Final Exam Part 3 (201-261)

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The given answer refers to the normal range for ProTime, which is a blood test used to measure the time it takes for blood to clot. A ProTime result of 16 to 18 seconds or an International Normalized Ratio (INR) of 2.0 to 2.5 is considered within the normal range. These values indicate that the blood is clotting properly and there is no abnormality in the clotting process.

Anemia refers to a condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells (RBCs) in the body. RBCs are responsible for carrying oxygen to the tissues, so a decrease in their number can lead to symptoms like fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. This explanation aligns with the correct answer, which states that anemia is an abnormal decrease in RBCs.

The presence of atypical "reactive" lymphocytes is the correct answer because mononucleosis is a viral infection that affects the lymphocytes, specifically the B-lymphocytes. These infected lymphocytes become enlarged and have an abnormal appearance, which is why they are called atypical. The presence of these atypical lymphocytes is a characteristic feature of mononucleosis and can be identified through a blood test.

Hematologists are specialists who evaluate the cellular elements of blood microscopically and analytically. They are trained to identify and analyze various abnormalities in blood cells, such as anisocytosis, reticulocytes, erythroblast, and poikilocytosis. Hematologists play a crucial role in diagnosing and treating blood disorders and diseases, as they have the expertise to interpret the microscopic characteristics of blood cells and determine any abnormalities or irregularities present.

The correct answer is "condition in which the red blood cell or hemoglobin levels are below normal." This explanation accurately defines anemia as a condition characterized by lower than normal levels of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the body. Anemia can result in symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.

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The answer "0 to 20 mm/hour" refers to the normal range for ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate). ESR is a blood test that measures the rate at which red blood cells settle in a tube over a specific period of time. It is a non-specific marker of inflammation in the body. A higher ESR value indicates the presence of inflammation or infection, while a value within the range of 0 to 20 mm/hour is considered normal.

The sedimentation rate is a measure of how quickly red blood cells settle in a test tube over a certain period of time. It is used to detect and monitor inflammation in the body. An increased sedimentation rate can indicate the presence of an underlying condition such as infection, autoimmune disease, or cancer. This test is often performed as part of a complete blood count to provide additional information about a patient's overall health and to aid in the diagnosis and management of various medical conditions.

Leukocytosis refers to an abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells (WBCs) in the body. This condition can be caused by various factors such as infections, inflammation, certain medications, and bone marrow disorders. An increase in WBCs is often a sign that the body is fighting off an infection or responding to an inflammatory process. Therefore, the given answer "abnormal increase in WBCs" accurately describes leukocytosis.

Hemolytic anemia is characterized by the destruction of circulating red blood cells (RBCs). This can occur due to various reasons such as autoimmune disorders, infections, certain medications, or inherited conditions. In this case, the correct answer suggests that destruction of circulating RBCs is the cause of hemolytic anemia. This could be due to factors such as immune-mediated destruction or mechanical damage to the RBCs.

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Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells that are newly released into the bloodstream. They still contain some nuclear DNA, which is not usually present in mature red blood cells. This characteristic distinguishes reticulocytes from other types of blood cells and is important for hematologists, who study blood disorders. Anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, and erythroblast are terms related to abnormalities in the shape, size, and maturation of red blood cells, but they do not specifically refer to newly released RBCs with nuclear DNA.

The term "polymorphonuclear" refers to the shape of the nucleus in certain types of white blood cells. These cells have a multi-lobed or segmented nucleus, which is why they are also called "seg" cells. The other options listed, such as megakaryocyte, nongranulocytes, myeloblast, and macrophages, do not specifically refer to cells with this type of nucleus. Therefore, the correct answer is polymorphonuclear.

Thromboplastin is a substance that plays a crucial role in the process of blood clotting. It activates prothrombin, a protein present in the blood, and converts it into thrombin. Thrombin then acts as an enzyme to convert fibrinogen into fibrin, which forms a mesh-like structure to create a blood clot. Therefore, thromboplastin's main function is to initiate the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, which is essential for the formation of blood clots.

A coagulation test is a medical test that measures the blood's ability to clot. It is used to diagnose and monitor conditions related to blood clotting disorders, such as hemophilia or thrombosis. This test helps determine if a person's blood is clotting too much or too little, which can be indicative of various health issues. The other terms listed are unrelated to coagulation testing and do not involve measuring the blood's clotting ability.

A complete blood count (CBC) is a blood test that provides important information about the different components of blood, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It includes measurements of hematocrit and hemoglobin, which indicate the amount of red blood cells and the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, respectively. The coagulation test and sedimentation rate are not part of a CBC, as they measure different aspects of blood clotting and inflammation. Therefore, the correct answer is complete blood count.

Leukopenia refers to an abnormal decrease in white blood cells (WBCs). White blood cells are an essential part of the immune system and help fight off infections and diseases. When there is a decrease in the number of WBCs, the body becomes more susceptible to infections and may have difficulty in fighting them off effectively. Therefore, the answer "abnormal decrease in WBCs" accurately describes leukopenia.

The correct answer is "increase in WBCs (usually due to infection)". Leukocytosis refers to an abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood. This condition is commonly seen in response to an infection, as the body produces more WBCs to fight off the invading pathogens. It is important to note that leukocytosis can also be caused by other factors such as inflammation, stress, or certain medications. However, in this case, the mention of "usually due to infection" indicates that infection is the most common cause of leukocytosis.

