Functional Anatomy Arthrokinematics

Arthrokinematic motion refers to the small, involuntary movements that occur between the articular surfaces of a joint. These movements can include rolling, gliding, and spinning. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of these" as all three options are types of arthrokinematic motion.

According to the concave-convex rule, a concave joint surface moves in the same direction as the body segment. This means that when the joint moves, the concave surface moves in the same direction as the adjacent bone or body segment. This rule helps to determine the movement and alignment of joints during various activities and exercises.

Approximation or compression refers to the process of an external force being exerted on a joint, causing the joint surfaces to be pushed together. This can occur in various situations, such as during physical therapy or when a joint is being manipulated to realign or stabilize it. The term "approximation" is often used to describe this action, as it involves bringing the joint surfaces closer together, resulting in compression of the tissues and structures within the joint.

End Feel refers to the assessment of the quality of feel when slight pressure is applied at the end of a joint's passive range of motion. It describes the sensation or resistance felt when the joint reaches its maximum range of motion. This can include a hard, firm, soft, or empty end feel, depending on the specific joint and surrounding structures.

Bony end feel is characterized by a hard and abrupt limit to joint movement. This occurs when bone contacts bone, indicating that the joint has reached its anatomical limit of motion. Capsular end feel is characterized by a firm and springy resistance to joint movement, indicating that the joint capsule and surrounding ligaments are being stretched. Empty end feel occurs when pain prevents further joint movement, and it is not a specific type of end feel. Therefore, the correct answer is Bony.

According to the concave-convex rule, a convex joint surface moves in the opposite direction of the body segment. This means that when the body segment moves in one direction, the convex joint surface moves in the opposite direction. This rule helps to understand the movement and mechanics of joints, particularly in relation to how the joint surfaces interact with each other during movement.

In a close-packed position, the ligament and capsule holding the joint together are taut. This means that the joint is in a position of maximum stability and there is minimal movement allowed. The close-packed position is often achieved when the joint is fully extended or when the bones are in maximum contact with each other.

Traction is the correct answer because it refers to the external force exerted on a joint that causes the surface to be pulled apart. Traction is commonly used in medical settings to treat certain injuries or conditions by applying a pulling force to the affected area. This pulling force helps to relieve pressure, realign bones, or stretch muscles and tendons.

Soft tissue approximation characterizes an asymptomatic limited range of motion. This means that the soft tissues surrounding the body segments are preventing further motion. It suggests that there is no distention or swelling, and the affected area does not have a hard tissue approximation or a leather feel.

Rolling is the motion of one joint surface moving smoothly and continuously over another joint surface. It involves the rotation of one object while it is in contact with another object, resulting in the rolling motion. This is different from spinning, which involves an object rotating around its own axis, and gliding, which refers to smooth movement without rotation. Therefore, the correct answer is "Roll".

Joint surface motion is classified as arthrokinematic motion. Arthrokinematics refers to the small, subtle movements that occur within the joint surfaces. This includes movements like rolling, gliding, and spinning of joint surfaces against each other. These motions are essential for proper joint function and are distinct from osteokinematics, which involves the larger, visible movements of bones in relation to the three cardinal planes (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and rotation).

Glide is the correct answer because it refers to a linear movement of a joint surface parallel to the plane of the adjoining joint surface. This type of motion allows for smooth sliding or gliding of the joint surfaces, without any rotation or angular movement. Spin, roll, and all of these are incorrect because they do not specifically describe this type of linear movement parallel to the joint surface.

Congruent means that two or more objects or parts are in agreement or harmony with each other. In the context of joints, when they have maximum contact with each other and are tightly compressed, it can be said that they are in congruence. This means that the joints are aligned and fit together perfectly, making it difficult to distract or separate them.

Open-packed refers to a position where the maximum incongruency occurs. In open-packed positions, the joint surfaces have the least contact, allowing for more movement and flexibility. This position is also known as the resting position of a joint, where the ligaments and other structures are most relaxed. Closed-packed positions, on the other hand, have maximum congruency and are more stable, providing better support and resistance to movement. Neutral and active-packed are not specific terms related to the position of maximum incongruency.

