Disaster And Failure Final

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1. A hypothesis is

Explanation

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation or prediction based on limited evidence or observation. It is a tentative assumption that can be tested and analyzed further to determine its validity. Unlike a fact, which is a proven and verified statement, a hypothesis is subject to investigation and experimentation. It is also different from a plan or a law of nature, as it specifically refers to an educated guess or a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. Therefore, the correct answer is theory.

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About This Quiz
Disaster And Failure Final - Quiz

The 'Disaster and Failure Final' quiz evaluates knowledge on structural engineering, focusing on bridge design and the impact of disasters like the Tay Bridge Disaster. It covers material... see morechoices, bridge types, and critical safety considerations, essential for aspiring engineers. see less

2. In testing a hypothesis, if discrepancies between the tests and hypothesis occur one may have too... 

Explanation

When discrepancies between the tests and hypothesis occur, it indicates that the hypothesis may not fully explain the observed behavior. Therefore, it is necessary to modify the hypothesis to incorporate the new behavior discovered during testing. This allows for a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon being studied.

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3. The apollo 13 accident started with 

Explanation

The correct answer is the explosion of 1 of 2 oxygen tanks. This event led to a series of issues and failures in the Apollo 13 mission. The explosion caused a loss of critical life support systems, including the main power supply and the ability to generate breathable air. It also damaged the spacecraft's propulsion system, making it impossible to continue the mission to the moon. The crew had to rely on backup systems and the lunar module as a lifeboat to safely return to Earth.

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4. Prior to the use of shuttles, American astronauts were recovered using which technique

Explanation

Prior to the use of shuttles, American astronauts were recovered by parachuting a capsule to an ocean landing. This technique involved the use of a capsule that would descend through the Earth's atmosphere and land in the ocean with the help of parachutes. This method allowed for a controlled landing and ensured the safety of the astronauts. The capsule would then be retrieved by a recovery team and the astronauts would be brought back to land. This technique was used before the development of shuttles, which provided a different method of returning astronauts to Earth.

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5. The major factor contributing to the Apollo 1 disaster was? 

Explanation

The major factor contributing to the Apollo 1 disaster was the use of a pure oxygen (O2) capsule environment. This created a highly flammable atmosphere inside the spacecraft. During a pre-launch test, a spark ignited a fire, which quickly spread due to the high concentration of oxygen. The astronauts were unable to escape as the fire rapidly consumed the cabin. This tragedy led to significant changes in the design and safety protocols of future space missions.

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6. The space shuttle has proven to be.... 

Explanation

The correct answer is "all of the above" because the statement "The space shuttle has proven to be dangerous" is true, as there have been accidents and fatalities associated with space shuttle missions. Additionally, the statement "The space shuttle has proven to be difficult to operate" is also true, as operating a space shuttle requires extensive training and expertise. Lastly, the statement "The space shuttle has proven to be too limited in its capacity and range" is also true, as the space shuttle had limitations in terms of payload capacity and the distance it could travel.

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7. The primary obstacle to implementing a hydrogen grid is? 

Explanation

The primary obstacle to implementing a hydrogen grid is the high cost. This means that the expenses associated with setting up and maintaining a hydrogen grid infrastructure are significant and may be prohibitive for widespread implementation. The cost includes factors such as production, storage, transportation, and distribution of hydrogen. These expenses may make it difficult for governments, organizations, and individuals to invest in and adopt hydrogen grid systems, hindering their implementation and development.

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8. The major challenge with heavier than airplanes is their inherent.... 

Explanation

Heavier than airplanes face a major challenge due to their inherent inefficiency caused by the need for a significant amount of lift. This means that they require more power and fuel to generate the necessary lift, resulting in reduced fuel efficiency and higher operating costs. Additionally, the increased weight requires stronger and more expensive materials for construction. Overall, the inefficiency in generating lift poses a significant challenge for heavier than airplanes.

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9. To design and build a safe bridge, an engineer must understand all of the following except

Explanation

To design and build a safe bridge, an engineer must understand the forces caused by things that interact with the bridge, how the materials will react to the forces over the life of the bridge, and the force of gravity. However, the engineer does not need to have knowledge of aesthetically pleasing architecture in order to ensure the safety of the bridge. Aesthetically pleasing architecture is more related to the visual appeal and design of the bridge, which although important, is not directly related to its structural integrity and safety.

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10. Which of the following is NOT a category of knowledge gained by studying disasters according to our class notes?

Explanation

The correct answer is "the quality of our technical education system". This is not a category of knowledge gained by studying disasters according to our class notes. The other options, "how we build things", "our understanding of science", and "insight into ourselves", are all mentioned as categories of knowledge gained by studying disasters in our class notes.

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11. A suspicious coin comes up head 70 times in 100 flips. What is a good estimate for the probability of heads occuring

Explanation

Based on the data provided, where the coin came up heads 70 times out of 100 flips, a good estimate for the probability of heads occurring would be 70%. This is because the number of heads (70) is close to the total number of flips (100), suggesting that the coin is biased towards landing on heads.

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12. For normally distributed values, approximately how many fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean

Explanation

Approximately 68% of normally distributed values fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean. This is because in a normal distribution, about 68% of the data lies within one standard deviation of the mean in both directions. Therefore, the correct answer is 68%.

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13. If there is a 5% chance of some event occurring, then the probability of occurrence is... 

Explanation

The probability of an event occurring is typically represented as a decimal or fraction between 0 and 1. In this case, the given answer of .05 represents a 5% chance, which is equivalent to 5/100 or 1/20.

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14. The movie Apollo 13.... 

