Einführung In Die Methodologie - Steop

Frédéric Le Play's methodological approach was to calculate household budgets and create household inventories. This allowed him to gain a comprehensive understanding of the living conditions and family relationships in the 19th century. By analyzing the financial aspects of households and documenting their possessions, Le Play was able to paint a vivid picture of the time period.

Emile Durkheim konnte auf gesamtgesellschaftlicher Ebene den Zusammenhang zwischen Bildungsniveau und Religionszugehörigkeit sowie den Zusammenhang zwischen Selbstmordrate und Bildungsniveau feststellen. Durkheim war ein französischer Soziologe, der sich intensiv mit der Erforschung sozialer Phänomene beschäftigte. Er führte umfangreiche Studien durch und argumentierte, dass das Bildungsniveau einer Person sowohl ihre Religionszugehörigkeit als auch ihre Wahrscheinlichkeit, Selbstmord zu begehen, beeinflusst. Durkheim's Arbeiten legten den Grundstein für die soziologische Forschung und trugen maßgeblich zum Verständnis sozialer Zusammenhänge bei.

The given text excerpt suggests that the author is reflecting on the value of listening and the unexpected insights gained from it. This aligns with the ideas and research of William F. Whyte, who was known for his sociological studies on urban life and the importance of observing and listening to people in their natural environments.

A good scientist, according to Max Weber, is characterized by their willingness to work hard and dedicate themselves to the cause of science. They are willing to put in the necessary effort and go the extra mile to pursue their research and contribute to the advancement of knowledge. This dedication is an essential trait for a successful scientist.

The researchers involved in the "Marienthal-Studie" should take on the role of a member beneficial to the community. This means that they should contribute to the well-being and development of the community through their research. They should aim to provide insights and solutions that can help improve the lives of the people in Marienthal. This role suggests that the researchers should actively engage with the community, understand their needs, and collaborate with them to address social issues and promote positive change.

The correct answer is "eine Form des Experiments". This means that the technique of the lost letters is a form of experiment. This suggests that the technique involves intentionally "losing" letters or documents in order to study how they are handled or processed by the postal system or other institutions. It is a method used to gather data or test hypotheses in a controlled manner.

Frédéric Le Play's methodological approach involved the creation of household inventories and the calculation of household budgets. By conducting these activities, he aimed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the living conditions and family relationships in the 19th century. These inventories and budgets provided valuable insights into the material resources available to families and how they were allocated, shedding light on their economic circumstances and social dynamics.

Whyte used the method of "teilnehmende Beobachtung" or participant observation in his study on the social and interaction structure of the Cornerville neighborhood. This method involves the researcher actively participating in the community or group being studied, observing their behaviors and interactions firsthand. This allows for a deeper understanding of the social dynamics and relationships within the community, which would be difficult to capture through written surveys or interviews alone.

The given text excerpt suggests that the author believes that by simply listening and observing, they were able to gain insights and answers to questions that they wouldn't have thought of if they had relied solely on interviews for information. This aligns with the ideas and approach of William F. Whyte, who was known for his research on urban sociology and his use of participant observation methods to understand social phenomena.

According to Durkheim, the "praenotiones" or preconceived opinions and concepts of everyday life play a role in science by deceiving and confusing researchers about the true nature of things. These preconceptions can lead scientists to mistake them for the actual objects of study, thus distorting their understanding and hindering scientific progress.

The correct answer suggests that the main research questions of the study "Die Arbeitslosen von Marienthal" should be clarified through the inclusion of official statistics and the participation in the community's life through a character study. This means that the study should gather data from official sources to provide a factual basis for the research, and also involve observing and understanding the experiences and characteristics of the community members to gain a deeper understanding of their situation.

"Going native" refers to the phenomenon where a researcher becomes overly identified with the culture or group they are studying, to the point where they lose objectivity and adopt the beliefs, behaviors, and perspectives of the group being studied. This can compromise the validity and reliability of the research findings.

The researcher observes that multiple guests who consume a large amount of alcohol in a ski hut leave the hut staggering. Based on this observation, the researcher concludes that consuming a large amount of alcohol leads to people staggering. This type of reasoning, where a general conclusion is drawn based on specific observations, is known as induction.

According to Popper, theories and hypotheses that have not been falsified are considered "bewährt" or "confirmed." This means that they have withstood attempts at falsification and have been supported by evidence. It does not necessarily mean that they are proven to be true, but rather that they have been tested and have not been proven false.

A good scientist, according to Max Weber, is characterized by their willingness to work hard and dedicate themselves to the cause of science. This implies that they are committed to putting in the necessary effort and time to conduct research and contribute to the advancement of knowledge. Additionally, they are willing to fully immerse themselves in the pursuit of scientific understanding, prioritizing the goals and objectives of science over personal interests or external influences.

The question asks for the methods that should be used to clarify the main research questions of the study "Die Arbeitslosen von Marienthal." The correct answer is "Teilhabe am Leben der Gemeinschaft" (participation in community life) and "Miteinbeziehung amtlicher Statistiken" (inclusion of official statistics). These methods suggest that the study should involve observing and understanding the involvement of the unemployed individuals in the community, as well as analyzing and incorporating official statistical data.

