Diagnosis Of Mental Disorders

Vera's symptoms of vomiting, anxiety, and seizure are consistent with alcohol withdrawal. After quitting alcohol abruptly, her body is experiencing withdrawal symptoms as it adjusts to the absence of alcohol. This is a common reaction in individuals who have been dependent on alcohol for a prolonged period of time. The fact that she has been missing work due to feeling ill also suggests that her symptoms are related to alcohol withdrawal. Therefore, the correct answer is alcohol withdrawal.

Melanie's symptoms align with the criteria for major depressive disorder. She has experienced a depressed mood nearly every day for at least 2 weeks, lost interest in activities she used to enjoy, gained weight, feels slowed down with her body movements, has low energy, and is having difficulty sleeping. Additionally, these symptoms are causing difficulties in her social and home life as well as at work. Therefore, the correct answer is major depressive disorder.

Kevin is experiencing excessive worry and anxiety about various aspects of his life, even when there is no rational reason for concern. This worry has become uncontrollable and is affecting his daily functioning, such as his ability to concentrate, sleep, and complete his work. He also exhibits physical symptoms like sweating and frequent headaches. These symptoms are consistent with Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD), which is characterized by excessive and persistent worry and anxiety about multiple areas of life.

Karen's change in mood and behavior, as well as her confusion about the cause, suggests that her symptoms may be related to a substance or medication she recently started taking. The contraceptive implant is the only significant change in her life during the past month, indicating a possible correlation. Substance/medication-induced depressive disorder refers to depressive symptoms that are directly caused by substance use or medication, and it aligns with Karen's situation.

Caitlin has social anxiety disorder because she experiences excessive worry and fear about social situations, such as parties, and engages in avoidance behaviors, such as canceling plans. She relies on alcohol to cope with her anxiety and feels that she can only be "fun" when she is drunk. This pattern of behavior and thinking is consistent with social anxiety disorder, which is characterized by intense fear of being judged or embarrassed in social situations.

Kyle exhibits several behaviors that are consistent with separation anxiety disorder, such as reluctance to leave his parents' car, being homesick while at school, coming up with excuses not to attend school, having nightmares, and worrying about his parents' safety while he's at school. However, the duration of these symptoms is not specified, and it is mentioned that Kyle has only started school a few months ago. In order to meet the diagnosis criteria for separation anxiety disorder, these symptoms must persist for at least 4 weeks. Therefore, while Kyle displays symptoms, the duration is not long enough for a diagnosis of separation anxiety disorder.

The correct answer is "A week before her period, she experiences the symptoms and halfway through her period the symptoms improve and are gone in the week after her period." This answer describes the symptom onset pattern of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), where symptoms start about a week before the period, peak during the first few days of the period, and then gradually improve and disappear in the week after the period. This pattern is consistent with the hormonal fluctuations that occur during the menstrual cycle.

Sherlock's recent use of amphetamines and his symptoms of feeling anxious and paranoid suggest that he may be experiencing substance/medication induced anxiety disorder. This disorder occurs when the use of a substance or medication leads to the development of anxiety symptoms. In Sherlock's case, his anxiety persists even when he is not using the drug, indicating that it is likely induced by the amphetamines. This diagnosis is more fitting than substance intoxication or withdrawal, as his symptoms are not solely limited to when he is under the influence or going through withdrawal. Generalized anxiety disorder is also not the best explanation since Sherlock's anxiety appears to be specifically linked to his substance use.

Bob has a severe alcohol use disorder because he has increased his daily alcohol intake to the point where he is often too drunk to go to work. He also needs to drink more beer each night in order to get drunk, indicating a tolerance to alcohol. Bob experiences cravings for beer when he is sober, which is another symptom of severe alcohol use disorder. Additionally, Bob acknowledges that he wants to drink less but finds it difficult to quit, further indicating a severe problem with alcohol consumption.

Kitara's excessive worry about cleanliness and germs, as well as her need to constantly wash her hands and clean, suggests symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Her worries about her children's success, her kitten's loneliness, and her husband leaving her indicate generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Both disorders are characterized by uncontrollable worry, fatigue, and difficulty sleeping, which align with Kitara's experiences. Therefore, Kitara likely has both OCD and GAD.

Mona's symptoms and experiences align with panic disorder. She has had multiple panic attacks, which are characterized by intense fear and physical symptoms such as racing heart, sweating, and shaking. These attacks are triggered by driving over Sydney Harbour Bridge during peak hours. Mona's fear of having more panic attacks while driving and her worry about losing control of the car and causing harm to others further support the diagnosis of panic disorder.