Explanation

The correct answer is "fairly accurate in depicting actual events." This means that the movie Apollo 13 is mostly true to the real-life events that occurred during the mission. While there may be some minor inaccuracies or artistic liberties taken, overall the movie portrays the events in a fairly accurate manner.

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15. America achieved which of the following space firsts (i.e. ahead of the Soviets) 

Explanation

America achieved the first to land man on the moon and return, which refers to the Apollo 11 mission in 1969. This historic event marked a significant milestone in space exploration and the United States' victory in the Space Race against the Soviet Union. The mission was led by astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins, with Armstrong becoming the first person to set foot on the lunar surface. The successful return of the astronauts to Earth solidified America's dominance in space exploration during that time.

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16. Lunar colonies would be preferable to the ISS because...

Explanation

Lunar colonies would be preferable to the ISS because they offer ample room to develop agriculture, launches are easier due to reduced gravity, and they provide a long-term stable platform.

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17. To gain access to chemical forces you need... 

Explanation

Chemical forces are interactions between atoms or molecules that hold them together or cause them to repel each other. These forces can be accessed through a chemical reaction, where atoms or molecules undergo a rearrangement of their chemical bonds. During a chemical reaction, old bonds are broken and new bonds are formed, releasing or absorbing energy in the process. This energy is a result of the chemical forces at play. Therefore, to gain access to chemical forces, a chemical reaction is required.

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18. Control rods are used in nuclear reactors 

Explanation

Control rods are used in nuclear reactors to stop or slow the reactor's chain-reaction. This is important for maintaining the stability and safety of the reactor. By inserting the control rods into the reactor core, they absorb the excess neutrons and effectively reduce the number of free neutrons available for the chain-reaction to continue. This helps prevent the reactor from overheating or becoming uncontrollable, thus avoiding potential accidents or meltdowns.

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19. The lecture slides used the letter ___ to indicate "Current"

Explanation

The lecture slides used the letter "I" to indicate "Current".

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20. Which of the following was mentioned in class, but not in the notes, as an enemy of the Power Grid?

Explanation

In class, the mention of terrorists as an enemy of the Power Grid implies that they pose a threat to the functioning and stability of the power supply system. While war, economics, and nature may also have some impact on the Power Grid, the fact that terrorists were specifically mentioned in class suggests that they were highlighted as a significant threat that was not covered in the notes.

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21. An airfoil with the proper angle of attack achieves lift when the speed of teh air flowing over it is ________ the speed of the air flowing under it. 

Explanation

An airfoil with the proper angle of attack achieves lift when the speed of the air flowing over it is greater than the speed of the air flowing under it. This is because the air flowing over the airfoil has to travel a longer distance in the same amount of time compared to the air flowing under it. This creates a pressure difference, with lower pressure on top and higher pressure on the bottom, resulting in lift.

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22. The first modern (and probably most successful) commercial passenger aircraft was? 

Explanation

The Douglas DC-3 is considered the first modern and successful commercial passenger aircraft because of its significant impact on the aviation industry. It was introduced in 1936 and quickly became popular due to its advanced features, including a larger capacity for passengers, increased range, and improved reliability. The DC-3 revolutionized air travel by making it more comfortable, efficient, and accessible to the general public. Its success paved the way for future advancements in aviation and set the standard for modern passenger aircraft.

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23. Lift is primarily required to counteract the effect of which of the following forces? 

Explanation

Lift is primarily required to counteract the force of gravity. Gravity is the force that pulls objects towards the center of the Earth, and lift is the force that opposes gravity and allows objects to stay airborne. Without lift, objects would fall to the ground due to the force of gravity. Electromagnetic, thrust, and drag forces may affect the motion of an object, but they are not directly related to the need for lift.

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24. Why are cabins pressurized in modern passenger airlines flying above 30,000 ft?

Explanation

Cabins in modern passenger airlines flying above 30,000 ft are pressurized because the air pressure at such altitudes is too low for humans to effectively breathe. Pressurizing the cabin ensures that passengers have a comfortable and safe breathing environment during the flight.

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25. Radiation of cancer patient "cures" cancer cells by what means? 

Explanation

Radiation therapy for cancer works by creating free ions, which are charged particles, that can damage the DNA of cancer cells. These ions are generated by the radiation and when they come into contact with the DNA of cancer cells, they can cause breaks and other damage to the DNA strands. This damage can prevent the cancer cells from dividing and growing, ultimately leading to their death.

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26. Which of the following were responsible for the deaths caused by the Therac-25? 

Explanation

The Therac-25 was a radiation therapy machine that caused several deaths due to radiation overdoses. The responsibility for these deaths lies with all of the options given: the hospitals, AECL (Atomic Energy of Canada Limited), and the technicians. The hospitals should have ensured proper training and supervision of the technicians operating the machine. AECL, as the manufacturer, should have designed the machine with adequate safety features and provided clear instructions for its use. The technicians, on the other hand, should have followed proper procedures and protocols while operating the machine. Therefore, all three parties share responsibility for the deaths caused by the Therac-25.

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27. A trojan horse is which of the following?

Explanation

A trojan horse is a type of harmful software that is disguised as legitimate software. It tricks users into thinking that it is a harmless program, but once installed, it can carry out malicious activities without the user's knowledge or consent. This can include stealing sensitive information, damaging files, or allowing unauthorized access to the user's system. The term "trojan horse" comes from Greek mythology, where a giant wooden horse was used to deceive the enemy and gain access to their city. Similarly, a trojan horse software deceives users and gains access to their computer system.