Emile Durkheim konnte auf gesamtgesellschaftlicher Ebene feststellen, dass es einen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Bildungsniveau und der Religionszugehörigkeit gibt. Dies bedeutet, dass Menschen mit höherem Bildungsniveau tendenziell eine geringere Religionszugehörigkeit aufweisen. Darüber hinaus konnte Durkheim auch einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Selbstmordrate und dem Bildungsniveau feststellen. Es scheint, dass Menschen mit niedrigerem Bildungsniveau eine höhere Selbstmordrate haben.

The study "Die Arbeitslosen von Marienthal" aimed to investigate the effects of unemployment on political interest and family life.

The first statement is correct because Emile Durkheim's study "Der Selbstmord" does follow the paradigm of explanation. The study aims to discover and analyze cause-effect relationships, which aligns with the paradigm of explanation. The second statement is also correct because it states that the study focuses on the discovery and analysis of cause-effect relationships. The "weil" conjunction is justified because it connects the two statements and provides a logical reason for the second statement being correct.

The correct answer is "Unterschiede zwischen Generationen der Wissenschaft aufzeigen." This is because Thomas Kuhn's concept of paradigm shift refers to a change in the fundamental assumptions and practices within a scientific discipline over time. It emphasizes the differences between different generations or periods of scientific thought and highlights how scientific knowledge and understanding can evolve and change. This concept is not relevant to political science or emphasizing similarities between ruling classes.

According to Thomas Kuhn, a "Paradigma" refers to a scientific theoretical framework or a guiding principle that shapes the way scientists perceive and interpret the world. It provides a set of assumptions, concepts, methods, and theories that guide scientific research and inquiry within a particular field of study. It represents a shared understanding and a common set of beliefs among scientists, influencing their research questions, methods, and interpretations of data. A paradigm helps establish the boundaries of scientific inquiry and provides a framework for understanding and explaining phenomena in a specific scientific discipline.

The first statement is correct because the laboratory situation concentrates the essential components in a limited space for scientific investigation. The second statement is also correct because the laboratory situation provides a high level of control over the social situation and the factors acting within it. The "Weil-Verknüpfung" (because-connection) is justified because the second statement provides a reason or explanation for the first statement being true.

The Milgram Experiment is a classic example of a laboratory experiment. It was conducted in a controlled environment, with the researcher manipulating the independent variable (the instructions given to the participants) and measuring the dependent variable (the participants' obedience to authority). The experiment aimed to analyze the cause-and-effect relationships between the instructions given by an authority figure and the participants' behavior. Therefore, the correct answer is "ein Labor Experiment, die Analyse von Ursache-Wirkungs-Zusammenhängen."

George Gallups revolutionäre Entwicklungen in der Meinungsforschung bestanden darin, Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnungen einzusetzen und repräsentative Stichproben zu ziehen. Durch die Anwendung von Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnungen konnte Gallup statistische Methoden nutzen, um genaue Vorhersagen und Schätzungen über die Meinungen der Bevölkerung zu treffen. Darüber hinaus war es ihm wichtig, repräsentative Stichproben zu ziehen, um sicherzustellen, dass die Ergebnisse seiner Umfragen die Meinungen der gesamten Bevölkerung widerspiegeln. Diese beiden Entwicklungen waren bahnbrechend und haben die Meinungsforschung revolutioniert.

The given text excerpt reflects the ideas of Karl Popper, who believed that our knowledge is limited and that as we progress and solve problems, we uncover new and unsolved problems. This aligns with Popper's philosophy of critical rationalism, which emphasizes the fallibility of our knowledge and the importance of constantly questioning and testing our beliefs.

The correct answer is "Urbanisierungsgrad des Wohnortes" and "sozioökonomische Schicht". In the study "People's Choice" conducted by Lazarsfeld et al., the authors designed an index of political disposition. This index includes factors such as the level of urbanization of the place of residence and the socio-economic status of individuals. These factors are considered important in understanding and analyzing political preferences and behaviors of individuals.

The first statement is correct because William F. Whyte's study "Street Corner Society" does follow the paradigm of understanding, which means it aims to comprehend social phenomena from the perspective of subjective actions and meanings. However, the second statement is incorrect because the critical rationalism does not explain social phenomena from the perspective of subjective actions; instead, it emphasizes testing and criticizing theories through empirical evidence. Therefore, the connection between the two statements is incorrect.

The correct answer is "Beide sind richtig" (Both are correct). This means that both realism and constructivism have their merits and can be valid approaches to gaining knowledge. Realism aims to seek objective knowledge, while constructivism offers different options and perspectives.

In the understanding of critical rationalism, scientific knowledge is constantly retested to ensure its validity. Hypotheses can prove themselves to be true through this process.

The correct answer is that the "Matthäus-Effekt" refers to a reward system that benefits scientists who are already well-known. This means that scientists who have already established their reputation and are recognized in their field are more likely to receive additional recognition and opportunities compared to those who are unknown or at the beginning of their careers. This phenomenon can contribute to the concentration of resources and attention on a select group of scientists, potentially perpetuating inequalities in the scientific community.

