Electricity Basic Principles And Applications

Energy is defined as the ability to do work. It is the capacity of a system to perform tasks or exert force on other objects. Energy can exist in various forms such as kinetic energy, potential energy, thermal energy, etc. Charge, on the other hand, refers to the property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. Since the ability to do work is specifically attributed to energy, the correct answer is energy.

A proton has a positive electric charge because it contains a fundamental particle called a positron, which has a positive charge. Protons are one of the two types of particles found in the nucleus of an atom, the other being neutrons. The positive charge of the proton is balanced by the negative charge of the electrons that orbit the nucleus, resulting in an overall neutral charge for the atom.

A negative ion has an excess of electrons because ions are formed when atoms gain or lose electrons. In the case of a negative ion, it means that the atom has gained extra electrons, resulting in an overall negative charge. Therefore, the correct answer is electrons.

The neutron is the part of the atom that has no electric charge. Unlike the positively charged protons in the nucleus and the negatively charged electrons outside the nucleus, neutrons have no charge. Neutrons are essential for the stability of the nucleus and play a crucial role in determining the properties of different elements.

The correct answer is "both of the above" because the nucleus of most atoms contains both neutrons and protons. Neutrons are neutral particles, while protons have a positive charge. These two particles together make up the majority of the mass of an atom and are located in the nucleus, which is the central part of an atom.

Valence electrons are the electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom. These electrons are involved in chemical bonding and determine the reactivity and properties of the atom. Free electrons, on the other hand, are electrons that are not bound to any atom and are free to move within a material. Since the question specifically refers to electrons in the outermost shell, the correct answer is valence electrons.

The correct answer is neither of the above. This is because matter is not made up of just neutrons or nucleuses. Matter is composed of atoms, which consist of a nucleus (containing protons and neutrons) surrounded by electrons. So, matter is made up of a combination of protons, neutrons, and electrons, not just neutrons or nucleuses.

A positive charge can attract a negatively charged object because opposite charges attract each other. Additionally, a positive charge can attract and then repel a neutral object because the positive charge will initially attract the neutral object due to the presence of opposite charges. However, once the neutral object comes into contact with the positive charge, it will become charged and therefore repelled by the positive charge.

The joule is the base unit of energy and work. Energy is the capacity to do work, and work is the transfer of energy from one object to another. Therefore, the joule can be used to measure both energy and work.

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