Kate has Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD) or Dysthymia. These terms are used interchangeably to describe a chronic low mood that lasts for at least two years. Kate's symptoms of low mood, exhaustion, poor appetite, and disrupted sleep align with the criteria for PDD. Additionally, her clinically significant distress in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning further supports the diagnosis of PDD. Therefore, both options A and B are correct as they refer to the same disorder.

Sally has selective mutism. This is evident from the fact that she is unable to speak to anyone at school, despite being able to speak at home and with friends outside of school. Selective mutism is a social anxiety disorder characterized by the consistent failure to speak in specific social situations, such as school, despite being able to speak in other situations.

Amelia's symptoms indicate that she experiences episodes of depression, as evidenced by her loss of interest, low mood, irritability, slowed down feeling, lack of enjoyment, and suicidal thoughts. However, she also experiences a distinct period of elevated mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, and increased goal-directed activity, which are characteristic of hypomanic episodes. Since Amelia does not meet the criteria for a full manic episode, she is diagnosed with Bipolar II disorder. This disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of depression and hypomania.

Tom exhibits symptoms of bipolar disorder I. Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings, including episodes of mania and depression. Tom's "high" periods, where he feels energetic, engages in reckless behavior, and experiences a decreased need for sleep, are indicative of a manic episode. These episodes are followed by a crash into a depressive state, where he feels depressed, lacks energy, and has thoughts of suicide. This pattern of extreme mood swings aligns with the diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder I.

The correct answer is "Impaired control, social impairment, risky use, pharmacological criteria (tolerance and withdrawal)". This answer accurately summarizes the criteria groupings for substance use disorders in DSM-5. It includes impaired control, which refers to the inability to control substance use; social impairment, which refers to the negative impact on social relationships and functioning; risky use, which refers to engaging in substance use despite potential harm; and pharmacological criteria such as tolerance (needing more of the substance to achieve the same effect) and withdrawal (experiencing physical and psychological symptoms when substance use is discontinued).

Zerina's shyness can be considered normative shyness because it does not significantly interfere with her daily life or job performance. She is able to function well in her workplace, despite her difficulty in speaking up during meetings. Additionally, her shyness is limited to speaking with strangers and not with her close family members. Therefore, it can be concluded that Zerina's shyness is within the normal range of social behavior and does not meet the criteria for a clinical diagnosis of social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, or selective mutism.

The correct answer is Other specified depressive disorder - recurrent brief depression. This is because the individual experiences regular periods of low mood for about a week at a time, but feels okay in between these periods. The symptoms described, such as feeling lethargic, forgetting to eat, having problems sleeping, and difficulty concentrating, are consistent with depressive episodes. Additionally, the duration of the symptoms (18 months) and the absence of manic episodes or drug use suggest a recurrent pattern of brief depressive episodes, fitting the criteria for Other specified depressive disorder - recurrent brief depression.

Cameron's fear of being unable to escape from enclosed spaces after his experience in the cave is a key symptom of agoraphobia. Agoraphobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by a fear of situations or places where escape might be difficult or embarrassing. In Cameron's case, he avoids crowded places, shops, the cinema, and public transport because he is afraid of experiencing panic attacks and being unable to escape. This fear and avoidance of certain situations is consistent with the diagnosis of agoraphobia.

Robert's symptoms of feeling low for most weeks, irritability, depression, trouble sleeping, and periods of increased energy and rapid speech suggest that he may have cyclothymic disorder. This disorder is characterized by alternating periods of hypomania and depressive symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a diagnosis of bipolar disorder I or II. Since Robert does not have any other medical conditions or mental disorders and his symptoms do not meet the criteria for a specific diagnosis, cyclothymic disorder is the most appropriate explanation.

Micah is experiencing symptoms of both major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. He shows signs of depression such as low mood, weight loss, trouble sleeping, loss of interest, and fatigue. Additionally, he exhibits symptoms of anxiety such as worrying excessively, feeling sick and tense, and being unable to stop worrying. However, these symptoms are not of sufficient duration to meet the criteria for a diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder. Therefore, the correct answer is that Micah has major depressive disorder and symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, but they are insufficiently short in duration to meet a GAD diagnosis.

Gary exhibits signs of a mild gambling disorder. He engages in gambling regularly and has increased the amount of money he bets, indicating a loss of control. His partner's concerns about his reckless spending and the arguments they have suggest negative consequences of his gambling behavior. Additionally, Gary uses gambling as a coping mechanism to feel relaxed after arguments, indicating an emotional reliance on gambling. While he may not be a professional gambler, his behavior aligns with the criteria for a mild gambling disorder.