.
A load bearing column that holds a bridge up
A strongly held anchor a bridge is secured with
Lattice works used to relieve the deck of tension and compression forces
Span between piers which caries a live load
The forces caused by things that interact with the bridge
How the materials will react to the forces over the life of the bridge
The force of gravity
Aesthetically pleasing architecture
Wood, stone, concrete, steel
Stone, steel, concrete, wood
Wood, concrete, steel, stone
Stone, steel, wood, concrete
Suspension
Arch
Cable-stayed
Cantilever
Use of poor steel quality
Use of pier and beam bridge where a truss bridge was called for
Lack of inspection during construction as well as after the bridge went into service
The hiring of an incompetent job foreman
Attempts to cut construction costs
Lack of on site experience personal
Use of substandard quality materials
Failure to test design changes
Tear structures apart (like two people pulling your arms in opposite directions)
Push structures in on themselves (like the crushing effect of a head-on car collision)
Twist structures apart (like having the top half of your body twisted in one direction and the bottom half twisted in the opposite way)
Tear structures like ripping pages
Equal force pushing in opposite directions that exactly balance each other
Balance achieved with electromagnetic forces
Are stronger than gravitational forces
Result from the dead load of a bridge
It was the worst bridge disaster in US history
It was sort of, but not exactly, a suspension bridge
It was aggravated by heavy Christmas Traffic
The resulting bridge inspection program continues to ensure safe bridge today
The use of excessively wide deck spans
The construction material was too light
Ice build up around the piers in cold weather
The difficulty in securing the 2 cantilever arms
Plan
Fact
Theory
Law of nature
Some limitation in the data collection process
Some uniform problems in the data collection
Improper measurement techniques
A problem with the system being observed
How we build things
The quality of our technical education system
Our understanding of science
Insight into ourselves
30%
50%
70%
Can't decide on the basis of the data provided
Advancing our understanding of natural phenomena
Only accepting what can be proven true
Application of knowledge to solve problems
Arguing the absolute truth of strongly held beliefs
Using better equipment
Rounding the least significant measured digits
Taking fewer measurements
Taking more measurements
Modify the hypothesis to account for the new behavior discovered in testing
Abandon the hypothesis for being wrong
Use a different set of test for the hypothesis
Ignore the data not fitting the hypothesis
68%
80%
95%
99%
Perform a simulation of the problem
Report the problem in scholarly journals in the hope that someone else has solved it
Use of models or prototypes
Use of well-accept scientific laws
5
.5
.05
.005
Capsule tiles loosened during liftoff
Human error during a guidance maneuver
Loss of battery power in the lunar module
The explosion of 1 of 2 oxygen tanks
Mercury, gemini, Apollo
Mercury, Apollo, Gemini
Gemini, Mercury, Apollo
Gemini, Apollo, Mercury
A effort of limited engineering success
Provided great insight into interplanetary flight
Be costly to than earlier launch vehicles
A string of disasters similar to those of Apollo
Flying a capsule to Edwards AFB
Parachuting a capsule to an ocean landing
Parachuting a capsule onto land
Parachuting a capsule onto an aircraft carrier
Lacking talented engineers and scientists
Fixing problems after they arise rather than avoiding them in the first place
Over reliance on outside review panels
"Sweeping problems under the rug"- that is, ignoring them until it is too late
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