Ethnographica sind Objekte, die von Reisenden (Ethnologen) gesammelt wurden und in ethnologischen Museen ausgestellt sind.

The Matthäus-Effekt, as described by Robert K. Merton, leads to the neglect of some fundamental scientific contributions and the concentration of scientific resources and talents. It does not mention anything about adequate rewards for scientific achievements or the demand for value neutrality in science.

The qualitative paradigm in the social sciences is characterized by three main aspects: an idiographic approach, a preference for exploratory open approaches, and an interpretive approach. The idiographic approach focuses on understanding individual cases and their unique characteristics, rather than seeking generalizable laws or theories. The preference for exploratory open approaches means that researchers are encouraged to be flexible and open-minded in their exploration of the research topic, allowing for new insights and unexpected findings. The interpretive approach emphasizes the importance of understanding the subjective meanings and interpretations of individuals involved in the research.

The characteristics "regelgeleiteter Forschungsprozess" (rule-guided research process), ". nachprüfbar" (verifiable), and "quantitativ" (quantitative) are more aligned with the analytical-nomological approach in social research. This approach emphasizes the use of rules and established procedures in the research process, the ability to verify and replicate findings, and the use of quantitative data and statistical analysis. Interpretative social research, on the other hand, tends to focus on understanding social phenomena through subjective meanings and qualitative methods.

In the Erie County-Studie "People's Choice" wurden zwei Typen von Meinungswechslern identifiziert: Kristallisierer und Schwankende. Kristallisierer sind Personen, die ihre Meinung schnell ändern und stark auf neue Informationen reagieren. Schwankende hingegen sind Personen, deren Meinung hin und her schwankt und nicht stabil ist. Diese beiden Typen wurden in der Studie als unterschiedliche Arten von Meinungswechslern identifiziert.

The correct answer states that the difference Elias observes in Erasmus von Rotterdam's "De civilitate morum puerilium" is that the intended audience extends beyond the nobility and clergy. Additionally, the text is committed to the idea of progress.

Le Play setzte für seine Forschungen die Methoden Inventar und Familienmonographie ein. Das Inventar ist eine Methode, bei der er detaillierte Informationen über die materiellen und immateriellen Ressourcen einer Familie sammelte. Die Familienmonographie hingegen beinhaltet die gründliche Untersuchung einer einzelnen Familie, um Einblicke in ihre Lebensweise, soziale Struktur und wirtschaftliche Situation zu gewinnen. Diese beiden Methoden ermöglichten es Le Play, umfassende Daten über Familien und deren Lebensbedingungen zu sammeln und daraus allgemeine Schlussfolgerungen zu ziehen.

According to Dammann, the discovery of an "Außerhalb" (outside) through the analysis of ethnographic material resulted in cultural criticism, systematic comparison, and insight into one's own relativity. This suggests that the discovery brought about an examination and critique of culture, a methodical comparison of different cultures, and a realization of the subjective nature of one's own cultural perspective.

The correct answer implies that Die Erkenntnistheorie (Epistemology) terminates or ends all other theories or explanations. This means that it serves as the ultimate or final explanation for all other phenomena or knowledge. It suggests that Die Erkenntnistheorie is considered to be the most comprehensive or conclusive theory in terms of explaining various aspects of knowledge and understanding.

Emile Durkheim's analysis of the suicide rates among different religious denominations revealed that the suicide rate was higher among Catholics compared to Protestants. This finding suggests that there may be social and cultural factors within the Catholic community that contribute to a higher susceptibility to suicide. Durkheim's research highlights the importance of considering religious affiliation and its influence on societal factors such as social integration and support, which can in turn impact individual well-being and mental health.

Clifford Geertz versteht unter "Common Sense" eine natürliche, weitverbreitete unreflektierte Denkform, die das Ergebnis von Schlüssen ist, die der Verstand aus gewissen Vorannahmen ableitet. Es handelt sich um eine Art des Denkens, die als selbstverständlich angesehen wird und als direktes Abbild der Wirklichkeit betrachtet wird. Es ist auch ein Ausdruck des kollektiven Bewusstseins, da es weit verbreitet und von vielen Menschen geteilt wird.

The correct answer is the search for a method to compare cultures and the development of a method to study foreign cultures from Europe. This is important because it allows ethnographers to understand and analyze different cultures in a systematic and comparative way. By developing their own methods, they can ensure that their research is rigorous and reliable, and that they are able to accurately interpret and understand the complexities of different cultures.

The correct answer states that the Lazarsfeld et al. study "People's Choice" is a panel study, conducted in a rural community in Ohio, and the survey was conducted by mail. This means that the study involved collecting data from the same group of individuals over a period of time, it took place in a specific rural community in Ohio, and the survey was administered through postal mail. The answer does not mention the use of participant observation, the exclusion of men from the study, or the study being a historical comparative study.

According to Popper, theories and hypotheses that have not been falsified are considered "bestätigt" or confirmed. This means that they have withstood attempts to disprove them and are considered valid until proven otherwise.