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28. The TCP protocol is an example of a

Explanation

The TCP protocol is a transport level (layer) protocol because it operates at the transport layer of the OSI model. This layer is responsible for end-to-end communication between hosts and ensures reliable and ordered delivery of data. TCP provides features such as flow control, error detection, and congestion control, making it suitable for applications that require reliable transmission of data, such as web browsing and file transfer.

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29. A large number of computers loosely connected via the internet is an example of? 

Explanation

A large number of computers loosely connected via the internet is an example of a grid. In a grid computing system, multiple computers or servers are connected together to work on a common task, sharing resources and processing power. These computers can be geographically dispersed and connected through the internet, allowing them to work together as a single system. This architecture is often used for tasks that require a high level of computational power or data processing, such as scientific research or large-scale data analysis.

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30. Torsion forces tend to

Explanation

Torsion forces tend to twist structures apart, similar to having the top half of your body twisted in one direction and the bottom half twisted in the opposite way.

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31. A scientist is most apt to engage in which of the following activities

Explanation

A scientist is most likely to engage in advancing our understanding of natural phenomena because that is the primary goal of scientific research. Scientists conduct experiments, gather data, and analyze results to gain new knowledge and insights about the natural world. They strive to uncover the underlying principles and mechanisms that govern various phenomena, contributing to the overall body of scientific knowledge. By advancing our understanding, scientists can make significant discoveries, develop new theories, and potentially find practical applications for their findings.

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32. Random error is usually addressed by

Explanation

Taking more measurements is the correct answer because random errors are unpredictable and can occur in any measurement. By taking more measurements, the random errors can be averaged out, resulting in a more accurate and precise measurement. This approach helps to minimize the impact of random errors and obtain a more reliable result. Using better equipment may reduce systematic errors but may not necessarily address random errors. Rounding the least significant measured digits may improve precision but does not directly address random errors. Taking fewer measurements may increase the impact of random errors, leading to less accurate results.

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33. All but ONE of the following represent some of the tools used in testing a hypothesis. Which one isn't? 

Explanation

The correct answer is "report the problem in scholarly journals in the hope that someone else has solved it". This option does not represent a tool used in testing a hypothesis. Instead, it suggests seeking a solution from someone else's work, which is not a direct method of hypothesis testing. The other options, such as performing a simulation, using models or prototypes, and relying on well-accepted scientific laws, are all valid tools commonly used in hypothesis testing.

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34. NASA has been criticized in both the Apollo and shuttle disasters for

Explanation

The correct answer is "fixing problems after they arise rather than avoiding them in the first place". This answer is supported by the statement "NASA has been criticized in both the Apollo and shuttle disasters for over reliance on outside review panels". This suggests that NASA relied on external review panels to identify and address problems instead of proactively addressing them before they became disasters.

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35. The advantage of liquid fuel rocket over a solid state rocket is... 

Explanation

Liquid fuel rockets have the advantage of being easier to stop and restart compared to solid state rockets. This is because the fuel in liquid rockets can be controlled and regulated more effectively. In contrast, solid state rockets have a continuous and irreversible combustion process once ignited, making it difficult to stop or restart them. Being able to stop and restart liquid fuel rockets provides greater flexibility and control during space missions, allowing for adjustments in trajectory or the ability to perform multiple maneuvers.

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36. Which of the following is NOT a primary force

Explanation

The static force is not a primary force. Primary forces refer to the fundamental forces of nature, and the static force does not fall into that category. The electromagnetic force, strong and weak nuclear bonding forces, and gravitational force are all primary forces as they play essential roles in the interactions between particles and objects. The static force, on the other hand, refers to the force that builds up between objects due to an imbalance of electric charges, but it is not considered a primary force.

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37. Power is measured in

Explanation

Power is a measure of the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred. It is calculated by multiplying the voltage (in volts) by the current (in amps). Therefore, power is measured in watts, as it represents the amount of energy transferred per unit of time. Volts, amps, and ohms are units of voltage, current, and resistance respectively, but they do not directly measure power.

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38. A possible short term solution to the country's increasing power need is... 

Explanation

A possible short term solution to the country's increasing power need is the use of HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) on the current AC (Alternating Current) lines. HVDC technology allows for efficient transmission of electricity over long distances with minimal losses. By converting the AC power to DC and transmitting it through HVDC lines, the power can be transmitted over longer distances without significant losses, making it a viable solution for meeting the increasing power demand in the country.

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39. The commercial power coming into the typical American home has a voltage in the range of.... 

Explanation

The commercial power coming into the typical American home has a voltage in the range of 110-220 volts. This range is commonly referred to as the standard household voltage in the United States. It is important to note that the specific voltage can vary depending on the location and electrical regulations, but the majority of residential homes in the US receive power within this range.

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40. The problem with prop driven planes occurs when... 

Explanation

When the speed of the prop tip approaches Mach 1, it causes problems for prop driven planes. As the propeller spins faster, the tips of the propeller blades start to approach the speed of sound. This can lead to a phenomenon known as "compressibility effects," where the air around the propeller becomes compressed and causes a decrease in efficiency and an increase in drag. This can result in reduced performance and potential damage to the aircraft.

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41. Why do modern commercial aircraft usually fly above 30,000 feet altitude?

Explanation

Modern commercial aircraft usually fly above 30,000 feet altitude because there is less air drag to overcome compared to lower levels. At higher altitudes, the air is thinner, which means there is less resistance for the aircraft to overcome. This reduces fuel consumption and allows the aircraft to fly more efficiently. Additionally, flying at higher altitudes helps to avoid the congestion of lower altitudes, allowing for smoother and faster flights.

