Embedded Electronics Design and Development

All of the mentioned industries have a dependency on embedded systems. Automation systems rely on embedded systems to control and monitor various processes and machinery. Home appliances such as refrigerators, washing machines, and air conditioners also use embedded systems for their functioning and control. Robotics heavily relies on embedded systems for controlling the movements and actions of robots. Therefore, all of the mentioned industries have a dependency on embedded systems.

Microcontrollers are low-power devices designed for efficient operation in small-scale applications. They are typically used in devices that require minimal power consumption, such as wearable devices, sensors, and IoT devices. Milliwatt is the correct answer because it represents the appropriate power unit for microcontrollers, indicating their low power consumption. Watts and megawatts are higher power units that are not suitable for microcontrollers, as they would imply excessive power consumption and inefficiency for these small-scale devices.

The code snippet "While(1) { }" creates an infinite loop in the microcontroller. The condition "1" is always true, so the loop will continue indefinitely. This means that the code inside the loop will be executed repeatedly, causing the microcontroller to be stuck in the loop and unable to proceed to any other instructions or tasks.

The PIC family of 16F series uses the RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) instruction set. RISC is a type of computer architecture that emphasizes simple instructions that can be executed quickly. This allows for faster execution of instructions and efficient use of system resources. The use of RISC in the PIC family of 16F series ensures efficient and optimized performance of the microcontrollers in this series.

The Darlington pair transistor is a configuration of two bipolar transistors that are connected in such a way that they provide a high current gain. This means that the output current of the pair is significantly higher than the input current, resulting in amplification of the signal. The Darlington pair is commonly used in applications where high current amplification is required, such as in audio amplifiers or power control circuits. Therefore, the correct answer is amplification.

The correct answer is "Separate data bus for data and program memory." In Harvard Architecture, there are separate data buses for data and program memory. This means that the CPU can access data and instructions simultaneously, improving the overall efficiency and speed of data processing. This architecture allows for faster execution of instructions and better performance in applications that require simultaneous data access and instruction fetching.

An ISR (Interrupt Service Routine) in embedded systems is a function or subroutine that is executed in response to an interrupt signal. Interrupts are used to handle time-sensitive events or external signals that require immediate attention. When an interrupt occurs, the processor suspends its current task and transfers control to the ISR to handle the interrupt. The ISR performs the necessary actions to respond to the interrupt, such as updating a variable, handling input/output operations, or executing specific code. Once the ISR is complete, the processor resumes the interrupted task.

Not all microcontrollers have an inbuilt ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter). While many microcontrollers do have ADCs as a standard feature, there are also microcontrollers available in the market that do not have an inbuilt ADC. These microcontrollers may require an external ADC module to convert analog signals to digital. Therefore, the statement that all microcontrollers have inbuilt ADCs is false.

The WDT (Watchdog Timer) is used during system hang. The WDT is a timer that is built into the microcontroller and is used to monitor the system's operation. It needs to be periodically reset by the software to prevent it from timing out and resetting the system. If the system hangs or becomes unresponsive, the WDT will not be reset and it will trigger a system reset, allowing the system to recover from the hang. Therefore, the WDT is used specifically during system hang situations.

The 555 component can be used in making the disco lights. The 555 timer IC is a versatile integrated circuit that can be configured as a pulse generator, oscillator, or timer. It can generate precise and adjustable timing signals, which can be used to control the flashing or blinking of the disco lights. By connecting the appropriate resistors, capacitors, and other components to the 555 IC, the disco lights can be synchronized to create various lighting effects.

The correct answer is int (*a)[10]. This declaration defines a pointer to an array of 10 integers. The variable "a" can be used to access and manipulate the elements of the array it points to.

The correct answer is 1972. In this year, the first 8-bit microcontroller was invented. Microcontrollers are small computer chips that contain a processor, memory, and input/output peripherals on a single integrated circuit. The development of the 8-bit microcontroller was a significant advancement in the field of electronics and paved the way for the widespread use of microcontrollers in various applications such as consumer electronics, automotive systems, and industrial automation.

A stereoscope is a device used to view two separate images, creating a three-dimensional effect. It is not used to measure the speed of a motor. Therefore, the given answer is incorrect.

The ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) supports a total of 256 alphanumeric characters. This includes uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and special characters. Each character is assigned a unique code, ranging from 0 to 255, allowing for a wide range of characters to be represented in computer systems.

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Morse code is the correct answer because it is a method used in telecommunication to encode text characters as sequences of two different signal durations, called dots and dashes. It was widely used in the past for sending messages through telegraph systems and is still used today in certain applications, such as amateur radio communication and distress signals. Morse code is not specific to SMS in mobile, but it is a code used in various communication systems.

To transmit the alphabet 'A', the input needs to be changed to 1000 0001.

The function of the stack pointer in microcontrollers is to stack the data coming in parallel. This means that it is responsible for organizing and storing the data that is being inputted into the microcontroller in a specific order. The stack pointer keeps track of the location in memory where the data is being stored, allowing for efficient retrieval and manipulation of the data.

The other name for WDT is "Computer Operating Properly." This term refers to a feature or mechanism in computer systems that monitors the system's operation and ensures that it is functioning correctly. The WDT acts as a watchdog, detecting and resolving any errors or malfunctions to maintain the proper operation of the computer.

The correct answer is "Perform the operation externally". This suggests that ICD (In-Circuit Debugger) allows the user to perform the operation externally, meaning that it allows for debugging and testing of code while it is running on the target hardware. This can include tasks such as setting breakpoints, stepping through code, and monitoring variables in real-time. It is an important tool for developers to ensure the proper functioning of their code.

The correct answer is "Interrupt b/w two processors." In embedded systems, an interrupt is a signal that interrupts the normal execution of a program and transfers control to a specific interrupt handler. In the context of two processors, an interrupt can be used to facilitate communication and synchronization between the processors. It allows one processor to interrupt the execution of the other processor and transfer control to a specific interrupt handler, enabling them to exchange data or coordinate their actions. Therefore, the correct answer is "Interrupt b/w two processors."