England And France Develop

Explanation
William the Conqueror is the correct answer because he was the Duke of Normandy who successfully defeated the Anglo-Saxons in the Battle of Hastings in 1066. This victory allowed him to conquer England and become the first Norman king of England.

Explanation
The term "parliament" refers to a legislative assembly that consists of two houses, namely the House of Commons and the House of Lords. This system is commonly used in countries like the United Kingdom and Canada. The House of Commons represents the elected members of the public, while the House of Lords consists of appointed or hereditary members. Together, they form the parliament, which is responsible for making laws and governing the country.

Explanation
Henry II is the correct answer because he was the English king who introduced the use of juries to the English judicial system. During his reign in the 12th century, Henry II implemented legal reforms that included the establishment of juries as a way to resolve disputes and determine guilt or innocence in criminal cases. This innovation helped to decentralize power and provide a fairer system of justice by involving a group of impartial individuals in the decision-making process.

Explanation
Philip II, also known as Philip Augustus, was a Capetian king who ruled over France from 1180 to 1223. He is known for greatly expanding the French kingdom's lands through successful military campaigns and strategic alliances. During his reign, Philip II gained control over territories such as Normandy, Anjou, Maine, and Touraine, significantly increasing the size and power of the French kingdom. He also played a crucial role in the Third Crusade and successfully weakened the influence of the English monarchy in France. Overall, Philip II's expansionist policies and military successes make him the correct answer for the given question.

Explanation
Hugh Capet is the correct answer because he was a French duke who started the Capetian dynasty, which ruled France from 987 to 1328. He became the King of France in 987 and his descendants continued to rule the country for over three centuries. Philip II and Philip IV were also French kings, but they did not begin the dynasty like Hugh Capet did.

Explanation
The Magna Carta was a document that was created in 1215 and it guaranteed basic political rights to the English people while also limiting the powers of the English king. It established the principle that even the king was subject to the law and that certain rights and liberties should be protected. The Magna Carta is considered a crucial milestone in the development of constitutional law and the protection of individual rights. It laid the foundation for the idea of limited government and influenced the creation of future constitutions around the world.

Explanation
The correct answer is Estates-General. The Estates-General was an assembly that consisted of representatives from the three social classes, or estates, in France: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. It was called upon by the king in times of crisis or to discuss important matters of state. Each estate had a different number of representatives, and decisions were typically made by vote, with each estate having one vote. The Estates-General played a significant role in the French Revolution and the eventual downfall of the monarchy.

Explanation
The correct answer is "basic political rights guaranteed in Magna Carta." The Magna Carta was a historic document signed in 1215 that established certain rights and liberties for the people, including the principle that the king was not above the law. It outlined the idea that individuals should not be taxed without representation, that they have the right to a fair trial by jury, and that they are entitled to the protection of the law. These principles have had a significant influence on the development of democratic systems and the protection of individual rights.

Explanation
England and France developed as nations because they pursued multiple strategies to strengthen their power and influence. They both took control of more lands, which allowed them to expand their territories and resources. Additionally, they expanded their power through courts and laws, establishing strong legal systems that helped centralize authority. Furthermore, both countries included commoners in government, which helped to create a sense of unity and stability among their populations. By implementing these various measures, England and France were able to develop as strong and influential nations.

Explanation
Philip IV called the Estates-General together to win support against the pope. This means that he gathered the representatives of the three estates (clergy, nobility, and commoners) in order to gain their backing in his conflict with the pope. The Estates-General was a representative body that could provide Philip IV with political support and legitimacy in his struggle against the pope's authority.