Leukocytopenia refers to an abnormal decrease in white blood cells (WBCs). This condition can occur due to various reasons such as certain infections, autoimmune disorders, chemotherapy, or bone marrow disorders. The other options mentioned in the question are not related to leukocytopenia. Sudden cancer of a nongranulocyte, presence of atypical "reactive" lymphocytes, and long-term cancer of granulocytes in the bone marrow are unrelated conditions. An increase in WBCs is usually seen in response to an infection, which is the opposite of leukocytopenia. Therefore, the correct answer is abnormal decrease of WBCs.

The correct answer is "long-term cancer of granulocytes in bone marrow." This is because chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) is a type of cancer that affects the granulocytes in the bone marrow. It is characterized by the abnormal increase in white blood cells (WBCs) and can be a long-term condition. The other options mentioned in the question, such as sudden cancer of a nongranulocyte, presence of atypical "reactive" lymphocytes, and abnormal decrease of WBCs, do not accurately describe CML.

Bilirubin is a by-product of red blood cell breakdown that is sent to the liver. When red blood cells break down, they release bilirubin, which is then processed by the liver. The liver modifies bilirubin so that it can be excreted in bile and eliminated from the body. If there is a problem with the liver or the breakdown of red blood cells, bilirubin levels can become elevated, leading to conditions such as jaundice.

Hemoglobin is a molecule that has a reddish pigment and is capable of carrying oxygen. It is found in red blood cells and is responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues. When hemoglobin levels are below normal, it can indicate a condition in which the red blood cell or hemoglobin levels are low. The other options, such as a by-product of RBC breakdown, protein portion of the hemoglobin molecule, and iron portion of hemoglobin molecule, do not accurately describe hemoglobin's primary function of carrying oxygen.

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Hematocrit is a measure of the percentage of red blood cells in the total blood volume. It is an important component of a complete blood count, which provides information about the overall health and composition of the blood. The other options listed, such as coagulation test, sedimentation rate, and hemoglobin, are also important blood tests but do not specifically measure the percentage of red blood cells. Therefore, hematocrit is the correct answer in this context.

Pernicious anemia is caused by decreased vitamin B12 levels in the body. Vitamin B12 is essential for the production of healthy red blood cells. When there is a deficiency of vitamin B12, the body is unable to produce enough red blood cells, leading to anemia. This can occur due to various reasons such as poor diet, malabsorption issues, or certain medical conditions. The decreased vitamin B12 levels affect the maturation of red blood cells in the bone marrow, leading to their destruction and ultimately causing pernicious anemia.

The correct answer is "sudden cancer of a nongranulocyte." This is because the given options describe different conditions related to blood cells, and the only option that matches the given information is "sudden cancer of a nongranulocyte." The other options, such as "presence of atypical 'reactive' lymphocytes" and "increase in WBCs (usually due to infection)" do not align with the given information. Therefore, the correct answer is "sudden cancer of a nongranulocyte."

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Macrophages are large engulfing cells that originate from monocytes. They are a type of nongranulocytes, which means they do not contain granules in their cytoplasm. Macrophages play a crucial role in the immune system by engulfing and digesting foreign substances, dead cells, and cellular debris. They are important for the body's defense against infections and help in tissue repair and remodeling.

Thrombin is a protein enzyme that plays a crucial role in the blood clotting process. It acts as a catalyst and converts fibrinogen, a soluble protein, into fibrin, which is an insoluble protein. Fibrin forms a mesh-like structure that helps in the formation of blood clots, ultimately stopping bleeding. Therefore, thrombin activates fibrinogen to become fibrin, contributing to the formation of blood clots and promoting the coagulation process.

The given answer provides the acceptable range for ProTime, which is a measure of how long it takes for blood to clot. A ProTime of 16 to 18 seconds or an INR (International Normalized Ratio) of 2.0 to 2.5 is considered within the normal range. This range indicates that the blood is clotting at a normal rate, which is important for preventing excessive bleeding or clotting disorders.

The correct answer is Hgb/RBC (26-34 pg). This refers to the mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) level in the red blood cells (RBCs), which is measured in picograms (pg). The normal range for MCH is 26-34 pg. MCH indicates the average amount of hemoglobin present in each RBC, and abnormal values can indicate certain types of anemia or other blood disorders.

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The correct answer is Hgb/HCT (31-37% or gm/dL). This answer refers to the ratio of hemoglobin (Hgb) to hematocrit (HCT), which is a measure of the concentration of red blood cells in the blood. The normal range for this ratio is 31-37% or gm/dL. This ratio is important in assessing the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and can help diagnose conditions such as anemia or polycythemia.

Aplastic anemia is a condition characterized by a decrease in the production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets due to the destruction of stem cells in the bone marrow. This destruction can be caused by exposure to toxins. The other options mentioned in the question, such as blood loss, destruction of circulating RBCs, inherited abnormal hemoglobin S, and decreased vitamin B12, are not associated with the development of aplastic anemia.

The correct answer is HCT/RBC (82-98 micrometers/Fl). This refers to the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), which is a measure of the average size of red blood cells. The HCT/RBC value of 82-98 micrometers/Fl indicates the normal range for MCV.

Hematocrit is the correct answer because it is a common blood test that measures the percentage of red blood cells in the total volume of blood. It is used to evaluate the patient's overall health and to diagnose conditions such as anemia and dehydration. The other options listed are also blood tests, but they measure different aspects of the blood, such as the coagulation ability, sedimentation rate, and hemoglobin levels. However, only hematocrit specifically measures the percentage of red blood cells.