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42. Ionizing radiation is produced by? 

Explanation

Ionizing radiation is produced by knocking an electron out of its normal orbit. When an electron is removed from its orbit, it creates an ion, which is an atom or molecule with a net electric charge. This process releases energy in the form of radiation. Ionizing radiation is dangerous because it can damage living cells and genetic material, leading to various health effects such as cancer.

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43. X-rays are an example of what type of radiation? 

Explanation

X-rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation. They are a form of high-energy radiation that can penetrate through the body and create an image of the internal structures. X-rays have a shorter wavelength and higher energy than visible light, making them useful in various medical and scientific applications such as diagnosing fractures, detecting tumors, and studying the atomic structure of materials.

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44. According to our slides author, search engines traditionally base their ranking of a given page using which of the following?

Explanation

Search engines traditionally base their ranking of a given page on the number of times keywords occur on the page. This means that search engines analyze the content of a page and determine its relevance to a particular search query based on the frequency and placement of relevant keywords. Pages that contain the searched keywords more frequently are considered more relevant and are therefore ranked higher in search engine results.

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45. Static equilibrium refers to forces which

Explanation

Static equilibrium refers to a state where the forces acting on an object are balanced, meaning that there is no net force or acceleration. In this case, the explanation suggests that static equilibrium is achieved when there are equal forces pushing in opposite directions that exactly balance each other. This means that the forces cancel each other out, resulting in a balanced state.

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46. The shuttle has prove to have? 

Explanation

The correct answer is "a string of disasters similar to those of Apollo". This means that the shuttle has experienced a series of failures or accidents that are comparable to the failures experienced by the Apollo program.

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47. According to class notes, work is defined to be

Explanation

Work is defined as the transfer of energy from one system to another. This means that work occurs when energy is transferred from one object to another, resulting in a change in the energy of the system. It can involve the application of energy, such as when a force is applied to an object, or the conversion of potential or stored energy into kinetic or moving energy. Therefore, the correct answer is "transfer of energy from one system to another."

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48. An advantage of HVDC power transmission is?

Explanation

HVDC power transmission has the advantage of being able to carry more power over a given line compared to AC power transmission. This is because direct current (DC) has lower losses in the transmission line, allowing for a higher power transfer. In AC transmission, the power transfer is limited by factors such as line impedance and reactive power. However, in HVDC transmission, power can be transmitted over long distances with minimal losses, making it more efficient for carrying large amounts of power over a single line.

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49. After their initial use in military applications, airplanes found their next area of wide applications in? 

Explanation

After their initial use in military applications, airplanes found their next area of wide applications in mail service. This was because airplanes offered a faster and more efficient way to transport mail over long distances compared to traditional methods such as trains or ships. The speed and range of airplanes made it possible to deliver mail quickly to remote areas, improving communication and connectivity. Additionally, airplanes could bypass geographical obstacles and deliver mail directly to its destination, making it a preferred choice for mail service.

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50. Which of the following statements is true concerning Spam? 

Explanation

Spam is much cheaper than traditional junk mail because it is sent electronically, eliminating the cost of printing, postage, and physical distribution. This cost-effectiveness is one of the reasons why spam is widely used as a method of advertising and why it has become such a prevalent issue in email communication.

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51. An "off hook" condition is primarily used to signal the phone company switch which of the following? 

Explanation

An "off hook" condition is primarily used to signal the phone company switch to expect a phone number to be dialed. When a phone is off the hook, it means that the receiver has been lifted or the call button has been pressed, indicating the intention to make a call. This signal is sent to the phone company switch, which prepares to receive the dialed digits and connect the call accordingly.

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52. A Truss is a

Explanation

The correct answer is "lattice works used to relieve the deck of tension and compression forces". This is because a truss is a structural framework made of triangular shapes that are interconnected to form a rigid structure. The triangular shapes in a truss help distribute the forces of tension and compression throughout the structure, making it more stable and able to bear heavy loads.

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53. Which bridge is best suited for carrying heave loads such as trains

Explanation

A cantilever bridge is best suited for carrying heavy loads such as trains. This type of bridge has a rigid structure with a horizontal beam supported at only one end, allowing it to handle heavy weights without collapsing. The weight of the load is distributed evenly across the bridge, making it ideal for carrying heavy and concentrated loads. Cantilever bridges are commonly used in railway infrastructure due to their strength and ability to support heavy train traffic.

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54. Which of the following statements concerning the Silver Bridge Disaster (1967) is NOT true

Explanation

The given statement, "The resulting bridge inspection program continues to ensure safe bridge today," is not true. The Silver Bridge Disaster in 1967 was indeed a suspension bridge and it was aggravated by heavy Christmas traffic. However, the disaster did not result in the implementation of a bridge inspection program that continues to ensure safe bridges today.

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55. The first USA EV (space walk) occurred during which of the following programs?

Explanation

The first USA EV (space walk) occurred during the Gemini program. The Gemini program was a NASA spaceflight program that ran from 1961 to 1966. It was designed to develop and test the skills and techniques necessary for the Apollo program, which aimed to land astronauts on the Moon. The first American spacewalk took place during the Gemini IV mission in 1965 when astronaut Ed White exited the spacecraft and floated freely in space for approximately 20 minutes.

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56. LEO, in the context of unit 10 notes, refers to... 

Explanation

LEO, in the context of unit 10 notes, refers to low earth orbit. This term is commonly used in the field of space exploration and refers to a circular orbit around the Earth at a relatively low altitude. Satellites and spacecraft are often placed in low earth orbit due to its proximity to Earth and its ability to provide better communication and imaging capabilities.

