Radiation Oncology Resident

The correct size criteria for T2 non-melanoma skin cancer is more than 2cm but not more than 5cm as per the staging guidelines. Options 1 and 3 fall outside this range, while option 2 is above the upper limit specified.

The correct answer is 50%. This percentage represents the local control rate at 5 years post radiation therapy for T3 SCC non melanoma skin cancer.

Post-op indications for non-melanoma skin cancer include factors such as positive margins, PNI of named nerve, larger than 3cm primary, extensive skeletal muscle, bone, or cartilage invasion, and SCC of the parotid. These factors indicate a need for further evaluation or intervention post-surgery.

Contraindications for non-melanoma skin cancer XRT may include factors like pregnancy, presence of metal implants in the treatment area, and history of allergies to XRT. However, advanced age is a common contraindication as it may affect the overall effectiveness and tolerance of the treatment.

The recommended margins for nonmelanoma skin cancer 2cm sized primaries are 0.5-1.0cm and 1.5 to 2.0cm to ensure complete removal of the tumor while minimizing tissue loss.

The correct radiation dose for nonmelanoma skin cancer with cartilage involvement of 2cm or larger varies based on the size and extent of the tumor. The recommended doses of 45-50Gy, 50-55Gy, and 60-66Gy are tailored to ensure effective treatment while minimizing potential side effects and damage to surrounding tissues.

Distant metastasis occurs in approximately 50-60% of cases of Merkel Cell Carcinoma. This highlights the importance of early detection and treatment to prevent progression of the disease.

The correct radiation doses for Merkel Cell Carcinoma vary based on the disease stage and include N0 at 45-50Gy, microscopic disease at 45-50Gy, positive margin microscopic disease at 55-60Gy, and macroscopic disease at 55-60Gy.

The correct answer provides the 3-year overall survival rates for Merkel Cell Carcinoma for stages I, II, and III based on available data. The incorrect answers have been designed to mislead by providing different ranges of survival rates for each stage.

SLN status refers to the status of the sentinel lymph node, which is the first lymph node to which cancer is likely to spread from a primary tumor. SLN status plays a crucial role in predicting melanoma recurrence and overall survival rates. Tumor size, age of the patient, and mitotic rate are also important factors in determining the prognosis of melanoma, but SLN status is considered the most critical prognostic factor.

The correct staging of a 2.5 mm thick melanoma with ulceration is T3b. This indicates that the melanoma is between 2.01 mm to 4.0 mm in thickness with ulceration.

The correct answer is based on the TNM staging system for melanoma. T1 indicates a thin melanoma, T2 is an intermediate thickness, T3 is thick melanoma, and T4 is very thick melanoma. The presence of ulceration and satellite metastasis without positive node involvement leads to a T2b classification. N2c indicates multiple regional lymph nodes containing cancer cells, and the absence of positive nodes gives it a higher metastasis classification. Therefore, the correct stage grouping is IIIB for this scenario.

Adjuvant XRT with melanoma is indicated when there are multiple LN involvement, matted LN, or ECE. It is not indicated for single LN involvement, superficial spreading melanoma, or radial growth phase melanoma.

The correct answer is 'No difference' as per the melanoma RTOG 8305 trial comparison of 32Gy in 4 fx vs 50Gy in 20 fx.

The correct follow-up schedule for melanoma stages IB-III involves frequent visits initially, with a gradual decrease in frequency over time to ensure continuous monitoring for recurrence or progression of the disease.

The correct answer is CN IV, also known as the Trochlear nerve. This nerve arises from the dorsal surface of the midbrain and innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye. CN V is the Trigeminal nerve, CN VII is the Facial nerve, and CN IX is the Glossopharyngeal nerve, all of which do not exit from the dorsal surface of the midbrain.

CSF is produced mainly in the choroid plexus, a network of blood vessels located in the brain's ventricles. It is not produced in the meninges, which are the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Gray matter refers to the darker tissue of the brain and spinal cord, responsible for information processing, but not CSF production. The spinal cord mainly carries messages between the brain and the rest of the body, it does not produce CSF.

The cavernous sinus is a highly complex structure located on either side of the sella turcica, containing multiple cranial nerves including CN III, IV, VI, V1, and V2. The incorrect answers do not accurately reflect the cranial nerves found within the cavernous sinus.

The correct answer includes cranial nerves III (Oculomotor), IV (Trochlear), VI (Abducens), and V1 (Ophthalmic branch of Trigeminal) as they exit through the Superior orbital fissure to innervate the muscles and structures around the orbit.

The trigeminal nerve (CN V) has three branches - ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3). V2 exits through the Foramen rotundum, which is a foramen in the sphenoid bone.

The correct cranial nerve that exits through the foramen ovale is the trigeminal nerve, also known as CN V3. This nerve is responsible for sensory innervation of the face, as well as motor functions such as chewing. The other options provided (V1, V2, V4) are not associated with the foramen ovale.

The jugular foramen is a large foramen located medial to the styloid process on the temporal bone. It transmits cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), and XI (accessory).

The hypoglossal canal contains cranial nerve XII, which is the hypoglossal nerve responsible for controlling the movement of the tongue.

The hypothalamus is typically found approximately 1cm above the sellar floor on plain film imaging. This location is important for various diagnostic purposes related to the brain and pituitary gland.

The optic canal is positioned 2cm above and 1cm anterior to the sellar floor, allowing for the passage of the optic nerve from the eye to the brain.

The correct answer shows the comparison between the number of new primary brain tumors and metastatic brain tumors that occur annually. Primary brain tumors refer to tumors that originate in the brain itself, whereas metastatic brain tumors, also known as brain mets, occur when cancer from another part of the body spreads to the brain.

Glioblastoma (GBM) accounts for approximately 30% of primary CNS tumors. Therefore, 15%, 45%, and 60% are incorrect percentages and do not accurately represent the percentage of primary CNS tumors that are GBM.

Pediatric CNS tumors account for approximately 20% of all pediatric tumors, making them a significant portion but not the majority.

The correct answer is 2% at 20 years, indicating a low incidence rate over a 20-year period following prior ionizing RT.

Cafe au lait spots, optic gliomas, and bone abnormalities are commonly associated with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1), while NF2 is more commonly associated with bilateral vestibular schwannomas.