is converted into electrical energy when the cell is used. This conversion occurs through a chemical reaction within the battery, which generates electrons that flow through a circuit, creating an electric current. Once the chemical energy is used up, the battery cannot be replenished and needs to be replaced. Therefore, the correct answer is that the chemical energy changes to electrical energy when the cell is used.

When multiple cells are connected in series, the individual voltages of each cell are added together. This means that the total voltage produced by the battery is greater than the voltage produced by a single cell of the same composition. Therefore, the correct answer is "more than the voltage produced by a cell of the same composition."

A direct short-circuit of a large battery can cause a physical rupture or explosion. When a short circuit occurs, the resistance in the circuit decreases significantly, causing a surge in current flow. This surge generates excessive heat, which can lead to the battery overheating and potentially rupturing or exploding. This is a dangerous situation as it can cause damage to the battery and surrounding objects, as well as pose a risk of injury to individuals nearby.

A lithium battery would be the ideal choice for a microcomputer memory backup because it offers a high energy density, long shelf life, and low self-discharge rate. These characteristics make it suitable for providing a reliable and long-lasting power source for storing important data in a microcomputer memory backup system. Additionally, lithium batteries have a fast recharge time and can handle multiple charge-discharge cycles, making them well-suited for this application.

Connecting two or more groups of solar cells in parallel increases the useful current delivered by a solar panel. When solar cells are connected in parallel, the total current produced by the cells is the sum of the currents produced by each individual cell. This increases the overall current output of the solar panel, making it more efficient in delivering power.

A lead-acid battery is commonly used in uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) as they provide a reliable and long-lasting power source. UPS devices are designed to provide backup power in case of a power outage or fluctuation, ensuring uninterrupted operation of critical equipment such as computers, servers, and telecommunications systems. The high capacity and ability to deliver a sustained amount of power make lead-acid batteries ideal for this application. They are not typically found in portable audio CD players, LCD wall clocks, or flashlights, which usually use smaller and lighter battery types.

A Weston cell is generally used as a voltage reference source. This is because a Weston cell produces a stable and accurate voltage output, making it suitable for calibrating and comparing other voltage sources. It consists of a cadmium sulfate solution and a mercury cadmium amalgam, which create a constant voltage when connected in a circuit. The voltage produced by a Weston cell remains constant over time and is not affected by temperature changes, making it an ideal choice for applications that require precise voltage references.

A cell or battery that maintains a constant current-delivering capability almost until it dies is said to have a flat discharge curve. This means that the voltage output remains relatively stable throughout the battery's life, indicating a consistent energy delivery. This is desirable as it allows for more accurate monitoring of the battery's remaining capacity and prevents sudden drops in performance.

An interactive solar power system allows a homeowner to sell power to the electric company because it generates excess electricity that can be fed back into the grid. This allows the homeowner to earn credits or receive payment for the surplus energy produced by their solar panels. It promotes renewable energy generation and incentivizes homeowners to invest in solar power systems.

A transistor battery would be the best power choice for an electronic calculator because calculators require low power consumption and a small, compact power source. Transistor batteries are small, lightweight, and have a long lifespan, making them ideal for portable electronic devices like calculators. Additionally, transistor batteries provide a stable power supply, ensuring accurate calculations.

Methanol is easier to transport and store compared to hydrogen because it can be easily liquefied and stored at room temperature and pressure, whereas hydrogen requires high-pressure tanks or cryogenic storage. Methanol also has a higher energy density, meaning that a smaller volume of methanol can provide the same amount of energy as a larger volume of hydrogen. This makes methanol a more practical and efficient option for fuel cells, especially in applications where transportation and storage are important factors.

The energy supplied can be calculated by multiplying the voltage (1.5 V) by the current (100 mA) to get the power (0.15 W). Then, multiply the power by the time (7 hours and 20 minutes) converted to hours (7.33 hours) to get the energy supplied in watt-hours (1.0995 Wh). Rounded to two decimal places, the answer is 1.1 Wh.

Alkaline cells generally work better in radios than zinc-carbon cells because they have a higher energy density and can provide a more stable and consistent power supply. This is important for radios as they require a continuous and reliable source of power to function properly. Additionally, alkaline cells have a longer runtime and can last longer in high-drain devices like radios compared to zinc-carbon cells.

A nickel-based battery can be found in more than one of the given options. It is commonly used in satellites for their power supply. Additionally, it is also used in portable cassette players and handheld radio transceivers. Therefore, the correct answer is "More than one of the above."

The energy in a cell or battery depends mainly on its physical size. This is because the size determines the amount of active material present in the cell, which directly affects the energy storage capacity. The larger the size, the more active material can be accommodated, resulting in higher energy storage. While the current drawn from the cell and its voltage also play a role in determining the energy output, they are not the primary factors.

A lantern battery would most likely be found in a two-way portable radio because lantern batteries are typically used in devices that require a larger power source and longer battery life. A two-way portable radio is often used in outdoor settings or in situations where a reliable and long-lasting power source is needed, making it the most suitable device for a lantern battery.

Nickel-based batteries should never be used until they die because they have a "memory effect." This means that if they are repeatedly recharged before being fully discharged, they will gradually lose their maximum capacity. To maintain optimal performance, nickel-based batteries should be discharged fully before recharging.