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57. The Challenger disaster has been attributed to... 

Explanation

The Challenger disaster, which occurred in 1986, was attributed to the lack of O-ring flexibility in cold weather. The O-rings, which were used to seal the joints of the solid rocket boosters, failed to function properly due to the low temperatures on the day of the launch. This led to the ignition of the external fuel tanks and the subsequent explosion of the shuttle. The incident highlighted the importance of thorough testing and consideration of environmental conditions in the design and operation of space vehicles.

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58. Which of the following is NOT cited as a problem with the International Space Station (ISS) 

Explanation

The given answer states that the altitude of the International Space Station (ISS) is not cited as a problem. This means that the altitude being too high is not considered a drawback or issue with the ISS. However, the question does not provide any context or information about the problems with the ISS, so it is difficult to determine why the altitude is not considered a problem.

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59. Which of the following is NOT listed in the class notes as a factor in the Three Mile island disaster? 

Explanation

The correct answer is "tired and overworked staff". The other three options are factors that are listed in the class notes as contributing to the Three Mile Island disaster. The cross connection of service and control lines, the control valves being left off during maintenance, and the inability to directly measure reactor water level are all mentioned as factors in the disaster. However, there is no mention of tired and overworked staff as a contributing factor in the class notes.

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60. Transformers are used to... 

Explanation

Transformers are electrical devices that are used to change the voltage levels of alternating current (AC) electricity. They consist of two or more coils of wire wrapped around a magnetic core. By varying the number of turns in each coil, transformers can step up or step down the voltage of the AC power. This is important in electrical power transmission and distribution systems as it allows for efficient transfer of electricity over long distances and enables the use of different voltage levels for various applications. Therefore, transformers are used to convert AC voltage levels.

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61. Which of the following was NOT a factor leading up to the California Energy crisis (2000-2001) ? 

Explanation

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62. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is an example of?

Explanation

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a diagnostic technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to generate detailed images of the inside of the body. It does not use ionizing radiation such as X-rays or radioactive materials. MRI is commonly used to diagnose various medical conditions and is considered a safe and non-invasive imaging modality.

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63. According to our slides author, the internet can be viewed in terms of which of the following 3 items? 

Explanation

The correct answer is hardware, software, and standards. The internet can be viewed in terms of these three items because hardware refers to the physical components such as servers, routers, and cables that make up the network infrastructure. Software refers to the programs and applications that enable communication and data transfer over the internet. Standards, on the other hand, are the protocols and rules that govern how data is transmitted and received. Together, these three elements form the foundation of the internet and allow for its functioning.

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64. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be an indicator of the quality of information on a website? 

Explanation

The number and quality of graphics on a website may contribute to its visual appeal, but it is not a reliable indicator of the quality of information. The presence of high-quality graphics does not guarantee that the information provided is accurate or credible. The credibility of information is better assessed through factors such as the use of peer reviews, the domain type, and the interests of the information author.

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65. The relative ease of using the materials wood, stone, concrete and steel (From poorest to best) are

Explanation

The correct answer is stone, steel, concrete, wood. This is because the answer correctly arranges the materials from the poorest to the best in terms of relative ease of use. Stone is the poorest material to work with due to its hardness and difficulty in shaping. Steel is easier to work with compared to stone but still requires specialized tools and techniques. Concrete is easier to handle and shape compared to steel. Wood is the best material to work with as it is relatively easy to shape and manipulate.

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66. The Tacoma Narrows Bridge Disaster (1940) was due, in part, to

Explanation

The correct answer for this question is that the construction material was too light. This means that the materials used to build the Tacoma Narrows Bridge were not strong or sturdy enough, leading to its collapse.

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67. If the burnout velocity of an earth bound object exceeds its escape velocity then the object will... 

Explanation

If the burnout velocity of an earth bound object exceeds its escape velocity, it means that the object has achieved enough velocity to overcome the gravitational pull of the Earth. As a result, the object will be able to escape the Earth's gravity and continue moving away from it. This implies that the object will not be affected by the gravitational force of the Earth and will not be pulled back towards it. Therefore, the correct answer is "escape the pull of earth's gravity".

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68. Which of the following is NOT considered a current problem with the US space program

Explanation

The given answer, "poorly trained scientists and engineers," is not considered a current problem with the US space program. This means that the US space program does not suffer from a lack of skilled and knowledgeable professionals in the field. The other options listed, such as the lack of shuttle flights after 2010, changing policies and priorities, and the lack of ground-based support facilities, are all considered current problems with the US space program.

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69.  A __________________ can run on the spent fuels of other reactors.

Explanation

An FBR (Fast Breeder Reactor) can run on the spent fuels of other reactors. Fast breeder reactors use fast neutrons to convert non-fissile isotopes into fissile isotopes, allowing them to generate more fuel than they consume. This means that they can utilize the spent fuels from other reactors, which contain a significant amount of unused fissile material, and convert it into usable fuel. This makes FBRs an efficient and sustainable option for nuclear energy production.

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70. Which of the following was NOT a consequence in the aftermath of Three Mile Island? 

Explanation

The aftermath of the Three Mile Island incident did not result in the failings of containment structures being made apparent. The incident itself did expose flaws in the reactor's design and operation, but it did not specifically highlight any deficiencies in the containment structures. The other consequences mentioned, such as reactor 1 being shut down for 6 years, the cancellation of new reactor orders, and the public's decline in faith in nuclear power, are all well-documented outcomes of the Three Mile Island incident.