Capsular end feel is characterized by a hard, leatherlike limitation of motion that has a slight give. This occurs when the joint capsule is stretched to its maximum limit, providing resistance to further movement. The slight give refers to a slight amount of elasticity or stretch in the capsule. Bony end feel, on the other hand, is a hard and abrupt limitation of motion caused by the contact of bone against bone. Empty end feel occurs when pain prevents further movement. Therefore, the correct answer is capsular.

Muscle guarding refers to a reflex muscle spasm that occurs during a motion. It is a protective mechanism in response to pain or injury, where the muscles surrounding the affected area contract and become tense. This involuntary spasm helps to stabilize the injured area and prevent further damage. Muscle guarding can limit range of motion and cause discomfort or pain.

Shear is the force that occurs parallel to the surface. Shear force is generated when two surfaces slide against each other in opposite directions. It causes one layer of the material to shift relative to another layer, resulting in deformation or failure. Shear forces are commonly observed in structures and materials subjected to bending, cutting, or tearing. Therefore, in this question, the correct answer is Shear.

Rotary force involves twisting, which creates a combination of compression and shear. This force is characterized by a circular or rotational motion, where an object or body is subjected to a twisting or turning action. Unlike linear forces, rotary forces cause a combination of compression (pushing together) and shear (sliding or tearing apart) in the object or body being acted upon. Therefore, rotary is the correct answer as it accurately describes the force involving twisting and the resulting combination of compression and shear.

Accessory movement refers to the small, involuntary movements that occur within a joint during normal movement. These movements are essential for maintaining normal joint function and allowing for full range of motion without pain. While the classical movement refers to the primary voluntary movement of a joint, the accessory movement complements and supports this movement, ensuring smooth and pain-free function.

A sellar joint is a joint surface shape that is convex in one direction and concave in the other direction. This means that one part of the joint surface is rounded outward like a saddle, while the other part is curved inward. This unique shape allows for a wide range of movement and stability in the joint.

The term "springy block" accurately describes a rebound movement felt at the end of the range of motion (ROM). This suggests that there is a certain level of elasticity or bounce-back in the movement, similar to a spring. The other options, such as spongy block, compression cuboidal, and spring back, do not convey the same sense of rebound or elasticity.

Joint play movement refers to the small, involuntary movements that occur within a joint in response to an external force. These movements are not under voluntary control and are necessary for maintaining joint health and function. They help to distribute forces evenly across the joint surfaces and prevent excessive wear and tear. Component movement, accessory movement, and yaw movement are not the correct answers because they do not accurately describe the involuntary nature of joint play movement.

An ovoid joint is formed when two bones come together in a convex-concave relationship. In this type of joint, one bone has a convex surface that fits into the concave surface of the other bone. This allows for a wide range of movement in multiple directions, making it a versatile joint. The other options, sellar joint, saddle joint, and halter joint, do not describe a convex-concave relationship between two bones.

Osteokinematic motion refers to the motion that occurs between the articular surfaces of bones in a joint. It involves the movement of bones in relation to each other, such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. This type of motion is commonly assessed during joint range of motion measurements. Arthrokinematic motion, on the other hand, refers to the small, involuntary movements that occur within the joint itself. Component motion refers to the individual movements of joint surfaces. Joint play motion refers to the passive movements that can be performed on a joint by an external force.

Component movement refers to the specific movement that occurs within a joint to enable a particular action or motion. It involves the coordinated movement of the different components or structures within the joint, such as bones, ligaments, and muscles. This movement is essential for the smooth functioning and range of motion of the joint. Accessory movement refers to the additional movements that occur within a joint but are not directly involved in the desired motion. Joint play movement refers to the small, passive movements that occur within a joint during normal joint play. Station movement is not a recognized term in relation to joint movements.