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71. Relative to airplanes, lighter than air vehicles tend to be... 

Explanation

Lighter than air vehicles, such as hot air balloons or airships, are slower compared to airplanes due to their design and propulsion systems. However, they can achieve longer ranges as they can stay in the air for extended periods of time without needing to refuel. These vehicles can be considered dangerous due to their vulnerability to changing weather conditions and lack of maneuverability, which can pose risks during flight. Therefore, the correct answer is "slow, long range, and dangerous".

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72. Gamma-rays are an example of what type of radiation? 

Explanation

Gamma-rays are a type of high-energy electromagnetic radiation. They have the shortest wavelength and highest frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum. Gamma-rays are produced by nuclear reactions and radioactive decay. They are commonly used in medical imaging and cancer treatment, as well as in scientific research and industrial applications.

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73. One o the major problems leading to the Tay Bridge Disaster of 1879 was

Explanation

The lack of inspection during construction as well as after the bridge went into service was one of the major problems leading to the Tay Bridge Disaster of 1879. This suggests that there was a failure to properly assess the construction process and identify any potential issues or weaknesses in the bridge. Additionally, the lack of inspection after the bridge was completed and put into service indicates a lack of ongoing maintenance and monitoring, which could have helped identify and address any structural problems.

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74. Problems faced by unmanned space programs include... 

Explanation

Unmanned space programs face the problem of resistance to the idea by the military and others. This suggests that there are individuals or groups who are opposed to the concept of unmanned space programs, possibly due to various reasons such as concerns about the effectiveness or safety of unmanned missions. This resistance can pose challenges and obstacles for the development and implementation of unmanned space programs.

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75. Which of the following was a problem associated with the Chernobyl disaster? 

Explanation

The problem associated with the Chernobyl disaster was the lack of a containment building. A containment building is a structure that is designed to contain any potential releases of radioactive materials in the event of a nuclear accident. In the case of Chernobyl, the reactor exploded and released a significant amount of radioactive material into the environment because there was no containment building to prevent the spread of the radiation. This lack of containment greatly contributed to the severity of the disaster and the widespread contamination that followed.

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76. The Linac (linear accelerator) generates which kinds of beams in the Therac-25? 

Explanation

The Linac (linear accelerator) in the Therac-25 generates beta-rays and x-rays. Alpha-rays are not generated because they are heavy particles that do not penetrate the body easily. Gamma-rays are also not generated because the Linac produces high-energy electrons that are used to generate x-rays. Therefore, the correct answer is beta-rays and x-rays.

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77. Alpha-rays are an example of what type of radiation? 

Explanation

Alpha-rays are a type of radiation that consists of energetic charged particles. These particles are typically helium nuclei, consisting of two protons and two neutrons. They have a positive charge and are emitted during radioactive decay. Alpha-rays have a relatively low penetrating power and can be stopped by a sheet of paper or a few centimeters of air. Therefore, they are considered to be less harmful compared to other types of radiation such as gamma-rays or beta-rays.

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78. Beta-rays are an example of what type of radiation? 

Explanation

Beta-rays are an example of energetic charged particles. Beta radiation consists of high-energy electrons or positrons emitted from the nucleus of an atom during radioactive decay. These particles have a charge and are highly energetic, making them capable of penetrating matter and causing ionization. Therefore, the correct answer is "energetic charged particles."

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79. Fault tolerant computing involves what?

Explanation

Fault tolerant computing involves increasing the reliability using duplicate computers. This means that in a fault tolerant system, multiple identical computers are used to perform the same task simultaneously. If one computer fails, the others can continue the operation without any interruption, ensuring that the system remains reliable and available. By duplicating the computers, fault tolerant computing aims to minimize the impact of hardware or software failures and provide continuous operation.

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80. A land-line home phone connects to an "end office" via which type of line? 

Explanation

A land-line home phone connects to an "end office" via a local loop. The local loop is the physical connection between the telephone exchange, or end office, and the customer's premises. It is typically a twisted pair copper wire that carries the telephone signal from the exchange to the customer's home. This connection allows the customer to make and receive calls using their land-line phone.

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81. Of the following pairs, which are both considered parts of a typical telephone? 

Explanation

A ringer and an amplifier are both considered parts of a typical telephone. A ringer is responsible for producing the sound or ringing tone when there is an incoming call, while an amplifier is used to increase the volume of the audio signal transmitted through the telephone. Both components play essential roles in the functioning of a telephone system.

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82. Which of the following was NOT a major factor in the Quebec bridge construction disaster

Explanation

The use of substandard quality materials was NOT a major factor in the Quebec bridge construction disaster. This suggests that the materials used in the construction were not the main cause of the disaster. Other factors such as attempts to cut construction costs, lack of on-site experience personnel, and failure to test design changes likely played a more significant role in the disaster.

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83. Systematic error in a set of measurements is usually the result of....

Explanation

Systematic error in a set of measurements is usually the result of some uniform problems in the data collection. This means that there are consistent and repeatable issues in the way the data is being collected, which leads to a consistent bias in the measurements. It could be due to faulty equipment, incorrect calibration, or a flaw in the experimental setup that affects all the measurements in a similar way. This type of error can be identified and corrected by addressing the specific problems in the data collection process.

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84. Water passing through the reactor is kept from boiling and heats a second loop of water that creates the steam for running the turbine 

Explanation

In a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR), the water passing through the reactor is kept at a high pressure to prevent it from boiling. This high-pressure water then heats a second loop of water, known as the primary coolant, which is kept separate from the reactor. The primary coolant transfers its heat to a secondary loop of water, which creates steam for running the turbine. This design ensures that the radioactive materials in the reactor core remain contained and isolated from the steam that powers the turbine.

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85. Which of the following is NOT a problem listed in the class notes with AC power transmission?

Explanation

The class notes mention various problems associated with AC power transmission, such as danger to humans, limited space for new power lines, and maintaining load balance and phase on generators. However, conversion to DC power is not listed as a problem.

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86. Phishing refers to?

Explanation

Phishing refers to one person acting like another to get information. This is a type of cyber attack where the attacker impersonates a trusted entity, such as a bank or a social media platform, in order to trick individuals into revealing sensitive information like passwords, credit card numbers, or personal data. The attacker often uses deceptive emails, messages, or websites that appear legitimate to deceive the victim into providing their information. This form of social engineering relies on exploiting human psychology and trust to gain unauthorized access to personal or financial information.

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87. Which of the following is NOT cited by our author as a problem with information obtained from the web? 

Explanation

The author does not mention dead links as a problem with information obtained from the web.

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88. HTTP is a standard for

Explanation

The correct answer is "transferring web pages" because HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is a protocol used for transmitting and receiving information on the World Wide Web. It is specifically designed for transferring hypertext, which includes web pages, from a web server to a web browser. HTTP allows users to request and receive web pages, as well as other resources such as images and videos, over the internet. It is the foundation of communication on the web and ensures the seamless transfer of web content between servers and clients.

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89. Connecting computers together over a network is called?

Explanation

Connecting computers together over a network is called distributed computing. In distributed computing, multiple computers are connected and work together to solve a problem or perform a task. This allows for the sharing of resources and processing power, leading to increased efficiency and scalability. Tightly coupled computing refers to a system where multiple computers are closely interconnected and rely heavily on each other, while loosely coupled computing refers to a system where computers are more independent and can function individually. Parallel computing involves dividing a task into smaller subtasks that are processed simultaneously by multiple computers, while distributed computing involves dividing a task into smaller subtasks that are processed by different computers connected over a network.

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90. Historically, Bell Telephone equipment has been noted for what? 

Explanation

Bell Telephone equipment has been historically noted for its high quality and little innovation. This means that while the equipment produced by Bell Telephone was of excellent quality, there was not much innovation or groundbreaking advancements in their products. This suggests that Bell Telephone focused more on maintaining a high standard of quality rather than introducing new and innovative features or technologies.

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91. One of the problems with the Therac-25 was: 

Explanation

The Therac-25 had a problem with using under tested computer based systems. This means that the computer systems used in the Therac-25 were not adequately tested before being implemented. This could have led to software bugs or errors that caused the machine to malfunction or deliver incorrect radiation doses to patients. The lack of proper testing and quality control in the computer systems used in the Therac-25 was a significant issue that contributed to its problems and safety concerns.

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92. During the period from the 1920's to the mid-1960's, the US phone sytem was characterized by...

Explanation

During the period from the 1920's to the mid-1960's, the US phone system was characterized by mechanical intensive operation. This means that the system relied heavily on mechanical components and processes for its functioning. This could include manual switchboards, rotary dial telephones, and other mechanical systems that were used to connect calls and transmit signals. This era predates the widespread use of electronic technology in the telecommunications industry.

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93. The order (First to last) of the US space programs

Explanation

The correct order of the US space programs is Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo. The Mercury program was the first human spaceflight program in the United States, followed by the Gemini program, which aimed to develop the skills and techniques necessary for the Apollo program. The Apollo program was responsible for landing the first humans on the moon.

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94. Water passing through the reactor is allowed to boil to create the steam fro running the turbine? 

Explanation

In a boiling water reactor (BWR), water passing through the reactor is allowed to boil, creating steam that is used to run the turbine. This is in contrast to a pressurized water reactor (PWR), where the water remains in a liquid state and transfers heat to a separate secondary loop to produce steam. The high-pressure steam produced in a BWR directly drives the turbine, making it a simpler and more efficient design.

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95. Which of the following was NOT  problem with the De Havilland Comet 1 passenger jet? 

Explanation

The given correct answer for this question is "frequent engine failure." This means that one of the problems with the De Havilland Comet 1 passenger jet was not related to frequent engine failure. However, it is important to note that the other options mentioned in the question, such as the thin fuselage skin, use of square windows, and loss of wing lift when pulled up too fast, were indeed problems with the De Havilland Comet 1. These issues ultimately led to a series of accidents and the grounding of the aircraft until improvements were made.

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96. Most private information is obtained using which of the following techniques 

Explanation

Cracking into online databases is a technique used to obtain private information. This involves unauthorized access to databases, where sensitive data is stored. By gaining entry, individuals can extract personal information such as financial details, passwords, and other confidential data. This method is often employed by hackers and cybercriminals to exploit security vulnerabilities and breach the privacy of individuals or organizations.

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97. The AT&T failure of January 15, 1990, was a result of what?

Explanation

The AT&T failure of January 15, 1990, was caused by an error in the software used to protect the system. This suggests that there was a flaw or mistake in the software that was supposed to ensure the system's security and stability. This error could have led to the failure and disruption of the AT&T network on that day.

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98. Which of the following was the worst (ie greatest loss of life) US space program related accident

Explanation

The Challenger shuttle disaster was the worst US space program related accident in terms of loss of life. On January 28, 1986, the Space Shuttle Challenger broke apart just 73 seconds after liftoff, resulting in the death of all seven crew members on board. This tragedy shocked the nation and led to a suspension of the Space Shuttle program for almost three years. The loss of the Challenger crew highlighted the risks and complexities involved in space exploration and served as a catalyst for improvements in safety measures within the US space program.

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99. According to the class notes, the major problem facing the ISS has been... 

Explanation

The major problem facing the ISS has been changing policies and requirements. This implies that the ISS has encountered difficulties due to constantly evolving rules and demands. It suggests that the project has faced challenges in adapting to new policies and meeting changing requirements, which could have caused disruptions or delays in its operations.

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100. Out-of-band switching refers to what?

Explanation

Out-of-band switching refers to the use of special lines for control signals. This means that instead of using the regular communication channels, separate lines are dedicated solely for transmitting control signals. This allows for more efficient and reliable control of the switching process, as it reduces the risk of interference or congestion that may occur on the main communication lines. By using special lines, the control signals can be transmitted separately and independently from the regular data signals, ensuring smooth and uninterrupted operation of the switching system.

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A hypothesis is
In testing a hypothesis, if discrepancies between the tests and...
The apollo 13 accident started with 
Prior to the use of shuttles, American astronauts were recovered using...
The major factor contributing to the Apollo 1 disaster was? 
The space shuttle has proven to be.... 
The primary obstacle to implementing a hydrogen grid is? 
The major challenge with heavier than airplanes is their...
To design and build a safe bridge, an engineer must understand all of...
Which of the following is NOT a category of knowledge gained by...
A suspicious coin comes up head 70 times in 100 flips. What is a good...
For normally distributed values, approximately how many fall within 1...
If there is a 5% chance of some event occurring, then the probability...
The movie Apollo 13.... 
America achieved which of the following space firsts (i.e. ahead of...
Lunar colonies would be preferable to the ISS because...
To gain access to chemical forces you need... 
Control rods are used in nuclear reactors 
The lecture slides used the letter ___ to indicate "Current"
Which of the following was mentioned in class, but not in the notes,...
An airfoil with the proper angle of attack achieves lift when the...
The first modern (and probably most successful) commercial passenger...
Lift is primarily required to counteract the effect of which of the...
Why are cabins pressurized in modern passenger airlines flying above...
Radiation of cancer patient "cures" cancer cells by what means? 
Which of the following were responsible for the deaths caused by the...
A trojan horse is which of the following?
The TCP protocol is an example of a
A large number of computers loosely connected via the internet is an...
Torsion forces tend to
A scientist is most apt to engage in which of the following activities
Random error is usually addressed by
All but ONE of the following represent some of the tools used in...
NASA has been criticized in both the Apollo and shuttle disasters for
The advantage of liquid fuel rocket over a solid state rocket...
Which of the following is NOT a primary force
Power is measured in
A possible short term solution to the country's increasing power need...
The commercial power coming into the typical American home has a...
The problem with prop driven planes occurs when... 
Why do modern commercial aircraft usually fly above 30,000 feet...
Ionizing radiation is produced by? 
X-rays are an example of what type of radiation? 
According to our slides author, search engines traditionally base...
Static equilibrium refers to forces which
The shuttle has prove to have? 
According to class notes, work is defined to be
An advantage of HVDC power transmission is?
After their initial use in military applications, airplanes found...
Which of the following statements is true concerning Spam? 
An "off hook" condition is primarily used to signal the phone company...
A Truss is a
Which bridge is best suited for carrying heave loads such as trains
Which of the following statements concerning the Silver Bridge...
The first USA EV (space walk) occurred during which of the following...
LEO, in the context of unit 10 notes, refers to... 
The Challenger disaster has been attributed to... 
Which of the following is NOT cited as a problem with the...
Which of the following is NOT listed in the class notes as a factor in...
Transformers are used to... 
Which of the following was NOT a factor leading up to the California...
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is an example of?
According to our slides author, the internet can be viewed in terms of...
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be an indicator of the...
The relative ease of using the materials wood, stone, concrete and...
The Tacoma Narrows Bridge Disaster (1940) was due, in part, to
If the burnout velocity of an earth bound object exceeds its escape...
Which of the following is NOT considered a current problem with the US...
 A __________________ can run on the spent fuels of other...
Which of the following was NOT a consequence in the aftermath of Three...
Relative to airplanes, lighter than air vehicles tend to be... 
Gamma-rays are an example of what type of radiation? 
One o the major problems leading to the Tay Bridge Disaster of 1879...
Problems faced by unmanned space programs include... 
Which of the following was a problem associated with the Chernobyl...
The Linac (linear accelerator) generates which kinds of beams in the...
Alpha-rays are an example of what type of radiation? 
Beta-rays are an example of what type of radiation? 
Fault tolerant computing involves what?
A land-line home phone connects to an "end office" via which type of...
Of the following pairs, which are both considered parts of a typical...
Which of the following was NOT a major factor in the Quebec bridge...
Systematic error in a set of measurements is usually the result of....
Water passing through the reactor is kept from boiling and heats a...
Which of the following is NOT a problem listed in the class notes with...
Phishing refers to?
Which of the following is NOT cited by our author as a problem with...
HTTP is a standard for
Connecting computers together over a network is called?
Historically, Bell Telephone equipment has been noted for what? 
One of the problems with the Therac-25 was: 
During the period from the 1920's to the mid-1960's, the US phone...
The order (First to last) of the US space programs
Water passing through the reactor is allowed to boil to create the...
Which of the following was NOT  problem with the De Havilland...
Most private information is obtained using which of the following...
The AT&T failure of January 15, 1990, was a result of what?
Which of the following was the worst (ie greatest loss of life) US...
According to the class notes, the major problem facing the ISS has...
Out-of-band switching refers to what?
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